Abstract
A telemetry study in a Norwegian regulated river was conducted through a 12-day period in mid-winter 2003. The objective was to study activity (defined as number of movement per hour) and movement (defined as distance moved per hour) during different ice formation events. Twenty-four Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr were radio tagged and continuously monitored by both manually tracking (N = 24) and by fixed recording stations (N = 15). Detailed data on climate, flow and ice formation and its spatial distribution were collected and used in the analyses. Fish activity was not found to be affected by their size (L F). There was a significant difference in activity between diel periods with highest activity during dusk (5–6 p.m.). Between high and low flow (mean ± SD, 21.1 m3 s−1 ± 1.7 SD and 11.1 m3 s−1 ± 1.7 SD, respectively) no significant difference in activity was found. During the experiment extensive anchor ice growth occurred mainly in the riffle part with thickness up to 50 cm. Juveniles tend to avoid riffle section during anchor ice formation and exploited ice covered areas, indicating critical and preferable habitats respectively. Further, a significant difference in movement was found between five selected ice events with highest mean movement during an anchor ice event and lowest mean movement during an ice break up with no anchor ice formation. No significant difference in activity or movement between parr exposed to frazil ice and parr not exposed were found.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams, N. S., D. W. Rondorf, S. D. Evans, J. E. Kelly & R. W. Perry, 1998. Effects of surgically and gastrically implanted radio transmitters on swimming performance and predator avoidance of juvenile chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55: 781–787.
Alfredsen, K., 1997. A Modelling System for Estimation of Impacts on Fish Habitat. In Proceedings of the XXVIIth IAHR Congress. Environmental and Coastal Hydraulics: Protecting the Aquatic Habitat, Wang SSY, ASCE Publications.
Alfredsen, K., M. Stickler, D. A. Scruton, C. J. Pennel, C. Kelley, J. H. Halleraker, A. Harby, H. P. Fjeldstad, J. Heggenes & F. Økland, 2004. A Telemetry Study of Winter Behaviour of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in a River with a Dynamic Ice Regime. Fifth Symposioum on Ecohydraulics. Aquatic habitats: Analysis & Restoration, Madrid, Spain, IAHR.
Alfredsen, K. & E. Tesaker, 2002. Winter habitat assessment strategies and incorporatin of winter habitat in the Norwegian habitat assessment tools. Hydrological Processes 16: 927–936.
Annear, T. C., W. Hubert, D. Simpkins & L. Hebdon, 2002. Behavioural and phsyciological response of trout to winter habitat in tailwaters in Wyoming, USA. Hydrological Processes 16: 915–925.
Berland, G., T. Nickelsen, J. Heggenes, F. Økland, E. B. Thorstad & J. Halleraker, 2004. Movements of wild Atlantic salmon parr in relation to peaking flows below a hydropower station. River Research and Applications 20: 957–966.
Bradford, M. J., 1997. An experimental study of stranding of juvenile salmonids on gravel bars and side channels during rapid flow decreases under winter conditions. Regulated Rivers 13: 395–401.
Bradford, M. J. & P. S. Higgins, 2001. Habitat, season- and size-specific variation in diel activity patterns of juvenile Chinok salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steel head trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Can J Aquat. Sci 58: 365–374.
Bradford, M. J., G. C. Taylor, J. A. Allan & P. A. Higgins, 1995. An experimental study of the juvenile coho salmon and rainbow trout during rapid flow decreases under winter conditions. North American Journal of Fisheries and Management 15: 473–479.
Bremset, G., 1999. Young Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) inhabiting the deep pool habitat, with special reference to their habitat use, habitat preferences and competitive interactions. Department of Biology. Trondheim, Norway, NTNU, dep. of zoology: 1–10.
Bremset, G., 2000. Seasonal and diel changes in behaviour, microhabitat use and preferences by young pool-dwelling Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and brown trout, salmo trutta. Environmental Biology of Fishes 59: 163–179.
Brown, R. S. & W. C. Mackay, 1995. Fall and winter movements of and habitat use by cutthroat trout in the Ram River, Alberta. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124: 873–885.
Brown, R. S., S. S. Stanislawski & W. C. Mackay, 1994. Effects of frazil ice on fish. Workshop on environ.aspects of river ice, Saskatoon, Canada, Enir. Canada, National Hydrology Research Institute.
Cunjak, R. A., 1988. Behavior and microhabitat of young Atlantic Salmo (Salmo salar) during winter. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45: 2156–2160.
Cunjak, R. A., 1996a. Winter habitat of selected stream fishes and potential impacts from land-use activity. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53: 267–295.
Cunjak, R. A., 1996b. Winter habitat of selected stream fishes and potential impacts from land-use activity. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53: 267–282.
Cunjak, R. A. & G. Power, 1986. Winter habitat utilization by stream resident brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and brown trout (Salmo trutta). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43: 1970–1981.
Cunjak, R. A., T. D. Prowse & D. L. Parrish, 1998. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in winter: “the season of parr discontent”? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55: 161–180.
