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Ultra-high Energy Cosmic Rays: From GeV to ZeV

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Solar, Stellar and Galactic Connections Between Particle Physics and Astrophysics

Part of the book series: Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings ((ASSSP))

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Abstract

Cosmic ray (CR) particles arrive at the top of the Earth’s atmosphere at a rate of around 103 per square meter per second. They are mostly ionized nuclei - about 90% protons, 9% alpha particles traces of heavier nuclei and approximately 1% electrons. CRs are characterized by their high energies: most cosmic rays are relativistic, having kinetic energies comparable to or somewhat greater than their rest masses. A very few of them have ultrarelativistic energies extending beyond 1020 eV (tens of joules).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, UNAM, México & Instituto Astronômico e Geofísico, USP, México

    Gustavo Medina Tanco

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  1. Gustavo Medina Tanco
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Nacional de Astofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Tonantzintla, México

    Alberto Carramiñana

  2. Instituto de Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, México

    Francisco Siddhartha Guzmán

  3. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México DF, México

    Tonatiuh Matos

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Tanco, G.M. (2007). Ultra-high Energy Cosmic Rays: From GeV to ZeV. In: Carramiñana, A., Guzmán, F.S., Matos, T. (eds) Solar, Stellar and Galactic Connections Between Particle Physics and Astrophysics. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5575-1_5

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