Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Surgical management of patients with metastatic breast cancer

  • Chapter
Metastasis of Breast Cancer

Part of the book series: Cancer Metastasis – Biology and Treatment ((CMBT,volume 11))

  • 1200 Accesses

Abstract

Metastatic breast cancer can be a difficult problem to manage surgically as the sole mode of treatment. In certain cases, surgical management is the initial treatment of choice, such as sentinel lymph node mapping and nodal dissections for locoregional control. Other situations, such as metastatic breast cancer to solid organs, such as the brain, liver, and lung, are dictated by individual patient characteristics and the overall clinical situation. Clearly, surgery has become a part of the broader management schema in treating patients with metastatic breast cancer, with developing technologies, such as stereotactic radiosurgery, greatly enhancing our ability to treat such patients. Surgery is a single, but important, tool that should be combined with other modes of therapy, such as hormonal therapy and radiation therapy, to optimize treatment strategies and patient outcomes. There remains a fair amount of controversy as to the clinical significance of micrometastatic disease within the lymph nodes and bone marrow, a relevant topic that is actively being examined by clinicians and researchers from around the world. Regardless, the role of surgery for patients with metastatic breast cancer has become a central part of the multidisciplinary care of such patients, with this review providing an overview of the various aspects of surgical management of metastatic disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Wood WC, Muss HB, Solin LJ, et al. Cancer of the Breast. In DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) Cancer Principles & Practice of Oncology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2005, 1453-1462.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Singletary SE, Walsh G, Vauthey JN, Curley S, Sawaya R, Weber KL, Meric F, Hortobagyi GN. A role for curative surgery in the treatment of selected patients with metastatic breast cancer. The Oncologist 2003, 8(3):241-251.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Khan SA, Stewart AK, Morrow M. Does aggressive local therapy improve survival in metastatic breast cancer? Surgery 2002, 132(4):620-626.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Babiera GV, Rao R, Feng L, Meric-Bernstam F, Kuerer HM, Singletary SE, Hunt KK, Ross MI, Gwyn KM, Feig BW, et al. Effect of primary tumor extirpation in breast cancer patients who present with stage IV disease and an intact primary tumor. Ann Surg Oncol 2006, 13(6):776-782.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Demicheli R, Valagussa P, Bonadonna G. Does surgery modify growth kinetics of breast cancer micrometastases? Br J Cancer 2001, 85(4):490-492.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Retsky M, Bonadonna G, Demicheli R, Folkman J, Hrushesky W, Valagussa P. Hypothesis. induced angiogenesis after surgery in premenopausal node-positive breast cancer patients is a major underlying reason why adjuvant chemotherapy works particularly well for those patients. Breast Cancer Res 2004, 6(4):372-374.