David, B. O. & G. P. Closs, 2001. Contionus remote monitoring of fish activity with restricted home ranges using radiotelemetry. Journal of Fish Biology 59: 705–715.
Finstad, A., T. Forseth, T. F. Næsje & O. Ugedal, 2004. The importance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Journal of Animal Ecology 73: 959–966.
Fraser, N. H. C. & N. B. Metcalfe, 1997. The costs of becoming nocturnal; feeding efficiency in relation to light intensity in juvenile Atlantic salmon. Functional Ecology 11: 385–391.
Fraser, N. H. C., N. B. Metcalfe & J. E. Thorpe, 1993. Tempereture dependent swithch between diurnal and nocturnal foraging salmon. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 252: 135–139.
Gries, G., K. G. Whalen, F. Juanes, & D. L. Parrish, 1997. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in later summer; evidence for diel activity partitioning. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54: 1408–1413.
Heggenes, J., O. M. W. Krog, O. R. Lindås, J. G. Dokk & T. Bremnes, 1993. Homeostatic behavioural responses in a changing environment: brown trout (Salmo trutta) become nocturnal during winter. Journal of Animal Ecology 62: 295–308.
Hiscock, M. J., D. A. Scruton, J. A. Brown & D. C. Clarke, 2002a. Winter movement of radio tagged juvenile Atlantic salmon on Northeast Brook, Newfoundland. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 131: 577–581.
Hiscock, M. J., D. A. Scruton, J. A. Brown & C. J. Pennell, 2002b. Diel activity pattern of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in early and late winter. Hydrobiologia 483: 161–165.
Jakober, M. J., T. E. Mcmahon, R. F. Thurow & C. G. Clancy, 1998. Role of stream ice on fall and winter movements and habitat use by bull trout and cutthroat trout in Montana headwater streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 127: 223–235.
Matousek, V., 1984. Types of Ice Run and Conditions for their Formation. IAHR International Symposium on Ice, Hamburg, Germany.
Moore, A., I. C. Russel & E. C. E. Potter, 1990. The effects of intraperiotoneally implanted dummy acoustic transmitters on the behaviour and physiology of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Journal of Fish Biology 37: 713–721.
Power, G., R. A. Cunjak, J. Flannagan & C. Katopodis, 1993. Chapter 4: Biological Effects of River Ice in Encironmental Aspects of River Ice. National Hydrology Research Institute, Environment Canada.
Robertson M. J., C. J. Pennel, D. A. Scruton, G. J. Robertson & J. A. Brown, 2004. Effect of increased flow on the behaviour of Atlantic salmon parr in winter. Journal of Fish Biology 65: 1070–1079.
Roussel J. M., R. A. Cunjak, R. Newbury, D. Caissie & A. Haro, 2004. Movements and habitat use by PIT-tagged Atlantic salmon in early winer: the influence of anchor ice. Freshwater Biology 49: 1026–1035.
Saltveit, S. J., J. Halleraker, J. V. Arnekleiv & A. Harby, 2001. Field experiments on stranding in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) from rapid flow decreases caused by hydropeaking. Journal of Regulated Rivers 17: 609–622.
Scruton, D. A., C. Pennell, L. M. N. Ollerhead, K. Alfredsen, M. Stickler, A. Harby, M. Robertson, K. D. Clarke & L. J. Ledrew, 2005. Movement of juvenile salmonids on diel and seasonal scales in response to experimental hydropeaking in Newfoundland, Canada. COST 626 European Aquatic Modellling Network, Silkeborg, Denmark. 19–21 May.
Tack, E., 1938. Trout mortality from the formation of suspended ice crystals. Fisherei-Zeitung 41: 42.
Tesaker, E., 1998. Mitigation of ice effects of the habitat in regulated and natural rivers. Proceedings of the 14th international symposium on ice, Potsdam/New york/USA.
Tsang, G., 1982. Frazil and anchor ice, a monograph. Ottawa, National research counscil of Canada, Subcommitee on hydraulics of ice-covered rivers.
Vehanen, T. & A. Huusko, 2002. Behaviour and habitat use of young-of-the-year Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at the onset of winter in artificial streams. Hydrobiologia 154: 133–150.
Whalen, K. G. & D. L. Parrish, 1999. Nocturnal habitat use of Atlantic salmon parr in winter. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56: 1543–1550.
Whalen, K. G., D. L. Parrish & M. E. Mather, 1999. Effect of ice formation on selection of habitats and winter distribution of post-young-of-the-year Atlantic salmon parr in winter. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56: 1543–1550.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Stickler, M., Alfredsen, K., Scruton, D.A., Pennell, C., Harby, A., Økland, F. (2007). Mid-winter activity and movement of Atlantic salmon parr during ice formation events in a Norwegian regulated river. In: Almeida, P.R., Quintella, B.R., Costa, M.J., Moore, A. (eds) Developments in Fish Telemetry. Developments in Hydrobiology 195, vol 195. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6237-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6237-7_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-6236-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-6237-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)