Skip to main content

Desert Ecogeomorphology

  • Chapter

Previous reviews have suggested that the rocircle of vegetation has often been given scant regard in the understanding of dryland geomorphology (Francis, 1994; Bullard, 1997). Bullard (1997) emphasized the landmark collections of papers in Viles (1988), Thornes (1990a) and Millington and Pye (1994) as reflecting a turning point in geomorphological perspectives, that is further emphasized by the 118 papers recorded in the ISI database since 1990 (but none before) up to mid-2007 which deal explicitly with the topic in some way. While it is untrue to suggest that work on the subject was not carried out before the 1980s – for example, Bryan (1928), Cooke and Reeves (1976), Hadley (1961), Huntington (1914), Melton (1965), Rempel (1936) and White (1969) – what has changed is the framework in which such research is carried out in dryland environments. This change is two-fold. First, geomorphologists have more explicitly recognized the need to incorporate a consideration of vegetation and, more broadly, ecosystems into their research designs. Secondly, ecologists have equally perceived the need for a more explicit evaluation of geomorphic and related hydrologic processes in order to be able to understand vegetation and ecosystem patterning.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

references

  • Abrahams, AD and AJ Parsons 1990 ‘Determining the mean depth of overland flow in field studies of flow hydraulics’, Water Resources Research 26, 501–503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrahams, AD and AJ Parsons 1991 ‘Resistance to overland flow on desert pavement and its implications for sediment transport modeling’, Water Resources Research 27, 1827–1836.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrahams, AD, AJ Parsons and P Hirsch 1992 ‘Field and laboratory studies of resistance to interrill overland flow on semi-arid hillslopes, southern Arizona’, in AJ Parsons and AD Abrahams (eds) Overland Flow: Hydraulics and Erosion Mechanics, 1–23, UCL Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrahams, AD, AJ Parsons and S-H Luk 1988 ‘Resistance to overland flow on desert hillslopes’, Journal of Hydrology 88, 343–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrahams, AD, AJ Parsons and J Wainwright 1994 ‘Resistance to overland flow on semiarid grassland and shrubland hillslopes, Walnut Gulch, Southern Arizona’, Journal of Hydrology 156, 431–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrahams, AD, AJ Parsons and J Wainwright 2003 ‘Disposition of stemflow under creosotebush’, Hydrological Processes 17, 2555–2566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acreman, MC (ed.) 2001 Hydro-ecology: Linking Hydrology and Aquatic Ecology, IAHS Publication no. 266, Wallingford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agam, N and PR Berliner 2006 ‘Dew formation and water vapor adsorption in semi-arid environments – a review’, Journal of Arid Environments 65, 572–590.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aguiar, MR and OE Sala 1999 ‘Patch structure, dynamics and implications for the functioning of arid ecosystems’, Trends in Ecosystems and Evolution 14, 273–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison, HE and RJ Hobbs 2004 ‘Resilience, adaptive capacity, and the “lock-in trap” of the Western Australian agricultural region’, Ecology and Society 9 (1), art. no.3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer, S, DS Schimel and EA Holland 1995 ‘Mechanisms of shrubland expansion: land use, climate or CO2?’, Climatic Change 29, 91–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arndt, SK, C Arampatsis, A Foetzki, X Li, F Zeng and X Zhang 2004 ‘Contrasting patterns of leaf solute accumulation and salt adaptation in four phreatophytic desert plants in a hyperarid desert with saline groundwater’, Journal of Arid Environments 59, 259–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ash, JE and RJ Wasson 1983 ‘Vegetation and sand mobility in the Australian desert dunefield’, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplementband 45, 7–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atchley, MC, AG de Soyza and WG Whitford 1999 ‘Arroyo water storage and soil nutrients and their effects on gas-exchange of shrub species in the northern Chihuahuan Desert’, Journal of Arid Environments 43, 21–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bach, CE 1998 ‘Interactive effects of herbivory and sand burial on growth of a tropical dune plant, Ipomoea pes-caprae’, Ecological Entomology 23, 238–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baez, S, J Fargione, DI Moore, SL Collins and JR Gosz 2007 ‘Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the northern Chihuahuan desert: Temporal trends and potential consequences’, Journal of Arid Environments 68, 640–651.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baird, AJ 1999 ‘Introduction’, in AJ Baird and RL Wilby (eds) Eco-hydrology: Plants and Water in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments, 1–10, Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balsiger, PW 2004 ‘Supradisciplinary research practices: history, objectives and rationale’, Futures 36, 407–421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbier, N, P Couteron, J Lejoly, V Deblauwe and O Lejeune 2006 ‘Self-organized vegetation patterning as a fingerprint of climate and human impact on semi-arid ecosystems’, Journal of Ecology 94, 537–547.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, DH, C Vanier, E Naumburg, TN Charlet, KM Nielsen, BA Newingham and SD Smith 2006 ‘Enhanced monsoon precipitation and nitrogen deposition affect leaf traits and photosynthesis differently in spring and summer in the desert shrub Larrea tridentata’, New Phytologist 169, 799–808.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrow JR and RE Aaltonen 2001 ‘Evaluation of the internal colonization of Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. roots by dark septate fungi and the influence of host physiological activity’, Mycorrhiza 11, 199–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrow, JR, KM Havstad and BD McCaslin 1997 ‘Fungal root endophytes in fourwing saltbush, Atriplex canescens, on arid rangelands of southwestern USA’, Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 11, 177–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrow J, M Lucero, I Reyes-Vera and K Havstad 2007 ‘Endosymbiotic fungi structurally integrated with leaves reveals a lichenous condition of C$4$ grasses’, In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology– Plant 43, 65–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, C, N McIntyre, S Cox, D Tissue and J Zak 2008 ‘Soil microbial responses to temporal variations of moisture and temperature in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland’, Microbial Ecology DOI 10.1007/s00248-007-9333-z.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belnap, J 2003 ‘The world at your feet: desert biological soil crusts’, Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 1, 181–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belnap, J 2006 ‘The potential roles of biological soil crusts in dryland hydrologic cycles’, Hydrological Processes 20, 3159–3178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belnap, J and D Eldridge 2001 ‘Disturbance and recovery of biological soil crusts’, in J Belnap and OL Lange (eds) Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function and Management, 363–383, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belnap, J, JR Welter, NB Grimm, N Barger and JA Ludwig 2005 ‘Linkages between microbial and hydrologic processes in arid and semiarid watersheds’, Ecology 86, 298–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, AJ, RG Amundson, JM Duxbry, SJ Riha, AR Ali and SM Mwonga 1989 ‘The effects of tree on their physical, chemical, and biological environments in a semi-arid savanna in Kenya’, Journal of Soil Science 37, 345–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biot, Y 1990 ‘The use of tree mounds as benchmarks of previous land surfaces in a semi-arid tree savanna, Botswana, in JB Thornes (ed.) Vegetation and Erosion, 437–450, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg, DG and R Greeley 1993 ‘Field studies of aerodynamic roughness length’, Journal of Arid Environments 25, 39–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boer, M and J Puigdefábregas 2005 ‘Effects of spatially structured vegetation patterns on hillslope erosion in a semiarid Mediterranean environment: a simulation study’, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 30,149–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonell, M 2002 ‘Ecohydrology– a completely new idea?’, Hydrological Sciences–Journal–des Sciences Hydrologiques 47, 809–810.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bracken LJ and J Croke 2007 ‘The concept of hydrological connectivity and its contribution to understanding runoff-dominated geomorphic systems’, Hydrological Processes 21, 1749–1763.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bracken, LJ and J Wainwright 2006 ‘Geomorphological equilibrium: myth and metaphor?’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS 31, 167–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, CJ 1989 ‘The size distribution of throughfall drops under vegetation canopies’, Catena 16, 507–524.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breshears, DD, JW Nyhan, CE Heil and BP Wilcox 1998 ‘Effects of woody plants on microclimate in a semiarid woodland: soil temperature and evaporation in canopy and intercanopy patches’, International Journal of Plant Sciences 159, 1010–1017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brisson, J and JF Reynolds 1994 ‘The effect of neighbors on root distribution in a creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) population’, Ecology 75, 1693–1702.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, JF 1997 ‘Effects of experimental burial on survival, growth, and resource allocation of three species of dune plants’, Journal of Ecology 85, 151–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brownell, PF and CJ Crossland 1972 ‘Requirement for sodium as a micronutrient by species having C$4$ dicarboxylic photosynthetic pathway’, Plant Physiology 49, 794–797