    Google Scholar 

  7. O’Reilly MS, Holmgren L, Shing Y, Chen C, Rosenthal RA, Moses M, Lane WS, Cao Y, Sage EH, Folkman J. Angiostatin: a novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates the suppression of metastases by a Lewis lung carcinoma Cell 1994, 79(2):315-328.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Rapiti E, Verkooijen HM, Vlastos G, Fioretta G, Neyroud-Caspar I, Sappino AP, Chappuis PO, Bouchardy C. Complete excision of the primary breast tumor improves survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer at diagnosis. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24(18):2743-2749.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Marincola FM, Jaffee EM, Hicklin DJ, Ferrone S. Escape of human solid tumors from T-cell recognition: molecular mechanisms and functional significance. Adv Immunol 2000, 74:181-273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ochsenbein AF, Sierro S, Odermatt B, Pericin M, Karrer U, Hermans J, Hemmi S, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM. Roles of tumor localization, second signals and cross priming in cytotoxic T-cell induction. Nature 2001, 411(6841):1058-1064.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Pardoll D. Does the immune system see tumors as foreign or self ? Annu Rev Immunol 2003, 21:807-839.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Danna EA, Sinha MG, Gilbert M, Clements VK, Pulaski BA, Ostrand-Rosenberg S. Surgical removal of primary tumor reverses tumor-induced immunosuppression despite the presence of metastatic disease. Cancer Res 2004, 64(6):2205-2211.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Morton DL, Ollila DW, Hsueh EC, Essner R, Gupta RK. Cytoreductive surgery and adjuvant immunotherapy. A new management paradigm for metastatic melanoma. CA Cancer J Clin 1999, 49(2):101-116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Morton DL. Surgery prolongs survival in stage IV melanoma. Symposium at the Society of Surgical Oncology, San Diego 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Leong SPL. Paradigm shift of staging and treatment for early breast cancer in the sentinel node era. Breast J 2006, 12(2):S128-S133.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Leong SP, Cady B, Jablons DM, Garcia-Aguilar J, Reintgen D, Jakub J, Pendas S, Duhaime L, Cassell R, Gardner M, et al. Clinical Patterns of Metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2006, 25(2):221-232.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lee Y-T. Breast carcinoma: Patterns of metastasis at autopsy. J Surg Oncol 1983, 23:175-180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Cho SY, Choi HY. Causes of death and metastatic patterns in patients with mammary cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 1980, 73(2):232-234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Theriault RL, Hortobagyi GN. Bone metastasis in breast cancer. Anticancer Drugs 1992, 3(5):455-462.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Theriault RL, Biermann JS, Brown E, Brufsky A, Demers L, Grewal RK, Guise T, Jackson R, McEnery K, Podoloff D, et al. NCCN task force report: Bone health and cancer care. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2006, 4(2):S1-20.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Durr HR, Muller PE, Lenz T, Baur A, Jansson V, Refior HJ. Surgical treatment of bone metastases in patients with breast cancer. Clin Orthop Relat 2002, 396:191-196.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Yu JJ, Brennan M, Christos P, Osborne MP, Hoda S, Simmons RM. Bone marrow micrometastases and adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. Breast J 2004, 10(3): 181-185.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Wiedswang G, Borgen E, Karesen R, Kvalheim G, Nesland JM, Qvist H, Schlichting E, Sauer T, Janbu J, Harbitz T, et al. Wiedswang G, Borgen E, Karesen R, et al. Detection of isolated tumor cells in bone marrow is an independent prognostic factor in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21(18): 3469-3478.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Singletary SE. Isolated tumor cells in bone marrow of early stage breast cancer patients. J Am Coll Surg 2006, 203 (2):240-249.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Cristofanilli M, Hayes DF, Budd GT, Ellis MJ, Stopeck A, Reuben JM, Doyle GV, Matera J, Allard WJ, Miller MC, et al. Circulating tumor cells: A novel prognostic factor for newly diagnosed metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(7): 1420-1430.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Cristofanilli M. Circulating tumor cells, disease progression, and survival in metastatic breast cancer. Semin Oncol 2006, 33(3 Suppl 9):S9-14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Koizumi M, Yoshimoto M, Kasumi F, Ogata E. Comparison between solitary and multiple skeletal metastatic lesions of breast cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2003, 14(8):1234-1240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Body JJ. Breast cancer: bisphosphonate therapy for metastatic bone disease. Clin Cancer Res 2006, 12 (20 Suppl): 6258-6263.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Selvaggi G, Scagliotti G. Management of bone metastases in cancer: a review. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 2005, 56(3):365-378.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hoskin PJ, Yarnold JR, Roos DR, Bentzen S. Second Workshop on Palliative Radiotherapy and Symptom Control: Radiotherapy for bone metastases. Clin Oncol 2001, 13(2):88-90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Bohm P, Huber J. The surgical treatment of bony metastases of the spine and limbs. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2002, 84(4):521-529.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Wedin R, Bauer HCF, Rutqvist LE. Surgical treatment of skeletal breast cancer metastases: A population-based study of 641 patients. Cancer 2001, 92(2): 57-262.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Hill ME, Richards MA, Gregory WM, Smith P, Rubens RD. Spinal cord compression in breast cancer: A review of 70 cases. Br J Cancer 1993, 68(5): 969-973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Rades D, Fehlauer F, Schulte R, Veninga T, Stalpers LJ, Basic H, Bajrovic A, Hoskin PJ, Tribius S, Wildfang I, et al. Prognostic factors for local control and survival after radiotherapy of metastatic spinal cord compression. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24(21):3388-3393.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kovner F, Spigel S, Rider I, Otremsky I, Ron I, Shohat E, Rabey JM, Avram J, Merimsky O, Wigler N, et al. Radiation therapy of metastatic spinal cord compression: Multidisciplinary team diagnosis and treatment. J Neurooncol 1999, 42(1):85-92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Rades D, Veninga T, Stalpers LJ, Schulte R, Hoskin PJ, Poortmans P, Schild SE, Rudat V. Prognostic factors predicting functional outcomes, recurrence-free survival, and overall survival after radiotherapy for metastatic spinal cord com- pression in breast cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol 2006, 64(1):182-188.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Tsuda M, Satou S, Ichiki K, Doki Y, Misaki T, Matsui K, Tei S. [Sternal meta- stasis of breast cancer: report of a case]. Kyobu Geka 2005, 58(4): 341-343.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Tenpaku H, Maze Y, Sato T. [Recurrent breast cancer to the sternum 15 years after radical mastectomy and primary lung cancer; report of a case]. Kyobu Geka 2004, 57 (12):1165-1167.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Carbognani P, Vagliasindi A, Costa P, Pascarella L, Pazzini L, Bobbio A, Rusca M. Surgical treatment of primary and metastatic sternal tumors. J Cardiovasc Surg 2001, 42(3):411-414.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Yatsuyanagi E, Hirata S, Yamazaki K, Sugimoto H, Koshiko S, Sasajima T, Kubo Y. Full thickness chest wall resection for solitary sternal metastasis in breast carcinoma. Eur J Surg 2000, 166(6):501-503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Takanami I, Ohnishi H. [Study of surgical resection of sternal metastasis from carcinoma of the breast]. Gan No Rinsho 1989, 35(15):1735-1738.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Incarbone M, Nava M, Lequaglie C, Ravasi G, Pastorino U. Sternal resection for primary or secondary tumors. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997, 114(1):93-99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Noguchi S, Miyauchi K, Nishizawa Y, Imaoka S, Koyama H, Iwanaga T. Results of surgical treatment for sternal metastasis of breast cancer. Cancer 1988, 62(7):1397-1401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Chagpar A, Meric-Bernstam F, Hunt KK, Ross MI, Cristofanilli M, Singletary SE, Buchholz TA, Ames FC, Marcy S, Babiera GV, et al. Chest wall recurrence after mastectomy does not always portend a dismal prognosis. Ann Surg Oncol 2003, 10(6): 628-634.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Magno L, Bignardi M, Micheletti E, Bardelli D, Plebani F. Analysis of prognostic factors in patients with isolated chest wall recurrence of breast cancer. Cancer 1987, 60(2):240-244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Pameijer CR, Smith D, McCahill LE, Bimston DN, Wagman LD, Ellenhorn JD. Full-thickness chest wall resection for recurrent breast carcinoma: an institutional review and meta-analysis. Am Surg 2005, 71(9):711-715.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Toi M, Tanaka S, Bando M, Hayashi K, Tominaga T. Outcome of surgical resection for chest wall recurrence in breast cancer patients. J Surg Oncol 1997, 64(1):23-26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kolodziejski LS, Wysocki WM, Komorowski AL. Full-thickness chest wall resection for recurrence of breast malignancy. Breast J 2005, 11(4):273-277.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Woo E, Tan B-K, Koong HN, Yeo A, Chan MYP, Song C. Use of the extended V-Y latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for chest wall reconstruction in locally advanced breast cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2006, 82(2):752-755.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Sakai S, Ando K, Natori M, Sakai S. Cosmetic reconstruction after resection of breast cancer: Use of the ELD-MC flap and EVRAM flap. Int J Clin Oncol 2005, 10 (5):298-303.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Persichetti P, Cagli B, Tenna S, Fortunato L, Vitelli CE. Role of cutaneous thoraco-abdominal flap in the surgical treatment of advanced stage breast tumors. Suppl Tumori, 2005 4(3):S177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Carter CL, Allen C, Henson DE. Relation of tumor size, lymph node status, and survival in 24,740 breast cancer cases. Cancer 1989, 63(1):181-187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Kolodziejski L, Goralczyk J, Dyczek S, Duda K, Dymek H, Nabialek T. [Analysis of indications and results of surgical treatment for patients with pulmonary metastasis]. Pneomonol Alergol Pol 1999, 67(5-6):228-236.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Murabito M, Salat A, Mueller MR. Complete resection of isolated lung meta- stases from breast carcinoma results in a strong increase in survival. Minerva Chir 2000, 55(3):121-127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Planchard D, Soria JC, Michiels S, Grunewald D, Validire P, Caliandro R, Girard P, Le Chevalier T. Uncertain benefit from surgery in patients with lung metastases from breast carcinoma. Cancer 2004, 100(1):28-35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Friedel G, Pastorino U, Ginsberg RJ, Goldstraw P, Johnston M, Pass H, Putnam JB, Toomes H. Results of lung metastasectomy from breast cancer: prognostic criteria on the basis of 467 cases of the International Registry of Lung Metastasis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2002, 22(3):335-344.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Lanza LA, Natarajan G, Roth JA, Putnam JB Jr. Long-term survival after resection of pulmonary metastases from carcinoma of the breast. Ann Thoracic Surg 1992, 54(2):244-248.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Livartowski A, Chapelier A, Beuzeboc P, Dierick A, Asselain B, Dartevelle P, Pouillart P. [Surgical excision of pulmonary metastasis of cancer of the breast: apropos of 40 patients]. Bull Cancer 1998, 85(9):799-802.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. McDonald ML, Deschamps C, Ilstrup DM, Allen MS, Trastek VF, Pairolero PC. Pulmonary resection for metastatic breast cancer. Ann Thoracic Surg 1994, 58(6):1599-1602.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Simpson R, Kennedy C, Carmalt H, McCaughan B, Gillett D. Pulmonary resection for metastatic breast cancer. Aust NZJ Surg 1997, 67(10):717-719.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Staren ED, Salerno C, Rongione A, Witt TR, Faber LP. Pulmonary resection for metastatic breast cancer. Arch Surg 1992, 127(11):1282-1284.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Hoe AL, Royle GT, Taylor I. Breast liver metastases-incidence, diagnosis and outcome. J R Soc Med 1991, 84(12):714-716.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. O’Reilly SM, Richards MA, Rubens RD. Liver metastases from breast cancer: the relationship between clinical, biochemical and pathological features and survival. Eur J Cancer 1990, 26(5):574-577.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Vlastos G, Smith DL, Singletary SE, Mirza NQ, Tuttle TM, Popat RJ, Curley SA, Ellis LM, Roh MS, Vauthey JN. Long-term survival after an aggressive surgical approach in patients with breast cancer hepatic metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 2004, 11(9):869-874.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Elias D, Maisonnette F, Druet-Cabanac M, Ouellet JF, Guinebretiere JM, Spielmann M, Delaloge S. An attempt to clarify indications for hepatectomy for liver metastases from breast cancer. Am J Surg 2003, 185(2):158-164.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Selzner M, Morse MA, Vredenburgh JJ, Meyers WC, Clavien P-A. Liver metastases from breast cancer: Long-term survival after curative resection. Surgery 2000, 127(4):383-389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Metcalfe M, Mullin EJ, Maddern GJ. Hepatectomy for metastatic noncolorectal gastrointestinal, breast and testicular tumors. ANZ J Surg 2006, 76(4): 246-250.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Pocard M, Pouillart P, Asselain B, Falcou MC, Salmon RJ. Hepatic resection for breast cancer metastases: results and prognosis (65 cases). Ann Chir 2001, 126(5):413-420.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Pocard M, Salmon RJ. [Hepatic resection fro breast cancer metastasis. The concept of adjuvant surgery]. Bull Cancer 1997, 84(1): 47-50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Ercolani G, Grazi GL, Matteo Ravaioli M, Ramacciato G, Cescon M, Varotti G, Del Gaudio M, Vetrone G, Pinna AD. The role of liver resections for noncolorectal nonneuroendocrine metastases: Experience with 142 observed cases. Ann Surg Oncol 2005, 12(6):1-8.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Lin NU, Bellon JR, Winer EP. CNS metastases in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004, 22(17):3608-3617.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Kamby C. The patterns of metastases in human breast cancer: methodological aspects and influence of prognostic factors. Cancer Treat Rev 1990, 17(1):37-61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Sastre-Garau X, Jouve M, Asselain B, Vincent-Salomon A, Beuzeboc P, Dorval T, Durand JC, Fourquet A, Pouillart P. Infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast: clinicopathologic analysis of 975 cases with reference to data on consecutive therapy and metastatic patterns. Cancer 1996, 77(1):113-120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Carty NJ, Foggitt A, Hamilton CR, Royle GT, Taylor I. Patterns of clinical metastasis in breast cancer: an analysis of 100 patients. Eur J Surg Oncol 1995, 21(6):607-608.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Pestalozzi BC, Zahrieh D, Price KN, Holmberg SB, Lindtner J, Collins J, Crivellari D, Fey MF, Murray E, Pagani O, et al. Identifying breast cancer patients at risk for central nervous system metastases in trials of the International Breast Cancer Study Group. Ann Oncol 2006, 17(6):935-944.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Burstein HJ, Lieberman G, Slamon DJ, Winer EP, Klein P. Isolated central nervous system metastases in patients with HER2-overexpressing advanced breast cancer treated with first-line trastuzumab-based therapy. Ann Oncol 2005, 16 (11):1772-1777.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Yau T, Swanton C, Chua S, Sue A, Walsh G, Rostom A, Johnston SR, O’Brien MER, Smith IE. Incidence, pattern and timing of brain metastases among patients with advanced breast cancer treated with trastuzumab. Acta Oncologica 2006, 45(2):196-201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Bendell JC, Domchek SM, Burstein HJ, Harris L, Younger J, Kuter I, Bunnell C, Rue M, Gelman R, Winer E. Central nervous system metastases in women who receive trastuzumab-based therapy for metastatic breast carcinoma. Cancer 2003, 97(12):2972-2977.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Clayton AJ, Danson S, Jolly S, Ryder WD, Burt PA, Stewart AL, Wilkinson PM, Welch RS, Magee B, Wilson G, et al. Incidence of cerebral metastases in patients treated with trastuzumab for metastatic breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2004, 91(4):639-643.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Shmueli E, Wigler N, Inbar M. Central nervous system progression among patients with metastatic breast cancer responding to trastuzumab treatment. Eur J Cancer 2004, 40(3):379-382.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Tham Y-L, Sexton K, Kramer R, Hilsenbeck S, Elledge R. Primary breast cancer phenotypes associated with propensity for central nervous system metastases. Cancer 2006, 107(4):696-704.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Walsh JW, Dempsey RJ, Maruyama Y, Kryscio RJ, Markesbery WR, Macdonald JS, Young B. A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain. N Engl J Med 1990, 322(8):494-500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Noordijk EM, Vecht CJ, Haaxma-Reiche H, Padberg GW, Voormolen JH, Hoekstra FH, Tans JT, Lambooij N, Metsaars JA, Wattendorff AR, et al. The choice of treatment of single brain metastases should be based on extracranial tumor activity and age. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994, 29(4):711-717.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Pieper DR, Hess KR, Sawaya RE. Role of surgery in the treatment of brain metastases in patients with breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 1997, 4(6):481-490.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Wronski M, Arbit E, McCormick B. Surgical treatment of 70 patients with brain metastases from breast carcinoma. Cancer 1997, 80(9):1746-1754.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Bindal RK, Sawaya R, Leavens ME, Lee JJ. Surgical treatment of multiple brain metastases. J Neurosurg 1993, 79(2):210-216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Hazuka MB, Burleson WD, Stroud DN, Leonard CE, Lillehei KO, Kinzie JJ. Multiple brain metastases are associated with poor survival in patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1993, 11(2):369-373.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Lin NU, Bellon JR, Winer EP. CNS Metastases in Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004, 22(17):3608-3617.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Chang EL, Lo S. Diagnosis and management of central nervous system meta- stases from breast cancer. The Oncologist 2003, 8(5):398-410.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Lederman G, Wronski M, Fine M. Fractionated radiosurgery for brain metastases in 43 patients with breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2001, 65(2): 145-154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Firlik KS, Kondziolka D, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD. Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases from breast cancer. Ann Surg Onc 2000, 7(5):333-338.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Tohnosu N, Narushima K, Sunouchi K, Saito T, Shimizu T, Tanaka H, Maruyama T, Watanabe Y, Kato T, Shimizu S, et al. A case of breast cancer metastatic to the tail of the pancreas. Breast Cancer 2006, 13(2):225-229.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Uygun K, Kocak Z, Altaner S, Cicin I, Tokatli F, Uzai C. Colonic metastasis from carcinoma of the breast that mimicks a primary intestinal cancer. Yonsei Med J 2006, 47(4):578-582.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Goodman MD, McIntyre B, Shaughnessy EA, Lowy AM, Ahmad SA. Forequarter amputation for recurrent breast cancer: A case report and review of the literature. J Surg Oncol 2005, 92(2):134-141.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Sabel MS. Locoregional therapy of breast cancer: maximizing control, minimizing morbidity. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2006, 6(9):1261-1279.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Kim T, Giuliano AE, Lyman GH. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast carcinoma. A Meta-analysis. Cancer 2006, 106(1): 4-16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Turner RR, Ollila DW, Krasne DL, Giuliano AE. Histopathologic validation of the sentinel lymph node hypothesis for breast carcinoma. Ann Surg 1997, 226(3):271-276.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Naik AM, Fey J, Gemignani M, Heerdt A, Montgomery L, Petrek J, Port E, Sacchini V, Sclafani L, VanZee K, et al. The risk of axillary relapse after sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer is comparable with that of axillary lymph node dissection: a follow-up study of 4008 procedures. Ann Surg 2004, 240(3):462-468.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Weaver DL, Krag DN, Manna EA, Ashikaga T, Waters BL, Harlow SP, Bauer KD, Julian TB. Detection of occult sentinel lymph node micrometastases by immunocytochemistry in breast cancer: An NSABP B-32 quality assurance study. Cancer 2006, 107:661-667.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Houvenaeghel G, Nos C, Mignotte H, Classe JM, Giard S, Rouanet P, Lorca FP, Jacquemier J, Bardou VJ. Micrometastases in sentinel lymph node in a multicentric study: Predictive factors of nonsentinel lymph node involvementGroupe des chirurgiens de la federation des centres de lutte contre le cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:1814-1822.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. vanRijk MC, Peterse JL, Nieweg OE, Oldenburg HS, Rutgers EJ, Kroon BB. Additional axillary metastases and stage migration in breast cancer patients with micrometastases or submicrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes. Cancer 2006, 107:467-471.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Jakub JW, Diaz NM, Ebert MD, Cantor A, Reintgen DS, Dupont EL, Shons AR, Cox CE. Completion axillary lymph node dissection minimizes the likelihood of false negatives for patients with invasive breast carcinoma and cytokeratin positive only sentinel lymph nodes. Am J Surg 2002, 184(4):302-306

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Teng S, Dupont E, McCann C, Wang J, Bolano M, Durand K, Peltz E, Bass SS, Cantor A, Ku NN, Cox CE. Do cytokeratin-positive-only sentinel lymph nodes warrant complete axillary lymph node dissection in patients with invasive breast cancer? Am Surg 2000, 66(6):574-578.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Imoto S, Ochiai A, Okumura C, Wada N, Hasebe T. Impact of isolated tumor cells in sentinel lymph nodes detected by immunohistochemical staining. EJSO (2006), doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2006.08.006.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Cox CE. Fine tuning treatment of the axilla in an era of sentinel node biopsy. San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. Issue 3, December 10th, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Galea MH, Ellis Io, Elston Cw, Blamey RW. Occult axillary lymph node micrometastases in breast cancer. Lancet 1990; 336:435-441.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Gershenwald JE, Colome MI, Lee JE, Mansfield PF, Tseng C, Lee JJ, Balch CM, Ross MI. Patterns of recurrence following a negative sentinel lymph node biopsy in 243 patients with stage I or II melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16(6): 2253-2260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Kahn HJ, Hanna WM, Chapman JW, Trudeau M, Lickley HL, Mobbs BG, Murray D, Pritchard KI, Sawka CA, McCready DR, Marks A. Biological significance of occult micrometastases in histologically negative axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer patients using the recent American Joint Committee on Cancer Breast Cancer Staging System. The Breast J 2006, 12(4):294-301.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 307 N. University Blvd, 2015, 36688, AL, USA

    Adam I. Riker MD, Chief

  2. University of South Alabama-Mitchell Cancer Institute, 301 N. University Blvd, 2015, 36688, AL, USA

    SuHu Liu

  3. University of South Alabama-Mitchell Cancer Institute, 301 N. University Blvd, 2015, 36688, AL, USA

    Mona Hagmaier

  4. University of South Alabama-Mitchell Cancer Institute, 301 N. University Blvd, 2015, 36688, AL, USA

    Matthew J. D. D'lessio MD

  5. Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, 13902 Magnolia Drive, 33612, Tampa, FL, USA

    Charles E. Cox MD

Authors
  1. Adam I. Riker MD, Chief
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. SuHu Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mona Hagmaier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Matthew J. D. D'lessio MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Charles E. Cox MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK

    Robert E. Mansel MS, FRCS, CBE

  2. Michell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 307 N. University Blvd., 2015, 36688, AL, USA

    Oystein Fodstad PhD

  3. Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, CF14 4XN, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK

    Wen G. Jiang MB, BCh, MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Riker, A.I., Liu, S., Hagmaier, M., D'lessio, M.J.D., Cox, C.E. (2007). Surgical management of patients with metastatic breast cancer. In: Mansel, R.E., Fodstad, O., Jiang, W.G. (eds) Metastasis of Breast Cancer. Cancer Metastasis – Biology and Treatment, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5867-7_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation