The main pathways which have caused an increase in the dispersal rate of amphipods in Europe are associated with human activity. Destruction of natural geographic barriers has resulted in range expansions of many amphipod species in different directions. For example, since the 20th century, eight amphipod species of Ponto-Caspian, Baikalian, and Atlantic origin have expanded widely within Russia due to both several human-mediated vectors (shipping, intentional and accidental introductions, or natural migration via the constructed waterways of Europe) and the elevated plasticity of some non-indigenous species (Alimov and Bogutskaya 2004).
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Berezina, N.A. (2007). Changes in the aquatic systems of north-eastern Europe after invasion by Gmelinoides fasciatus. In: Gherardi, F. (eds) Biological invaders in inland waters: Profiles, distribution, and threats. Invading Nature - Springer Series In Invasion Ecology, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6029-8_26
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6029-8_26
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