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, K 1928 ‘Historic evidence on changes in the channel of the Rio Puerco, a tributary of the Rio Grande in New Mexico’, Journal of Geology 36, 265–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buffington, LC and CH Herbel 1965 ‘Vegetational changes on a semidesert grassland range from 1858 to 1963’, Ecological Monographs 35,139–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bull, WB 1997 ‘Discontinuous ephemeral streams’, Geomorphology 19, 227–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullard, JE 1997 ‘Vegetation and dryland geomorphology’, in DSG Thomas (ed.) Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands (2nd ed.), 109–131, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buxbaum, CAZ and K Vanderbilt 2007 ‘Soil heterogeneity and the distribution of desert and steppe plant species across a desert-grassland ecotone’, Journal of Arid Environments 69, 617–632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cable, JM and TE Huxman 2004 ‘Precipitation pulse size effects on Sonoran Desert soil microbial crusts’, Oecologia 141, 317–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caird, MA, JH Richards and LA Donovan 2007 ‘Nighttime stomatal conductance and transpiration in C$3$ and C$4$ plants’, Plant Physiology 143, 4–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campos-Enriquez, JO, J Ortega-Ramírez, D Alatriste-Vilchis, R Cruz-Gática and E Cabral-Cano 1999 ‘Relationship between extensional tectonic style and the paleoclimatic elements at Laguna El Fresnal, Chihuahua Desert, Mexico’, Geomorphology 28, 75–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carson, MA and MJ Kirkby 1972 Hillslope Form and Process. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charley, JL and NE West 1975 ‘Plant-induced soil chemical patterns in some shrub-dominated semi-desert ecosystems of Utah’, Journal of Ecology 63, 945–963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charney, JG 1975 ‘Dynamics of deserts and drought in Sahel’, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 101, 193–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chorley, RJ and BA Kennedy 1971 Physical Geography: A Systems Approach. Prentice-Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, CM and D Tilman 2008 ‘Loss of plant species after chronic low-level nitrogen deposition to prairie grasslands’, Nature 451, 712–715.

    Google Scholar 

  • Claussen, M 1997 ‘Modelling bio-geophysical feedback in the African and Indian monsoon region’, Climate Dynamics 13, 247–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, RU and RW Reeves 1976 Arroyos and Environmental Change in the American South-West. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, RU, A Warren and A Goudie 1993 Desert Geomorphology. UCL Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawley, DM and WG Nickling 2003 ‘Drag partition for regularly-arrayed rough surfaces’, Boundary-Layer Meteorology 107, 445–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, GL and JH Burk 1973 ‘The effect of carbonate deposition layers (“caliche”) on the water status of Larrea divaricata’, American Midland Naturalist 90, 474–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Soyza, AG, KT Killingbeck and WG Whitford 2004 ‘Plant water relations and photosynthesis during and after drought in a Chihuahuan desert arroyo’, Journal of Arid Environments 59, 27–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeAngelis DL and JC Waterhouse 1987 ‘Equilibrium and nonequilibrium concepts in ecological models’, Ecological Monographs 57, 1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Dekker, SC, M Rietkirk and MFP Bierkens 2007 ‘Coupling microscale vegetation-soil water and macroscale vegetation-precipitation feedbacks in semiarid systems’, Global Change Biology 13, 671–678.

    Google Scholar 

  • deMenocal, P, J Ortiz, T Guilderson, J Adkins, M Sarnthein, L Baker and M Yarusinsky 2000 ‘Abrupt onset and termination of the African Humid Period: rapid climate responses to gradual insolation forcing’, Quaternary Science Reviews 19, 347–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Descroix L, D Viramontes, M Vauclin, JLG Barrios and M Esteves 2001 ‘Influence of soil surface features and vegetation on runoff and erosion in the Western Sierra Madre (Durango, Northwest Mexico)’, Catena 43, 115–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devitt, DA and SD Smith 2002 ‘Root channel macropores enhance downward movement of water in a Mojave Desert ecosystem’, Journal of Arid Environments 50, 99–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dill, HG, S Khishigsuren, Y Majigsuren, S Myagniarsuren and J Bulgamaa 2006 ‘Geomorphological studies along a transect from the taiga to the desert in Central Mongolia– evolution of landforms in the mid-latitude continental interior as a function of climate and vegetation’, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 27, 241–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Odorico, P and A Porporato 2006 ‘Ecohydrology of arid and semiarid ecosystems: an introduction’, in P D’Odorico and A Porporato (eds) Dryland Ecohydrology, 1–10, Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dougill, AJ and AD Thomas 2002 ‘Nebkha dunes in the Molopo Basin, South Africa and Botswana: formation controls and their validity as indicators of soil degradation’, Journal of Arid Environments 50, 413–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drennan, PM and PS Nobel 2000 ‘Responses of CAM species to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations’, Plant Cell and Environment 23, 767–781.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drewa, PB and KM Havstad 2001 ‘Effects of fire, grazing, and the presence of shrubs on Chihuahuan desert grasslands’, Journal of Arid Environments 48, 429–443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duniway, MC, JE Herrick and HC Monger 2007 ‘The high water-holding capacity of petrocalcic horizons’, Soil Science Society of America Journal 71, 812–819.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunkerley, DL 1997 ‘Banded vegetation: survival under drought and grazing pressure based on a simple cellular automaton model’, Journal of Arid Environments 35, 419–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunkerley, DL and KJ Brown 1995 ‘Runoff and runon areas in a patterned chenopod shrubland, arid western New South Wales, Australia: characteristics and origin’, Journal of Arid Environments 30, 41–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunkerley, DL and KJ Brown 2002 ‘Oblique vegetation banding in the Australian arid zone: implications for theories of pattern evolution and maintenance’, Journal of Arid Environments 51, 163–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagleson, PS 2002 Ecohydrology: Darwinian Expression of Vegetation Form and Function. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehleringer, JR 1980 ‘Leaf morphology and reflectance in relation to water and temperature stress’, in NC Turner and PJ Kramer (eds) Adaptations of Plants to Water and High Temperature Stress, 295–308, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehleringer, JR and IN Forseth 1989 ‘Diurnal leaf movements and productivity in canopies’, in G Russel, B Marshall and PG Marshall (eds) Plant Canopies: Their Growth, Form and Function, 129–142, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehleringer, J, O Björkman and HA Mooney 1976 ‘Leaf pubescence: effects on absorptance and photosynthesis in a desert shrub’, Science 192, 376–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehleringer, JR, TE Cerling and BR Helliker 1997 ‘C$4$ photosynthesis, atmospheric CO$2$ and climate’, Oecologia 112, 285–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • El Bana, MI, I Nijs and AHA Khedr 2003 ‘The importance of phytogenic mounds (nebkhas) for restoration of arid degraded rangelands in northern Sinai’, Restoration Ecology 11, 317–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Entekhabi, D, I Rodriguez-Iturbe and RL Bras 1992 ‘Variability in large-scale water-balance with land surface atmosphere interaction’, Journal of Climate 5, 798–813.

    Google Scholar 

  • Escoto-Rodríguez, M and SH Bullock 2002 ‘Long-term growth rates of cirio (Fouquieria columnaris), a giant succulent of the Sonoran Desert in Baja California’, Journal of Arid Environments 50, 593–611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esteban, J and V Fairén 2006 ‘Self-organized formation of banded vegetation patterns in semi-arid regions: a model’, Ecological Complexity 3, 109–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitter, AH and RKM Hay 1987 Environmental Physiology of Plants (2nd ed.). Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, D, F Swanson, J Aber, I Burke, N Brokaw, D Tilman and A Knapp 2003 ‘The importance of land-use legacies to ecology and conservation’, BioScience 53, 77–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, CF 1994 ‘Plants on desert hillslopes’, in AD Abrahams and AJ Parsons (eds) Geomorphology of Desert Environments (1st ed.), 243–254, Chapman and Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franco, AC and PS Nobel 1989 ‘Effect of nurse plants on the microhabitat and growth of cacti’, Journal of Ecology 77, 870–886.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Moya, E and CM McKell 1970 ‘Contribution of shrubs to the nitrogen economy of a desert-wash plant community’, Ecology 51, 81–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbens, RP and JM Lenz 2001 ‘Root systems of some Chihuahuan Desert plants’, Journal of Arid Environments 49, 221–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbens, RP, JM Tromble, JL Hennessy and M Cardenas 1983 ‘Soil movement in mesquite dunelands and former grasslands of southern New Mexico from 1933 to 1980’, Journal of Range Management 36, 145–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbens RP, RP McNeely, KM Havstad, RF Beck and B Nolen 2005 ‘Vegetation changes in the Jornada Basin from 1858 to 1998’, Journal of Arid Environments 61, 651–668.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, RA, HW Polley, HB Johnson, LJ Anderson, H Maherali and RB Jackson 2002 ‘Nonlinear grassland responses to past and future atmospheric CO$2$’, Nature 417, 279–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillette, DA, J Adams, E Endo and D Smith 1980 ‘Threshold velocities for input of soil particles into the air by desert soils’, Journal of Geophysical Research 85(C10), 5621–5630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillette, DA and PH Stockton 1989 ‘The effect of nonerodible particles on wind erosion of erodible surfaces’, Journal of Geophysical Research–Atmospheres 94, 12885–12893.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillette, DA, JE Herrick and GA Herbert 2006 ‘Wind characteristics of mesquite streets in the Northern Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico, USA’, Environmental Fluid Mechanics 6, 241–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillson, L 2004 ‘Testing non-equilibrium theories in savannas: 1400 years of vegetation change in Tsavo National Park, Kenya’, Ecological Complexity 1, 281–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goudie, AS 2002 Great Warm Deserts of the World: Landscape and Evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graf, WL 1981 ‘Channel instability in a sand-river bed’, Water Resources Research 17, 1087–1094.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graf, WL 1983a ‘Flood-related channel change in an arid-region river’, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 8, 125–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graf, WL 1983b ‘Downstream changes in stream power in the Henry Mountains, Utah’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 73, 373–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graf, WL 1983c ‘Variability of sediment removal in a semi-arid watershed’, Water Resources Research 19, 643–652.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graf, WL 1988 ‘Applications of catastrophe theory in fluvial geomorphology’, in MG Anderson (ed) Modelling Geomorphological Systems, 33–48, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grantz DA, JHB Garner and DW Johnson 2003 ‘Ecological effects of particulate matter’, Environment International 29, 213–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenway, H and R Munns 1980 ‘Mechanisms of salt tolerance in nonhalophytes’, Annual Review of Plant Physiology 31, 149–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, KJ 2000 The Changing Nature of Physical Geography. Arnold, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grof, CPL, M Johnston and PF Brownell 1989 ‘Effect of sodium nutrition on the ultrastructure of chloroplasts of C$4$ plants’, Plant Physiology 89, 539–543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gul, B, DJ Weber and MA Khan 2001 ‘Growth, ionic and osmotic relations of an Allenrolfea occidentalis population in an inland salt playa of the Great Basin Desert’, Journal of Arid Environments 48, 445–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haase, P 2001 ‘Can isotropy vs. anisotropy in the spatial association of plant species reveal physical vs. biotic facilitation?’, Journal of Vegetation Science 12, 127–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haase, P, FI Pugnaire, SC Clark and LD Incoll 1997 ‘Spatial pattern in Anthyllis cytisoides shrubland on abandoned land in southeastern Spain’, Journal of Vegetation Science 8, 627–634.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadley, RF 1961 ‘Influence of riparian vegetation on channel shape, nort-eastern Arizona’, US Geological Survey Professional Paper 424-C, 30–31, Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, SA 1977 ‘Late Quaternary sedimentation and paleoecologic history of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico’, Geological Society of America Bulletin 88, 1593–1618.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamerlynck, EP, JR McAuliffe, EV McDonald and SD Smith 2002 ‘Ecological responses of two Mojave desert shrubs to soil horizon development and soil water dynamics’, Ecology 83, 768–779.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, JD, BB Baker and RM Bourdon 1993 ‘Comparison of the effects of different climate change scenarios on rangeland livestock production’, Agricultural Systems 41, 487–502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatton, TJ, GD Salvucci and HI Wu 1997 ‘Eagleson’s optimality theory of an ecohydrological equilibrium: quo vadis?’, Functional Ecology 11, 665–674.

    Google Scholar 

  • HilleRisLambers, R., M Rietkerk, F van den Bosch, HHT Prins and H de Croon 2001 ‘Vegetation pattern formation in semi-arid grazing systems’, Ecology 82, 50–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holling, CS 1973 ‘Resilience and stability of ecological systems’, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4, 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooper, DU and L Johnson 1999 ‘Nitrogen limitation in dryland ecosystems: responses to geographical and temporal variation in precipitation’, Biogeochemistry 46, 247–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huenneke, LF and WH Schlesinger 2006 ‘Patterns of net primary production in Chihuahuan Desert ecosystems’, in KM Havstad, WH Schlesinger and LF Huenneke (eds) Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem: The Jornada LTER, 232–246, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, RR 1958 ‘The desert grassland: a history of vegetational change and an analysis of causes’, Botanical Review 24,164–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntington, E 1914 The Climatic Factor as Illustrated in Arid America. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication n$^o.$ 192, Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyder PW, EL Fredrickson, RE Estell, M Tellez and RP Gibbens 2002 ‘Distribution and concentration of total phenolics, condensed tannins, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) in creosotebush (Larrea tridentata)’, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 30, 905–912.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, RD and SB Idso 1975 ‘Surface albedo and desertification’, Science 189, 1012–1013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Judd, MJ, MR Raupach and JJ Finnigan 1996 ‘A wind tunnel study of turbulent flow around single and multiple windbreaks. Part I: velocity fields’, Boundary Layer Meteorology 80, 127–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerkhoff, AJ, SN Martens and BT Milne 2004 ‘An ecological evaluation of Eagleson’s optimality hypotheses’, Functional Ecology 18, 404–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidron, GJ 2000 ‘Analysis of dew precipitation in three habitats within a small arid drainage basin, Negev Highlands, Israel’, Atmospheric Research 55, 257–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidron, GJ 2005 ‘Angle and aspect dependent dew and fog precipitation in the Negev desert’ Journal of Hydrology 301, 66–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Killingbeck, KT and WG Whitford 2001 ‘Nutrient resorption in shrubs growing by design, and by default in Chihuahuan Desert arroyos’, Oecologia 128, 351–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klausmeier, CA 1999 ‘Regular and irregular patterns in semiarid vegetation’, Science 284, 1826–1828.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knipe, D and CH Herbel 1966 ‘Germination and growth of some semidesert grassland species treated with aqueous extract from creosotebush’, Ecology 47, pp.775–781.

    Google Scholar 

  • Körner, C 2006 ‘Plant CO$2$ responses: an issue of definition, time and resource supply’, New Phytologist 172, 393–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kundzewicz, ZW 2002 ‘Ecohydrology – seeking consensus on interpretation of the notion’, Hydrological SciencesJournaldes Sciences Hydrologiques 47, 799–804.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster, N and A Baas 1998 ‘Influence of vegetation cover on sand transport by wind: Field studies at Owens Lake, California’, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 23, 69–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange, OL, GJ Kidron, B Budel, A Meyer, E Kilian and A Abeliovich 1992 ‘Taxonomic composition and photosynthetic characteristics of the “biological soil crusts” covering sand dunes in the Western Negev Desert’, Functional Ecology 6, 519–527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange, OL, A Meyer, H Zellner and U Heber 1994 ‘Photosynthesis and water relations of lichen soil crusts: field measurements in the coastal fog zone of the Namib Desert’, Functional Ecology 8, 253–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange, OL, TGA Green, B Melzer, A Meyer and H Zellner 2006 ‘Water relations and CO$2$ exchange of the terrestrial lichen Teloschistes capensis in the Namib fog desert: measurements during two seasons in the field and under controlled conditions’, Flora – Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 201, 268–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange, OL, TGA Green, A Meyer and H Zellner 2007 ‘Water relations and carbon dioxide exchange of epiphytic lichens in the Namib fog desert’, Flora – Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 202, 479–487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langford, RP 2000 ‘Nabkha (coppice dune) fields of south-central New Mexico, U.S.A.’, Journal of Arid Environments 46, 25–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larcher, W 1995 Physiological Plant Ecology. Ecophysiology and Stress Physiology of Functional Groups (3rd ed.). Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, BE and BF Soliman 1977 ‘An investigation of the forces on three dimensional bluff bodies in rough wall turbulent boundary layers’, Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Fluids Engineering 99, 503–510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leenders, JK, JH van Boxel and G Sterk 2007 ‘The effect of single vegetation elements on wind speed and sediment transport in the Sahelian Zone of Burkina Faso’, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 32, 1454–1474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefever, R and O Lejeune 1997 ‘On the origin of tiger bush’, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 59, 263–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lejeune, O and M Tlidi 1999 ‘A model for the explanation of vegetation strips (tiger bush)’, Journal of Vegetation Science 10, 201–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lejeune, O, P Couteron and R Lefever 1999 ‘Short range co-operativity competing with long range inhibition explains vegetation patterns’, Acta Oecologica 20, 171–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Z, Y Wang, R Gallimore, F Gasse, T Johnson, P deMenocal, J Adkins, M Notaro, IC Prentice, J Kutzbach, R Jacob, P Behling, L Wang and E Ong 2007 ‘Simulating the transient evolution and abrupt change of Northern Africa atmosphere–ocean–terrestrial ecosystem in the Holocene’, Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 1818–1837.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood JA and DR Lockwood 1993 ‘Catastrophe theory: a unified paradigm for rangeland ecosystem dynamics’, Journal of Range Management 46, 282–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loik, ME 2006 ‘Sensitivity of water relations and photosynthesis to summer precipitation pulses for Artemisia tridentata and Purshia tridentata’, Plant Ecology 191, 95–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loik, ME and SP Redar 2003 ‘Microclimate, freezing tolerance, and cold acclimation along an elevation gradient for seedlings of the Great Basin Desert shrub, Artemisia tridentata’, Journal of Arid Environments 54, 769–782.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loik, ME, DD Breshears, WK Lauenroth and J Belnap 2004 ‘A multi-scale perspective of water pulses in dryland ecosystems: climatology and ecohydrology of the western USA’, Oecologia 141, 269–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, SP 1999 ‘Environmental responses’, in RF Sage and RK Monson (eds) C4 Plant Biology, 215–250, Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig, JA, BP Wilcox, DD Breshears, DJ Tongway and AC Imeson 2005 ‘Vegetation patches and runoff–erosion as interacting ecohydrological processes in semiarid landscapes’, Ecology 86, 288–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacMynowski, DP 2007 ‘Pausing at the brink of interdisciplinarity: power and knowledge at the meeting of social and biophysical science’, Ecology and Society 12 (1), paper 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAuliffe, JR 1994 ‘Landscape evolution, soil formation, and ecological patterns and processes in Sonoran Desert bajadas’, Ecological Monographs 64, 111–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAuliffe, JR 1995 ‘Landscape evolution, soil formation, and Arizona’s desert grasslands’, in MP McClaran and TR van Devender (eds) The Desert Grassland, 100–129, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.

    Google Scholar 

  • McFadden LD, SG Wells and MJ Jercinovich 1987 ‘Influences of eolian and pedogenic processes on the origin and evolution of desert pavements’, Geology 15, 504–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPherson, GR 1995 ‘The role of fire in the desert grasslands’, in MP McLaran and TR Van Devender (eds) The Desert Grassland, 130–151, University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, DJ, GD Clow, RK Tigges, RL Reynolds and PS Chavez Jr 2004 ‘Comparison of aerodynamically and model-derived roughness lengths (z$_o$) over diverse surfaces, central Mojave Desert, California, USA’, Geomorphology 63, 103–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maestre, FT, J Cortina, S Bautista and J Bellot 2003 ‘Does Pinus halepensis facilitate the establishment of shrubs in Mediterranean semi-arid afforestations?’ Forest Ecology and Management 176, 147–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malamud, BD, JDA Millington and GLW Perry 2005 ‘Characterizing wildfire regimes in the United States’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, 4694–4699.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malek, E, G McCurdy and B Giles 1999 ‘Dew contribution to the annual water balances in semi-arid desert valleys’, Journal of Arid Environments 42, 71–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, JK 1971 ‘Drag measurements in roughness arrays of varying density and distribution’, Agricultural Meteorology 8, 269–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez Meza, E and WG Whitford 1996 ‘Stemflow, throughfall and channelization of stemflow by roots in three Chihuahuan desert shrubs’, Journal of Arid Environments 32, 271–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maun, MA 1994 ‘Adaptations enhancing survival and establishment of seedlings on coastal dune systems’, Vegetatio 111, 59–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, RM 1975 ‘Deterministic models with chaotic dynamics’, Nature 256, 165–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melton, MA 1965 ‘The geomorphic and paleoclimatic significance of alluvial deposits in southern Arizona’, Journal of Geology 73, 1–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millington, AC and K Pye (eds) 1994 Effects of Environmental Change on Drylands, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montaña, C 1992 ‘The colonization of bare areas in two-phase mosaics of an arid ecosystem’, Journal of Ecology 80, 315–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, JA, DE Pataki, C Körner, H Clark, SJ Grosso, JM Grünzweig, AK Knapp, AR Mosier, PCD Newton, PA Niklaus, JB Nippert, RS Nowak, WJ Parton, HW Polley and MR Shaw 2004 ‘Water relations in grassland and desert ecosystems exposed to elevated atmospheric CO$2$’, Oecologia 140, 11–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moro, MJ FI Pugnaire, P Haase and J Puigdefábregas 1997 ‘Mechanisms of interaction between a leguminous shrub and its understorey in a semi-arid environment’, Ecography 20, 175–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, HM 1955 ‘Flow in rough conduits’, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 120, 373–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, EN 2004 Scaling Approaches to the Modelling of Water, Sediment and Nutrient Flows within Semi-Arid Landscapes, Jornada Basin, New Mexico. PhD Thesis, University of London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, EN, J Wainwright and AJ Parsons 2008 ‘Spatial variability of soil and nutrient characteristics of semi-arid grasslands and shrublands, Jornada Basin, New Mexico’, Ecohydrology 1, 3–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller, CH 1966 ‘The role of chemical inhibition (allelopathy) in vegetational composition’, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 93, 332–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller, WH 1965 ‘Volatile materials produced by Salvia leucophylla: effects on seedling growth and soil bacteria’, Botanical Gazette 126, 195–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naumburg, E, R Mata-Gonzalez, RG Hunter, T Mclendon and DW Martin 2005 ‘Phreatophytic vegetation and groundwater fluctuations: A review of current research and application of ecosystem response modeling with an emphasis on Great Basin vegetation’, Environmental Management 35, 726–740.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neave M and AD Abrahams 2001 ‘Impact of small mammal disturbances on sediment yield from grassland and shrubland ecosystems in the Chihuahuan Desert’, Catena 44, 285–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neave, M and S Rayburg 2007 ‘A field investigation into the effects of progressive rainfall-induced soil seal and crust development on runoff and erosion rates: the impact of surface cover’, Geomorphology 87, 378–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, BD, BP Wilcox, SR Archer, DD Breshears, CN Dahm, CJ Duffy, NG McDowell, FM Phillips, BR Scanlon and ER Vivoni 2006 ‘Ecology of water-limited environments: a scientific vision’, Water Resources Research 42, W06302, doi: 10.1029/2005WR004141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickling, WG and SA Wolfe 1994 ‘The morphology and origin of nabkha, region of Mopti, Mali, West Africa’, Journal of Arid Environments 28, 13–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nobel, PS 1980 ‘Influences of minimum stem temperatures on ranges of cacti in southwestern United States and central Chile’, Oecologia 47, 10–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novoplansky, A and D Goldberg 2001 ‘Interactions between neighbour environments and drought resistance’, Journal of Arid Environments 47, 11–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noy-Meir, I 1973 ‘Desert ecosystems: environment and producers’, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4, 25–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noy-Meir, I 1974 ‘Desert ecosystems: higher trophic levels’, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5, 195–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nulsen, RA, KJ Bligh, IN Baxter, EJ Solin and DH Imrie 1986 ‘The fate of rainfall in a malle and heath vegetated catchment in southern Western Australia’, Australian Journal of Ecology 11, 361–371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttle, WK 2002 ‘Is ecohydrology one idea or many?’, Hydrological Sciences–Journal–des Sciences Hydrologiques 47, 805–807.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okin, GS and DA Gillette 2001 ‘Distribution of vegetation in wind-dominated landscapes: Implications for wind erosion modeling and landscape processes’, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 106, 9673–9683.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okin GS, DA Gillette and JE Herrick 2006 ‘Multi-scale controls on and consequences of aeolian processes in landscape change in arid and semi-arid environments’, Journal of Arid Environments 65, 253–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okin, GS, AJ Parsons, J Wainwright, JE Herrick, BT Bestelmeyer, DPC Peters and EL Fredrickson submitted ‘Does connectivity explain desertification?’, BioScience.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oksanen, T 1990 ‘Exploitation systems in heterogeneous habitat complexes’, Evolutionary Ecology 4, 220–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, CP and DJ Beerling 2006 ‘Nature’s green revolution: the remarkable evolutionary rise of C$4$ plants’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 361, 173–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owens, MK, RK Lyons and CL Alejandro 2006 ‘Rainfall partitioning within semiarid juniper communities: effects of event size and canopy cover’, Hydrological Processes 20, 3179–3189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, AJ and J Wainwright 2006 ‘Depth distribution of interrill overland flow and the formation of rills’, Hydrological Processes 20, 1511–1523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, AJ, AD Abrahams and JR Simanton 1992 ‘Microtopography and soil-surface materials on semi-arid piedmont hillslopes, southern Arizona’, Journal of Arid Environments 22, 107–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, AJ, AD Abrahams and J Wainwright 1994 ‘On determining resistance to interrill overland flow’, Water Resources Research 30, 3515–3521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, AJ, J Wainwright, AD Abrahams and JR Simanton 1997 ‘Distributed dynamic modelling of interrill overland flow’, Hydrological Processes 11, 1833–1859.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, AJ, J Wainwright, WH Schlesinger and AD Abrahams 2003 ‘Sediment and nutrient transport by overland flow in mesquite nabkha, southern New Mexico’, Journal of Arid Environments 53, 61–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pataki, DE, SE Bush, P Gardner, DK Solomon and JR Ehleringer 2005 ‘Ecohydrology in a Colorado River riparian forest: Implications for the decline of Populus fremontii’, Ecological Applications 15, 1009–1018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pease, PP and VP Tchakerian 2002 ‘Composition and sources of sand in the Wahiba Sand Sea, Sultanate of Oman’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92, 416–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelletier, JD, M Cline and SB DeLong 2007 ‘Desert pavement dynamics: numerical modeling and field-based calibration’, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 32, 1913–1927.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, GLW 2002 ‘Landscapes, space and equilibrium: shifting viewpoints’, Progress in Physical Geography 26, 339–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, DL and JA MacMahon 1978 ‘Gradient analysis of a Sonoran Desert bajada’, Southwestern Naturalist 23, 669–680.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pockman, WT and JS Sperry 1997 ‘Freezing-induced xylem cavitation and the northern limit of Larrea tridentata’, Oecologia 109, 19–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollen, N and A Simon 2005 ‘Estimating the mechanical effects of riparian vegetation on stream bank stability using a fiber bundle model’, Water Resources Research 41, W07025, doi:10.1029/2004WR003801.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polley, HW, HB Johnson and JD Derner 2002 ‘Soil- and plant-water dynamics in a C$3$/C$4$ grassland exposed to a subambient to superambient CO$2$ gradient’, Global Change Biology 8,1118–1129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polley, HW, HB Johnson and CR Tischler 2003 ‘Woody invasion of grasslands: evidence that CO2 enrichment indirectly promotes establishment of Prosopis glandulosa’, Plant Ecology 164, 85–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pressland, AJ 1973 ‘Rainfall partitioning by an arid woodland (Acacia aneura F. Meull.) in south-western Queensland’, Australian Journal of Botany 21, 235–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramírez, DA, J Bellot, F Domingo and A Blasco 2007 ‘Can water responses in Stipa tenacissima L. during the summer season be promoted by non-rainfall water gains in soil?’, Plant and Soil 291, 67–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rango, A, L Huenneke, M Buonopane, JE Herrick and KM Havstad 2005 ‘Using historic data to assess effectiveness of shrub removal in southern New Mexico’, Journal of Arid Environments 62, 75–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rango, A, S Tartowski, A Laliberte, J Wainwright and AJ Parsons 2006 ‘Islands of hydrologically enhanced biotic productivity in natural and managed arid ecosystems’, Journal of Arid Environments 65, 235–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reale, O and P Dirmeyer 2000 ‘Modeling the effects of vegetation on Mediterranean climate during the Roman Classical Period, part I: climate history and model sensitivity’, Global and Planetary Change 25, 163–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reale, O and J Shukla 2000 ‘Modeling the effects of vegetation on Mediterranean climate during the Roman Classical Period, part II: model simulation’, Global and Planetary Change 25, 185–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rempel, PJ 1936 ‘The crescentic dunes of the Salton Sea and their relation to the vegetation’, Ecology 17, 347–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, JF, RA Virginia, PR Kemp, AG de Soyza and DC Tremmel 1999 ‘Impact of drought on desert shrubs: effects of seasonality and degree of resource island development’, Ecological Monographs 69, 69–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, JH and MM Caldwell 1987 ‘Hydraulic lift: substantial nocturnal water transport between soil layers by Artemisia tridentata roots’, Oecologia 73, 486–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rietkerk, M, P Ketner, L Stroosnijder and HHT Prins 1996 ‘Sahelian rangeland development: a catastrophe?’, Journal of Range Management 49, 512–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rietkerk M, MC Boerlijst, F van Langevelde, R HilleRisLambers, J van de Koppel, L Kumar, HHTPrins and AM de Roos 2002 ‘Self-organization of vegetation in arid ecosystems’, American Naturalist 160, 524–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, MV, MB Bertiller and A Bisigato 2007 ‘Are fine roots of both shrubs and perennial grasses able to occupy the upper soil layer? A case study in the arid Patagonian Monte with non-seasonal precipitation’, Plant and Soil 300, 281–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Iturbe, I 2000 ‘Ecohydrology: a hydrologic perspective of climate-soil-vegetation dynamics’, Water Resources Research 36, 3–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rostagno, CM and HF del Valle 1988 ‘Mounds associated with shrubs in aridic soils of northeastern Patagonia: characteristics and probable genesis’, Catena 15, 347–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryel, RJ, MM Caldwell, AJ Leffler and CK Yoder 2003 ‘Rapid soil moisture recharge to depth by roots in a stand of Artemisia tridentata’, Ecology 84, 757–764.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryel RJ, AJ Leffler, MS Peek, CY Ivans and MM Caldwell 2004 ‘Water conservation in Artemisia tridentata through redistribution of precipitation’, Oecologia 141, 335–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sage, RF 2004 ‘The evolution of C$4$ photosynthesis’, New Phytologist 161, 341–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandquist, DR and JR Ehleringer 1998 ‘Intraspecific variation of drought adaptation in brittlebush: leaf pubescence and timing of leaf loss vary with rainfall’, Oecologia 113, 162–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandvig, RM and FM Phillips 2006 ‘Ecohydrological controls on soil moisture fluxes in arid to semiarid vadose zones’, Water Resources Research 42, W08422, doi:10.1029/2005WR004644.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saqqa, W and M Altallah 2004 ‘Characterization of the aeolian terrain facies in Wadi Araba Desert, southwestern Jordan’, Geomorphology 62, 63–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sayed, OH 1996 ‘Adaptational responses of Zygophyllum qatarense Hadidi to stress conditions in a desert environment’, Journal of Arid Environments 32, 445–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scanlon, BR, DG Levitt, RC Reedy, KE Keese and MJ Sully 2005a ‘Ecological controls on water-cycle response to climate variability in deserts’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, 6033–6038.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scanlon, BR, RC Reedy, DA Stonestrom, DE Prudic and KF Dennehy 2005b ‘Impact of land use and land cover change on groundwater recharge and quality in the southwestern US’, Global Change Biology 11, 1577–1593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scanlon, TM, KK Caylor, S Manfread, SA Levin and I Rodriguez-Iturbe 2005 ‘Dyamic response of grass cover to rainfall variability: implications for the function and persistence of savanna ecosystems’, Advances in Water Resources 28, 291–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffer, M and SR Carpenter 2003 ‘Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation’, TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution 18, 648–656.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffer, M, S Carpenter, JA Foley, C Folke and B Walker 2001 ‘Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems’, Nature 413, 591–596.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffer, M, M Holmgren, V Brovkin and M Claussen 2005 ‘Synergy between small- and large-scale feedbacks of vegetation on the water cycle’, Global Change Biology 11, 1003–1012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlemon, R and RE Riefner 2006 ‘The role of tectonic processes in the interaction between geology and ecosystems’, in IS Zektser, B Marker, J Ridgway, L Rogachevskaya and G Vartanyan (eds) Geology and Ecosystems, 49–60, Springer Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger, WH and AM Pilmanis 1998 ‘Plant-soil interactions in deserts’, Biogeochemistry 42, 169–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger, WH, TJ Ward and J Anderson 2000 ‘Nutrient losses in runoff from grassland and shrubland habitats in southern New Mexico: II. Field plots’, Biogeochemistry 49, 69–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger WH, JS Pippen, MD Wallenstein, KS Hofmockel, DM Klepeis and BE Mahall 2003 ‘Community composition and photosynthesis by photoautotrophs under quartz pebbles, southern Mojave Desert’, Ecology 84, 3222–3231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger, WH, JA Raikes, AE Hartley and AF Cross 1996 ‘On the spatial pattern of soil nutrients in desert ecosystems’, Ecology 77, 364–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger, WH, JF Reynolds, GL Cunningham, LF Huenneke, WM Jarrell, RA Virginia and WG Whitford 1990 ‘Biological feedbacks in global desertification’, Science 247, 1043–1048.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlichting, H 1936 ‘Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Rauhigkeitsproblem’, Ingenieur Archiv 7, 1–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumm, SA 1973 ‘Geomorphic thresholds and complex response of drainage systems’, in M Morisawa (ed.) Fluvial Geomorphology, Proceedings of the 4th Annual Geomorphology Symposia Series, Binghamton, 299–311, Allen and Unwin, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scoging, H, AJ Parsons and AD Abrahams 1992 ‘Application of a dynamic overland-flow hydraulic model to a semi-arid hillslope, Walnut Gulch, Arizona’, in AJ Parsons and AD Abrahams (eds) Overland Flow: Hydraulics and Erosion Mechanics, 105–145, UCL Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scoones, I, R Behnke and C Kerven (eds) 1993 Range Ecology at Disequilibrium. New Models of Natural Variability and Pastoral Adaptation in African Savannas, Overseas Development Institute, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, RL, TE Huxman, DG Williams and DC Goodrich 2006 ‘Ecohydrological impacts of woody-plant encroachment: seasonal patterns of water and carbon dioxide exchange within a semiarid riparian environment’, Global Change Biology 12, 311–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seyfried, MS and BP Wilcox 2006 ‘Soil water storage and rooting depth: key factors controlling recharge on rangelands’, Hydrological Processes 20, 3261–3275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seyfried, MS, S Schwinning, MA Walvoord, WT Pockman, BD Newman, RB Jackson and EM Phillips 2005 ‘Ecohydrological control of deep drainage in arid and semiarid regions’, Ecology 86, 277–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shachak, M and GM Lovett 1998 ‘Atmospheric deposition to a desert ecosystem and its implications for management’, Ecological Applications 8, 455–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanyengana, ES, JR Henschel, MK Seely and RD Sanderson 2002 ‘Exploring fog as a supplementary water source in Namibia’, Atmospheric Research 64, 251–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherratt, JA and GJ Lord 2007 ‘Nonlinear dynamics and pattern bifurcations in a model for vegetation stripes in semi-arid environments’, Theoretical Population Biology 71, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, IG 1980 ‘Biogeography’, in EH Brown (ed.) Geography Yesterday and Tomorrow, 146–166, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, WK, DT Bell and KA Shepherd 1998 ‘Associations between leaf structure, orientation, and sunlight exposure in five Western Australian communities’, American Journal of Botany 85, 56–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, KA, JJ James, JH Richards and LA Donovan 2008 ‘Does hydraulic lift or nighttime transpiration facilitate nitrogen acquisition?’, Plant and Soil (in press) doi: 10.1007/s11104-008-9567-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stafford Smith, M 1996 ‘Management of rangelands: paradigms at their limits’, in J Hodgson and AW Illius (eds) The Ecology and Management of Grazing Systems, 325–357, CAB International, Wallingford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, J, AJ Parsons, J Wainwright, GS Okin, B Bestelmeyer, E Fredrickson and WH Schlesinger in press ‘Modelling emergent patterns of dynamic desert ecosystems as a function of changing landscape connectivity: part one – theoretical framework’, Ecological Modelling.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoddart, DR 1967 ‘Organism and ecosystem as geographical models’, in RJ Chorley and P Haggett (eds) Models in Geography, 511–548, Methuen, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stromberg, JC 1997 ‘Growth and survivorship of Fremont cottonwood, Goodding willow, and salt cedar seedlings after large floods in central Arizona’, Great Basin Naturalist 57:198–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stromberg, JC 2001 ‘Restoration of riparian vegetation in the south-western United States: importance of flow regimes and fluvial dynamism’, Journal of Arid Environments 49:17–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stromberg, JC, VB Beauchamp, MD Dixon, SJ Lite and C Paradzick 2007 ‘Importance of low-flow and high-flow characteristics to restoration of riparian vegetation along rivers in arid south-western United States’, Freshwater Biology 52, 651–679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stromberg, JC, R Tiller and B Richter 1996 ‘Effects of groundwater decline on riparian vegetation of semiarid regions: the San Pedro, Arizona’, Ecological Applications 6, 113–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, S and R Rohde 2002 ‘On non-equilibrium in arid and semi-arid grazing systems’, Journal of Biogeography 29, 1595–1618.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tengberg, A and D Chen 1998 ‘A comparative analysis of nebkhas in central Tunisia and northern Burkina Faso’, Geomorphology 22, 181–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, DSG 1997 ‘Arid environments: their nature and extent’, in DSG Thomas (ed.) Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands, 3–12, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornes JB. 1980 ‘Structural instability and ephemeral channel behaviour’, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplementband 36, 233–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornes, JB 1985 ‘The ecology of erosion’, Geography 70, 222–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornes, JB 1988 ‘Erosional equilibria under grazing’, in J Bintliff, D Davidson and E Grant (eds) Conceptual Issues in Environmental Archaeology, 193–210, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornes, JB (ed.) 1990a Vegetation and Erosion. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornes, JB 1990b ‘The interaction of erosional and vegetational dynamics in land degradation: spatial outcomes’, in JB Thornes (ed.) Vegetation and Erosion, 41–53, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tipple, BJ and M Pagani 2007 ‘The early origins of terrestrial C$4$ photosynthesis’, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 35, 435–461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tivy, J 1990 Agricultural Ecology. Longman, Harlow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tongway, DJ and JA Ludwig 1990 ‘Vegetation and soil patterning in semiarid mulga lands of Eastern Australia’, Australian Journal of Ecology 15, 23–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tress, G, B Tress and G Fry 2007 ‘Analysis of the barriers to integration in landscape research projects’, Land Use Policy 24, 374–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turnbull, L, RE Brazier, J Wainwright, E Dixon and R Bol 2008a ‘Use of carbon isotope analysis to understand soil erosion dynamics and long-term semi-arid land degradation’, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 22, 1697–1702.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turnbull, L, J Wainwright and RE Brazier 2008b ‘A conceptual framework for understanding semi-arid land degradation: ecohydrological interactions across multiple-space and time scales’, Ecohydrology 1, 23–34, DOI: 10.1002/ eco.4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyree, MT 1999 ‘Water relations of plants’, in AJ Baird and RL Wilby (eds) Eco-hydrology, 11–38, Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venable, DL 2007 ‘Bet hedging in a guild of desert annuals’, Ecology 88, 1086–1090.

    Google Scholar 

  • Viles, H (ed.) 1988 Biogeomorphology. Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, J 2006a ‘Climate and climatological variations’, in KM Havstad, WH Schlesinger and LF Huenneke (eds) Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem: The Jornada LTER, 44–80, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, J 2006b ‘Degrees of separation: hillslope-channel coupling and the limits of palaeohydrological reconstruction’, Catena 66, 93–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, J 2008 ‘Can modelling enable us to understand the rôle of humans in landscape evolution?’, Geoforum 39, 659–674, doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.09.011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, J 2009 ‘Earth-system science’, in N Castree, D Liverman, B Rhoads and D Demerritt (eds) Blackwell Companion to Environmental Geography, 145–167, Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, J and JDA Millington in press ‘Mind, the gap in landscape-evolution modelling’, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, J and JB Thornes 2003 Environmental Issues in the Mediterranean: Processes and Perspectives from the Past and Present. Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, J, M Mulligan and JB Thornes 1999a ‘Plants and water in drylands’, in AJ Baird and RL Wilby (eds) Eco-hydrology, 78–126, Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, J, AJ Parsons and AD Abrahams 1995 ‘Simulation of raindrop erosion and the development of desert pavements’, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 20, 277–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, J, AJ Parsons and AD Abrahams 1999b ‘Field and computer simulation experiments on the formation of desert pavement’, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 24, 1025–1037.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, J, AJ Parsons and AD Abrahams 1999c ‘Rainfall energy under creosotebush’, Journal of Arid Environments 43, 111–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, J, AJ Parsons and AD Abrahams 2000 ‘Plot-scale studies of vegetation, overland flow and erosion interactions: case studies from Arizona and New Mexico’, Hydrological Processes 14, 2921–2943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, J, AJ Parsons, WH Schlesinger and AD Abrahams 2002 ‘Hydrology–vegetation interactions in areas of discontinuous flow on a semi-arid bajada, southern New Mexico’, Journal of Arid Environments 51, 319–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, H 1971 Ecology of Tropical and Subtropical Vegetation. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walvoord, MA and FM Phillips 2004 ‘Identifying areas of basin-floor recharge in the trans-Pecos region and the link to vegetation’, Journal of Hydrology 292, 59–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, XP, R Berndtsson, XR Li and ES Kang 2004 ‘Water balance change for a re-vegetated xerophyte shrub area’, Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques 49 (2), 283–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, XP, T Wang, Z Dong, X Liu and G Qian 2006 ‘Nebkha development and its significance to wind erosion and land degradation in semi-arid northern China’, Journal of Arid Environments 65, 129–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, XP, XR Wang, HL Xiao, R Berndtsson and YX Pan 2007 ‘Effects of surface characteristics on infiltration patterns in an arid shrub desert’, Hydrological Processes 72–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren-Rhodes, K, S Weinstein, JL Piatek, J Dohm, A Hock, E Minkley, D Pane, LA Ernst, G Fisher, S Emani, AS Waggoner, NA Cabrol, DS Wettergreen, E Grin, P Coppin, C Diaz, J Moersch, GG Oril, T Smith, K Stubbs, G Thomas, M Wagner, M Wyatt and LN Boyle 2007 ‘Robotic ecological mapping: habitats and the search for life in the Atacama Desert’, Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences 112 (G4), Art. No. G04S06.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wear, DN 1999 ‘Challenges to interdisciplinary discourse’, Ecosystems 2, 299–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellman CH, PL Osterloff and U Mohiuddin 2003 ‘Fragments of the earliest land plants’, Nature 425, 282–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weltz, MA, BA Awadis and LJ Lane 1992 ‘Hydraulic roughness coefficients for native rangelands’, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 118, 776–790.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wendler, G and F Eaton 1983 ‘On the desertification of the Sahel zone; 1. ground observations climatic change’, Climatic Change 5, 365–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, LP 1969 ‘Vegetation arcs in Jordan’, Journal of Ecology 57, 461–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitford, WG 2002 Ecology of Desert Systems. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitford, WG, K Stinnett and J Anderson 1988 ‘Decomposition of roots in a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem’, Oecologia 75, 8–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, BP 2002 ‘Shrub control and streamflow on rangelands: a process based viewpoint’, Journal of Range Management 55, 318–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, BP, MK Owens, WA Dugas, DN Ueckert and CR Hart 2006 ‘Shrubs, streamflow, and the paradox of scale’, Hydrological Processes 20, 3245–3259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willett, SD 1999 ‘Orogeny and orography: The effects of erosion on the structure of mountain belts’, Journal Of Geophysical Research–Solid Earth 104, 28957–28981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, JD, JP Dobrowolski and NE West 1999 ‘Microbiotic crust influence on unsaturated hydraulic conductivity’, Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 13, 145–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, SA 1993 Sparse Vegetation as a Control on Wind Erosion. PhD thesis, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, SA and WG Nickling 1993 ‘The protective role of sparse vegetation in wind erosion’, Progress in Physical Geography 17, 50–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe SA and WG Nickling 1996 ‘Shear stress partitioning in sparsely vegetated desert canopies’, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 21, 607–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worrall, GA 1959 ‘The Butana grass patterns’, Journal of Soil Science 10, 34–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xue, YK and J Shukla 1993 ‘The influence of land-surface properties on Sahel climate; 1: desertification’, Journal of Climate 6, 2232–2245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaalon, DH 1997 ‘Soils in the Mediterranean region: what makes them different?’, Catena 28, 157–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoder, CK and RS Nowak 1999 ‘Hydraulic lift among native plant species in the Mojave Desert’, Plant and Soil 215, 93–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zalewski, M 2002 ‘Ecohydrology – the use of ecological and hydrological processes for sustainable management on water resources’, Hydrological Sciences–Journal–des Sciences Hydrologiques 47, 823–832.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeng, N, JD Neelin, KM Lau and CJ Tucker ‘Enhancement of interdecadal climate variability in the Sahel by vegetation interaction’, Science 286, 1537–1540.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J 1996 ‘Interactive effects of soil nutrients, moisture and sand burial on the development, physiology, biomass and fitness of Cakile edentula’, Annals of Botany 78, 591–598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, WZ, Z Zhang and Q Li 2007 ‘Growth and reproduction of Sophora moorcroftiana responding to altitude and sand burial in the middle Tibet’, Environmental Geology 53, 11–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, LM, RE Dickinson, YH Tian, RS Vose and YJ Dai 2007 ‘Impact of vegetation removal and soil aridation on diurnal temperature range in a semiarid region: Application to the Sahel’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, 17937–17942.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wainwright, J. (2009). Desert Ecogeomorphology. In: Parsons, A.J., Abrahams, A.D. (eds) Geomorphology of Desert Environments. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5719-9_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics