Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Introduction of exotic pathogens and documentation of their establishment and impact

  • Chapter
Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alatorre-Rosas, R. and Kaya, H. K. 1990. Interspecific competition between entomopathogenic nematodes in the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema for an insect host in sand. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 55, 179–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alatorre-Rosas, R. and Kaya, H. K. 1991. Interaction between two entomopathogenic nematode species in the same host. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 57, 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. 1955. Controlling the Japanese Beetle. USDA, Farmer’s Bull. #2004. 13 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, L. S., Miller, D. L., Onstad, D. W., Maddox, J. V., and McManus, M. L. 1995. Studies on the transmission of an exotic microsporidium that infects the gypsy moth. USDA, Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rpt. NE-213, 50–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, L. S., Sapio, F. J., McManus, M. L., Maddox, J. V., Jeffords, M. R., and Onstad, D. W. 1993. Interactions of Microsporidium and gypsy moth in Michigan field plots. USDA, Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rpt. NE-179, 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, L. S., Sapio, F. J., McManus, M. L., Maddox, J. V., Jeffords, M. R., and Onstad, D. W. 1994. Interactions of Microsporidium and gypsy moth in Michigan field plots. USDA, Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rpt. NE-188, 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedding, R. A. 1979. Manipulating the entomophagous-mycetophagous nematode, Deladenus siricidicola, for biological control of the woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in Australia. In “Current Topics in Forest Entomology” (W. E. Waters, Ed.), pp. 144–147. USDA, Forest Service, Washington, D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedding, R. A. 1993. Biological control of Sirex noctilio using the nematode Deladenus siricidicola. In “Nematodes and the Biological Control of Insect Pests” (R. Bedding, R. Akhurst and H. Kaya, Eds.), pp. 11–20. CSIRO, East Melbourne, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedding, R. A. and Akhurst, R. J. 1974. Use of the nematode Deladenus siricidicola in the biological control of Sirex noctilio in Australia. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 13, 129–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bedding, R. A. and E. T. Iede. 2005. Application of Beddingia siricidicola for Sirex woodwasp control. In “Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents.” (P. S. Grewal, R.-U. Ehlers, and D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, Eds.), pp. 385–399. CABI Internatl., Wallingford, UK.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bedford, G. O. 1977. Virus against coconut rhinoceros beetles in Fiji. So. Pacif. Bull. 27, 27–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedford, G. O. 1981. Control of the rhinoceros beetle by baculovirus. In “Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980” (H. D. Burges, Ed.), pp. 409–426. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellows, Jr., T. S. and Legner, E. F. 1993. Foreign exploration. In “Steps in Classical Arthropod Biological Control” (R. G. Van Driesche and T. S. Bellows, Jr., Eds.), pp. 27–41. Thomas Say Publ. Entomol., Entomol. Soc. Am., Lanham, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bidochka, M. J., Walsh, S. R. A., Ramos, M. E., St. Leger, R. J., Silver, J. C., and Roberts, D. W. 1995. Pathotypes of the Entomophaga grylli species complex of grasshopper pathogens differentiated with random amplification of polymorphic DNA and cloned-DNA probes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, 556–560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidochka, M. J., Walsh, S. R. A., Ramos, M. E., St. Leger, R. J., Silver, J. C., and Roberts, D. W. 1996. Fate of biological control introductions: Monitoring an Australian fungal pathogen of grasshoppers in North America. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 918–921.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bird, F. T. 1953. The use of a virus disease in the biological control of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.). Can. Entomol. 85, 437–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bird, F. T. 1961. Transmission of some insect viruses with particular reference to ovarial transmission and its importance in the development of epizootics. J. Insect Pathol. 3, 352–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brasier, C. M. and Hansen, E. M. 1992. Evolutionary biology of Phytophthora. Part II. Phylogeny, speciation and population structure. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 30, 173–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charudattan, R. and Browning, H. W. (Eds.) 1992. “Regulation and Guidelines: Critical Issues in Biological Control.” Proc. USDA/CSRS Natl. Workshop, June 1–12, 1991, Vienna, VA. IFAS, Univ. Florida, Gainesville. 205 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulson, J. R. and Soper, R. S. 1989. Protocols for the introduction of biological control agents in the U.S. In “Plant Protection and Quarantine. Vol. III. Special Topics” (R. P. Kane, Ed.), pp. 1–35. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, J. M. and Whitten, M. J. 1995. Economics of classical biological control: A research perspective. In “Biological Control: Benefits and Risks” (H. M. T. Hokkanen and J. M. Lynch, Eds.), pp. 270–276. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, J. C. and Entwistle, P. F. 1981. Control of sawflies by baculovirus. In “Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980” (H. D. Burges, Ed.), pp. 379–407. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBach, P. 1946. An insecticidal check method for measuring the efficacy of entomophagous insects. J. Econ. Entomol. 39, 695–697.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delalibera Jr., I. and Hajek, A. E. 2004. Pathogenicity and specificity of Neozygites tanajoae and Neozygites floridana (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) isolates pathogenic to the cassava green mite. Biol. Control 30, 608–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delalibera Jr., I., Moraes, G. J., Lapointe S. L., Silva, C. A. D. da, and Tamai, M. A. 2000. Temporal variability and progression of Neozygites sp. (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) in populations of Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acari: Tetranychidae). An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil, 29, 523–535.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delalibera Jr., I., Demétrio, C. G. B., Manly, B. F. J., and Hajek, A. E. 2006. Effect of relative humidity and origin of isolates of Neozygites tanajoae (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) on production of conidia from cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetranychidae) cadavers. Biol. Control 39, 489–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doane, C. C. 1971. Trans-ovum transmission of nuclear polyhedrosis virus in relation to disease in gypsy moth populations. In Proc. 4th Internatl. Colloq. Insect Pathol., Aug. 1970. Soc. Invertebr. Pathol., College Park, MD, p. 285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doane, C. C. 1975. Infectious sources of nuclear polyhedrosis virus persisting in natural habitats of the gypsy moth. Environ. Entomol. 4, 392–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowden, P. B. 1953. Use of a virus disease to control European pine sawfly. J. Econ. Entomol. 46, 525–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dustan, A. G. 1927. The artificial culture and dissemination of Entomophthora sphaerosperma Fres., a fungous parasite for the control of the European apple sucker (Psyllia mali Schmidb.). J. Econ. Entomol. 20, 68–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehler, L. E. 1990a. Introduction strategies in biological control of insects. In “Critical Issues in Biological Control” (M. Mackauer, L. E. Ehler and J. Roland, Eds.), pp. 111–134. Intercept, Andover, Hants., UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehler, L. E. 1990b. Some contemporary issues in biological control of insects and their relevance to the use of entomopathogenic nematodes. In “Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control” (R. Gaugler and H. K. Kaya, Eds.), pp. 1–19. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elmore, J. C. and Howland, A. F. 1964. Natural versus artificial dissemination of nuclear-polyhedrosis virus by contaminated adult cabbage loopers. J. Insect Pathol. 6, 430–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • EPPO (European Plant Protection Organization). 2000. Safe use of biological control: import and release of exotic biological control agents. EPPO Standard PM 6/2(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (Food & Agriculture Organization). 1996. “Code of Conduct for the Import and Release of Exotic Biological Control Agents,” ISPM No. 3. FAO, Rome. 12 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, W. E. 1968. Biological control of the Japanese beetle. U.S.D.A. Tech. Bull. 1383, 78 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furlong, M. J., Pell, J. K., Ong, P. C., and Syed, A. R. 1995. Field and laboratory evaluation of a sex pheromone trap for the autodissemination of the fungal entomopathogen Zoophthora radicans (Entomophthorales) by the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 85, 331–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuxa, J. R., Ayyappath, R., and Goyer, R. A. 1998. “Pathogens and Microbial Control of North American Forest Insect Pests.” USDA, Forest Service FHTET 97–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gard, I. E. and Falcon, L. A. 1978. Autodissemination of entomopathogens: Virus. In “Microbial Control of Insect Pests: Future Strategies in Pest Management Systems” (G. E. Allen, C. M. Ignoffo and R. P. Jaques, Eds.), pp. 46–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomez, D. R. S. 1987. Control microbiano de Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashm.) y Eriophyes sheldoni Ewing mediante pulverizaciones de conidios de tres variedades de Hirsutella thompsonii Fisher. In “XI Congresso Brasiliero de Entomologia”, pp. 167, Campinas, Brazil.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomez, D. R. S. and Moscardi, F. 1991. Microbial control and insect pathology in Argentina. Ciência e Cultura 43, 375–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, D. and Gilstrap, F. D. 1992. Foreign exploration: Assessing and prioritizing natural enemies and consequences of preintroduction studies. In “Selection Criteria and Ecological Consequences of Importing Natural Enemies” (W. C. Kauffman and J. E. Nechols, Eds.), pp. 53–70. Thomas Say Publ. Entomol., Entomol. Soc. Am., Lanham, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajek, A. E. 1997a. Ecology of terrestrial fungal entomopathogens. Adv. Microb. Ecol. 15, 193–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajek, A. E. 1997b. Entomophaga maimaiga: Where do we go now? USDA, Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rpt. NE-240, 46–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajek, A. E., Bauer, L. S., McManus, M. L., and Wheeler, M. M. 1998a. Distribution of resting spores of the Lymantria dispar pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga in soil and on bark. BioControl 43, 189–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hajek, A. E., Elkinton, J. S., and Witcosky, J. J. 1996. Introduction and spread of the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) along the leading edge of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) spread. Environ. Entomol. 25, 1235–1247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajek, A. E., Fuxa, J. R., and Kunimi, Y. 2007. Microorganisms associated with soil arthropods. In “Manual of Environmental Microbiology, 3rd ed.” (C. J. Hurst, R. L. Crawford, J. L. Garland, D. A. Lipson, A. L. Mills, and L. D. Stetzenbach, Eds.). ASM Press, Washington, D.C. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajek, A. E., Humber, R. A., and Elkinton, J. S. 1995. Mysterious origin of Entomophaga maimaiga in North America. Amer. Entomol. 41, 31–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajek, A. E., McManus, M. L., and Delalibera Jr, I. 2005. “Catalogue of Introductions of Pathogens and Nematodes for Classical Biological Control of Insects and Mites.” USDA, Forest Service, FHTET-2005–05. 59 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajek, A. E., McManus, M. L., Delalibera Jr, I. 2007. A review of introductions of pathogens and nematodes for classical biological control of insects and mites. Biol. Control 41, 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hajek, A. E. and Roberts, D. W. 1991. Pathogen reservoirs as a biological control resource: Introduction of Entomophaga maimaiga to North American gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, populations. Biol. Control 1, 29–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hajek, A. E., Tatman, K. M., Wanner, P. H., and Wheeler, M. M. 1998b. Location and persistence of cadavers of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, containing Entomophaga maimaiga azygospores. Mycologia 90, 754–760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hajek, A. E., Wheeler, M. M., Eastburn, C. C., and Bauer, L. S. 2001. Storage of resting spores of the gypsy moth fungal pathogen, Entomophaga maimaiga. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 11, 637–647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, I. M. and Dunn, P. H. 1957. Fungi on spotted alfalfa aphid: Spread of fungi by natural and artificial means is resulting in excellent biological control of aphids in many counties. Calif. Agric. 11, 5 and 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, I. M. and Dunn, P. H. 1958. Artificial dissemination of entomophthorous fungi pathogenic to spotted alfalfa aphid in California. J. Econ. Entomol. 51, 341–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, J. E. and Oma, E. A. 1981. Pest control by Nosema locustae, a pathogen of grasshoppers and crickets. In “Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980” (H. D. Burges, Ed.), pp. 573–586. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, K. T., Sawyer, A. J., and Humber, R. A. 1995. RAPD-PCR for identification of Zoophthora radicans isolates in biological control of potato leafhopper. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 65, 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hokkanen, H. M. T. and Pimentel, D. 1984. New approach for selecting biological control agents. Can. Entomol. 116, 1109–1122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hokkanen, H. M. T. and Pimentel, D. 1989. New associations in biological control: Theory and practice. Can. Entomol. 121, 829–840.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopper, K. R. 1996. Making biological control introductions more effective. In “Biological Control Introductions: Opportunities for Improved Crop Protection” (J. K. Waage, Ed.), BCPC Proceedings No. 67, pp. 61–76. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jansson, R. K. 1993. Introduction of exotic entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) for biological control of insects: Potential and problems. Fla. Entomol 76, 82–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffords, M. R., Maddox, J. V., McManus, M. L., Webb, R. E., and Wieber, A. 1988. Egg contamination as a method for the inoculative release of exotic microsporidia of the gypsy moth. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 51, 190–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffords, M. R., Maddox, J. V., McManus, M. L., Webb, R. E., and Wieber, A. 1989. Evaluation of the overwintering success of two European microsporidia inoculatively released into gypsy moth populations in Maryland. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 53, 235–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, C. W. 1967. Biological control of fall webworm Hyphantria cunea Drury in Korea. Entomol. Res. Bull. 3, 5–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, M. G. 1981. Advances in the use of Bacillus popilliae for pest control. In “Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980” (H. D. Burges, Ed.), pp. 183–192. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kung, S.-P., Gaugler, R., and Kaya, H. K. 1991. Effects of soil temperature, moisture, and relative humidity on entomopathogenic nematode persistence. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 57, 242–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lange, C. E. and Wysiecki, M. L. d. 1996. The fate of Nosema locustae (Microsporida: Nosematidae) in Argentine grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Biol. Control 7, 24–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leppla, N. C. 1996. Environmentally friendly methods for reducing damage caused by exotic weeds in natural habitats: Conflicts of interest, safeguards and national policy. Castanea 61, 214–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, M. and Dybas, H. S. 1966. The periodical cicada problem. I. Population ecology. Evolution 20, 133–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luck, R. F., Shepard, B. M., and Kenmore, P. E. 1988. Experimental methods for evaluating arthropod natural enemies. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 33, 367–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackauer, M. 1976. Genetic problems in the production of biological control agents. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 21, 369–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maddox, J. V., McManus, M. L., Jeffords, M. R., and Webb, R. E. 1992. Exotic insect pathogens as classical biological control agents with an emphasis on regulatory considerations. In “Selection Criteria and Ecological Consequences of Importing Natural Enemies” (W. C. Kauffman and J. E. Nechols, Eds.), pp. 27–39. Thomas Say Publ. Entomol., Entomol. Soc. Am., Lanham, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magnoler, A. 1974. Field dissemination of a nucleopolyhedrosis virus against the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. Z. Pflanzenkrank. Pflanzenschutz 81, 497–511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malakar, R., Elkinton, J. S., Hajek, A. E., and Burand, J. P. 1999. Within-host interactions of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) nucleopolyhedrosis virus and Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 73, 91–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mannion, C. M. and Jansson, R. K. 1992. Comparison of ten entomopathogenic nematodes for control of sweetpotato weevil (Coleoptera: Apionidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 85, 1642–1650.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martignoni, M. E. and Milstead, J. E. 1962. Trans-ovum transmission of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Colias eurytheme Boisduval through contamination of the female genitalia. J. Insect Pathol. 4, 113–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCray, E. M., Womeldorf, D. J., Husbands, R. C., and Eliason, D. A. 1973. Laboratory observations and field tests with Lagenidium against California mosquitoes. Proc. Pap. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 41, 123–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messenger, P. S. 1971. Climatic limitations to biological control. In “Tall Timbers Conf. on Ecol. Anim. Control by Habitat Mgt.”, pp. 97–114, Tallahassee, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messenger, P. S., Wilson, F., and Whitten, M. J. 1976. Variation, fitness, and adaptability of natural enemies. In “Theory and Practice of Biological Control” (C. B. Huffaker and P. S. Messenger, Eds.), pp. 209–231. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. and Aplet, G. 1993. Biological control: A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. Rutgers Law Rev. 45, 285–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, N. 1997. Techniques to evaluate the efficacy of natural enemies. In “Methods in Ecological and Agricultural Entomology” (D. R. Dent and M. P. Walton, Eds.), pp. 271–291. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner, R. J. 1985. Pathogen importation for biological control: Risks and benefits. In “Pests and Parasites as Migrants” (A. J. Gibbs and H. R. C. Meischke, Eds.), pp. 115–121. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner, R. J., Soper, R. S., and Lutton, G. G. 1982. Field release of an Israeli strain of the fungus Zoophthora radicans (Brefeld) Batko for biological control of Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) f. maculata. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 21, 113–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. 1995. The behavior of parasitized animals. Bioscience 45, 89–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moraes, G. J. de and Delalibera, Jr., I. 1992. Specificity of a strain of Neozygites sp. (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) to Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 14, 89–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moraes, G. J. de and De Nardo, E. B. 1996. Issues of safety and ownership in biological control introductions: The Brazilian case. In “Biological Control Introductions: Opportunities for Improved Crop Protection” (J. K. Waage, Ed.), BCPC Proceedings No. 67, pp. 135–143. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickle, W. R., Drea, J. J., and Coulson, J. R. 1988. Guidelines for introducing beneficial insect-parasitic nematodes into the United States. Ann. Appl. Nematol. 2, 50–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, L. S. and Landa, Z. 1992. Biological control of whiteflies with entomopathogenic fungi. Fla. Entomol. 75, 456–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papierok, B. and Hajek, A. E. 1997. Entomophthorales. In “Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology” (L. A. Lacey, Ed.), pp. 187–212. Academic Press, London.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pell, J. K., Eilenberg, J., Hajek, A. E., and Steinkraus, D. 2001. Exploring the potential of Entomophthorales in integrated crop management. In “Fungal Biocontrol Agents - Progress, Problems and Potential” (T. Butt, C. Jackson and N. Magan, Eds.), pp. 71–167. CABI Publ., Oxon, UK.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pell, J. K., Macaulay, E. D. M., and Wilding, N. 1993. A pheromone trap for dispersal of the fungal pathogen Zoophthora radicans Brefeld (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) amongst populations of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 3, 315–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pilarska, D. K., Solter, L. F., Kereselidze, M., Linde, A., and Hoch, G. 2006. Microsporidian infections in Lymantria dispar larvae: interactions and effects of multiple species infections on pathogen horizontal transmission. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 93, 105–113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ponomorenko, N. G., Prilepskaja, H. A., Murvanidze, M. Y., and Stoljarova, L. A. 1975. Aschersonia against whiteflies. Zashchita Rastenij 6, 44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pschorn-Walcher, H. 1977. Biological control of forest insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 22, 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roush, R. T. 1990. Genetic variation in natural enemies: Critical issues for colonization in biological control. In “Critical Issues in Biological Control” (M. Mackauer, L. E. Ehler and J. Roland, Eds.), pp. 263–288. Intercept, Andover, Hants., UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy, H. E., Steinkraus, D. C., Eilenberg, J., Hajek, A. E., and Pell, J. K. 2006. Bizarre interactions and endgames: Entomopathogenic fungi and their arthropod hosts. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 51, 331–357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • St. Leger, R. J., May, B., Allee, L. L., Frank, D. C., Staples, R. C., and Roberts, D. W. 1992. Genetic differences in allozymes and in formation of infection structures among isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 60, 89–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shands, W. A., Thompson, C. G., Simpson, G. W., and Wave, H. E. 1958. Preliminary studies of entomopathogenous fungi for the control of potato-infesting aphids in Maine. J. Econ. Entomol. 51, 184–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shu, C. R. and Yu, C. Y. 1985. An investigation on the natural enemies of Hyphantria cunea. Natural Enemies Insects Kunchong Tiandi 7, 91–94, 99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidor, C. 1979. The role of insect pathogenic microorganisms in the protection of the environment. Mikrobiologija 16, 173–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solter, L. F., Maddox, J. V., and McManus M. L. 1997. Host specificity of microsporidia (Protista: Microspora) from European populations of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) to indigenous North American Lepidoptera. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 69, 135–150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solter, L. F., Maddox, J. V. and Vossbrinck, C. R. 2005. Physiological host specificity: a model using the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and microsporidia of row crop and other stalk-boring hosts. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 90, 127–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solter, L. F., Pilarska, D. K. and Vossbrinck, C. R. 2000. Host specificity of microsporidia pathogenic to forest Lepidoptera. Biol. Control 19, 48–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solter, L. F., Siegel, J. P., Pilarska, D. K., and Higgs, M. C. 2002. The impact of mixed infection of three species of microsporidia isolated from the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 81, 103–113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Speare, A. T. and Colley, R. H. 1912. “The Artificial Use of the Brown-tail Fungus in Massachusetts, with Practical Suggestions for Private Experiment, and a Brief Note on a Fungous Disease of the Gypsy Caterpillar,” Wright & Potter, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinkraus, D. C., Boys, G. O., and Rosenheim, J. A. 2002. Classical biological control of Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) with Neozygites fresenii (Entomophthorales: Neozygitaceae) in California cotton. Biol. Control 25, 297–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stiling, P. 1993. Why do natural enemies fail in classical biological control programs? Amer. Entomol. 39, 31–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, A. W., Cooper, R., Medcraft, B. E., Russell, R. C., O’Donnell, M., and Panter, C. 1983. Field tests of the mosquito fungus Culinomyces clavisporus against the Austrialian encephalitis vector Culex annulirostris. Mosq. News 43, 290–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanada, Y. and Fuxa, J. R. 1987. The pathogen population. In “Epizootiology of Insect Diseases” (J. R. Fuxa and Y. Tanada, Eds.), pp. 113–157. John Wiley & Sons, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanada, Y. and Kaya, H. K. 1993. “Insect Pathology,” Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Congress, O. T. A. 1993. “Harmful non-indigenous species in the United States,” U.S. Govt. Printing Off., Wash., D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Driesche, R. G. 1993. Methods for the field colonization of new biological control agents. In “Steps in Classical Biological Control” (R. G. Van Driesche and T. S. Bellows, Jr., Eds.), pp. 67–86. Thomas Say Publ. Entomol., Entomol. Soc. Am., Lanham, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Driesche, R. G. and Bellows, Jr., T. S., Eds. 1993. “Steps in Classical Arthropod Biological Control,”. Entomol. Soc. Am., Lanham, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Driesche, R. G. and Bellows, Jr., T. S. 1996. “Biological Control,” Chapman & Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Lenteren, J. C. 1980. Evaluation of control capabilities of natural enemies: Does art have to become science? Netherlands J. Zool. 30, 369–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal, C., Fargues, J., and Lacey, L. A. 1997. Intraspecific variability of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus: Effect of temperature on vegetative growth. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 70, 18–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waage, J. 1990. Ecological theory and the selection of biological control agents. In “Critical Issues in Biological Control” (M. Mackauer, L. E. Ehler and J. Rolands, Eds.), pp. 135–157. Intercept, Andover, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weseloh, R. M. and Andreadis, T. G. 1997. Persistence of resting spores of Entomophaga maimaiga, a fungal pathogen of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 69, 195–196.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westerman, P. R. 1992. The influence of time of storage on performance of the insect parasitic nematode Heterorhabditis sp. Fund. Appl. Nematol. 15, 407–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilding, N., Latteur, G., and Dedryver, C. A. 1986. Evaluation of Entomophthorales for aphid control: Laboratory and field data. In “Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Invertebrate Pathology” (R. A. Samson, J. M. Vlak and D. Peters, Eds.), pp. 159–162. Found. 4th Internatl. Colloq. Invertebr. Pathol., Wageningen, NL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaninek, J. S., Saizonou, S., Onzo, A., Zannou, I., and Gnanvossou, D. 1996. Seasonal and habitat variability in the fungal pathogens Neozygites cf. floridana and Hirsutella thompsonii, associated with cassava mites in Benin, West Africa. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 6, 23–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zelinskaya, L. M. 1980. Role of microsporidia in the abundance dynamics of the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar, in forest plantings along the lower Dnieper River (Ukrinian Republic, USSR). Vestn. Zool. 1, 57–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zethner, O. 1976. Control experiments on the nun moth (Lymantria monacha L.) by nuclear-polyhedrosis virus in Danish coniferous forests. Z. Angew. Entomol. 81, 192–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwölfer, H., Ghani, M. A., and Rao, V. P. 1976. Foreign exploration and importation of natural enemies. In “Theory and Practice of Biological Control” (C. B. Huffaker and P. S. Messenger, Eds.), pp. 189–207. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

    Ann E. Hajek

  2. Departmento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agricola, ESALQ-University of Säo Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil

    Italo Delalibera Júnior

  3. USDA Forest Service, Hamden, CT 06514, USA

    Michael L. McManus

Authors
  1. Ann E. Hajek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Italo Delalibera Júnior
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael L. McManus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. USDA-ARS, Wapato, WA, USA

    Lawrence A. Lacey

  2. University of California Davis, CA, USA

    Harry K. Kaya

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hajek, A.E., Júnior, I.D., McManus, M.L. (2007). Introduction of exotic pathogens and documentation of their establishment and impact. In: Lacey, L.A., Kaya, H.K. (eds) Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5933-9_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation