In this chapter, the supervised approach to word sense disambiguation is presented, which consists of automatically inducing classification models or rules from annotated examples. We start by introducing the machine learning framework for classification and some important related concepts. Then, a review of the main approaches in the literature is presented, focusing on the following issues: learning paradigms, corpora used, sense repositories, and feature representation. We also include a more detailed description of five statistical and machine learning algorithms, which are experimentally evaluated and compared on the DSO corpus. In the final part of the chapter, the current challenges of the supervised learning approach to WSD are briefly discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abney, Steven. 2002. Bootstrapping. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), Philadelphia, U.S.A., 360-367.
Abney, Steven. 2004. Understanding the Yarowsky algorithm. Computational Linguistics, 30(3): 365-395.
Agirre, Eneko & David Martínez. 2000. Exploring automatic word sense disambiguation with decision lists and the Web. Proceedings of the Semantic Annotation and Intelligent Annotation Workshop, organized by COLING. Luxembourg, 11-19.
Agirre, Eneko & David Martínez. 2001. Knowledge sources for WSD. Proceedings of the Fourth International Text Speech and Dialogue Conference (TSD), Plzen , Czech Republic, 1-10.
Agirre, Eneko & David Martínez. 2004a. The Basque Country University system: English and Basque tasks. Proceedings of Senseval-3: Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text, Barcelona, Spain, 44-48.
Agirre, Eneko & David Martínez. 2004b. Smoothing and word sense disambiguation. Proceedings of España for Natural Language Processing (EsTAL), Alicante, Spain, 360-371.
Agirre, Eneko & David Martínez. 2004c. Unsupervised WSD based on automatically retrieved examples: the importance of bias. Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), Barcelona, Spain, 25-32.
Agirre Eneko, Oier Lopez de Lacalle, & David Martínez. 2005. Exploring feature spaces with SVD and unlabeled data for word sense disambiguation. Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Recent Advances on Natural Language Processing (RANLP), Borovets, Bulgary, 32-38.
Argamon-Engelson, Shlomo & Ido Dagan. 1999. Committee-based sample selection for probabilistic classifiers. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 11: 335-460.
Berger, Adam, Steven Della Pietra & Vincent Della Pietra. 1996. A maximum entropy approach to natural language processing. Computational Linguistics, 22 (1): 39-72.
Boser, Bernhard E., Isabelle M. Guyon & Vladimir N. Vapnik. 1992. A training algorithm for optimal margin classifiers. Proceedings of the 5th Annual Workshop on Computational Learning Theory (CoLT), Pittsburgh, U.S.A., 144-152.
Blum, Avrim & Thomas Mitchell. 1998. Combining labeled and unlabeled data with co-training. Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory (CoLT), 92-100.
Bruce, Rebecca & Janice Wiebe. 1994. Word-sense disambiguation using decomposable models. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), Las Cruces, U.S.A., 139-146.
Cabezas, Clara, Indrajit Bhattacharya & Philip Resnik. 2004. The University of Maryland Senseval-3 system descriptions. Proceedings of Senseval-3: Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text, Barcelona, Spain, 83-87.
Cardie, Claire & Raymond Mooney. 1999. Guest editors’ introduction: Machine learning and natural language. Machine Learning, 34: 5-9.
Carletta, Jean C. 1996. Assessing agreement of classification tasks: The Kappa statistic. Computational Linguistics, 22(2): 249-254.
Carpuat, Marine, Weifeng Su & Dekai Wu. 2004. Augmenting ensemble classification for word sense disambiguation with a kernel PCA model. Proceedings of Senseval-3: Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text, Barcelona, Spain, 88-92.
Chen, Stanley F. 1996. Building Probabilistic Models for Natural Language. Ph.D. thesis, Technical Report TR-02-96, Center for Research in Computing Technology, Harvard University.
Ciaramita, Massimiliano & Mark Johnson. 2004. Multi-component word sense disambiguation. Proceedings of Senseval-3: Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text, Barcelona, Spain, 97-100.
Chan, Yee S. & Hwee T. Ng. 2005. Scaling up word sense disambiguation via parallel texts. Proceedings of the 20th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), Pittsburgh, U.S.A., 1037-1042.
Chklovski, Timothy & Rada Mihalcea. 2002. Building a sense tagged corpus with Open Mind Word Expert. Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions, Philadelphia, U.S.A., 116-122.
Clark, Stephen, James Curran & Miles Osborne. 2003. Bootstrapping POS taggers using unlabelled data. Proceedings of 7th Conference of Natural Language Learning (CoNLL), Edmonton, Canada, 164-167.
Cohen, Jacob. 1960. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Journal of Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20: 37-46.
Collins, Michael & Yoram Singer. 1999. Unsupervised models for named entity classification. Proceedings of the Joint SIGDAT Conference on Empirica. Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora (EMNLP/VLC), College Park, U.S.A., 100-110.
Cost, Scott & Steven. Salzberg. 1993. A weighted nearest neighbor algorithm for learning with symbolic features. Machine Learning, 10(1): 57-78.
Cristianini, Nello & John Shawe-Taylor. 2000. An Introduction to Support Vector Machines. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Cuadros, Montse, Jordi Atserias, Mauro Castillo & German Rigau. 2004. Automatic acquisition of sense examples using exretriever. Proceedings of the Iberamia Workshop on Lexical Resources and The Web for Word Sense Dismabiguation, Puebla, México, 97-104.
Dagan, Ido, Yael Karov & Dan Roth. 1997. Mistake-driven learning in text categorization. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), Providence, U.S.A., 55-63.
Daudé Jordi, Lluís Padró & German Rigau. 1999. Mapping multilingual hierarchies using relaxation labelling. Proceedings of Joint SIGDAT Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora (EMNLP/VLC), College Park, U.S.A., 12-19.
Daudé Jordi, Lluís Padró & German Rigau. 2000. Mapping WordNets using structural information. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), Hong Kong, China, 504-511.
Daudé Jordi, Lluís Padró & German Rigau. 2001. A complete WN1.5 to WN1.6 mapping. Proceedings of NAACL Workshop on WordNet and Other Lexical Resources: Applications, Extensions and Customizations, Pittsburg, U.S.A., 83-88.
Daelemans, Walter, Antal Van den Bosch & Jakub Zavrel. 1999. Forgetting exceptions is harmful in language learning. Machine Learning, 34: 11-41.
Daelemans, Walter & Véronique Hoste. 2002. Evaluation of machine learning methods for natural language processing tasks. Proceedings of the 3 rd International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), Las Palmas, Spain, 755-760.
Decadt Bart, Véronique Hoste, Walter Daelemans & Antal van den Bosch. 2004. GAMBL, genetic algorithm optimization of memory-based WSD. Proceedings of Senseval-3: Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text, Barcelona, Spain, 108-112.
Dietterich, Thomas G. 1997. Machine learning research: four current directions. Artificial Intelligence Magazine, 18(4): 97-136.
Dietterich, Thomas G. 1998. Approximate statistical tests for comparing supervised classification learning algorithms. Neural Computation, 10(7): 1895-1923.
Duda, Richard O., Peter E. Hart & David G. Stork. 2001. Pattern classification, 2nd Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Edmonds, Philip & Scott Cotton. 2001. Senseval-2: Overview. Proceedings of Senseval-2: Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems, Toulouse, France, 1-6.
Escudero, Gerard, Lluís Màrquez & German Rigau. 2000a. Boosting applied to word sense disambiguation. Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Machine Learning (ECML), Barcelona, Spain, 129-141.
Escudero, Gerard, Lluís Màrquez & German Rigau. 2000b. Naive bayes and exemplar-based approaches to word sense disambiguation revisited. Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), Berlin, Germany, 421-425.
Escudero, Gerard, Lluís Màrquez & German Rigau. 2000c. On the portability and tuning of supervised word sense disambiguation systems. Proceedings of the joint SIGDAT Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora (EMNLP/VLC), Hong Kong, China, 172-180.
Escudero, Gerard, Lluís Màrquez & German Rigau. 2001. Using LazyBoosting for word sense disambiguation. Proceedings of Senseval-2: Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems, Toulouse, France.
Escudero, Gerard, Lluís Màrquez & German Rigau. 2004. TALP system for the English lexical sample task. Proceedings of Senseval-3: Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text, 113-116, Barcelona, Spain.
Fellbaum, Christiane, ed. 1998. WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database. Cambridge, U.S.A.: The MIT Press.
Florian, Radu, Silviu Cucerzan, C. Schafer & David Yarowsky. 2002. Combining classifiers for word sense disambiguation. Natural Language Engineering, 8 (4): 327-341.
Francis, W. Nelson & Henry Kuþera. 1982. Frequency analysis of English usage: Lexicon and grammar. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Fujii, Atsushi, Kentaro Inui, Takenobu Tokunaga & Hozumi Tanaka. 1998. Selective sampling for example-based word sense disambiguation. Computational Linguistics, 24(4): 573-598.
Gale, William, Kenneth Church & David Yarowsky. 1992. One sense per discourse. Proceedings of the DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop, 233-237.
Gale, William, Kenneth Church & David Yarowsky. 1993. A method for disambiguating word senses in a large corpus. Computers and the Humanities, 26: 415-439.
Grozea, Cristian. 2004. Finding optimal parameter settings for high performance word sense disambiguation. Proceedings of Senseval-3: Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text, Barcelona, Spain, 125-128.
Hoste, Véronique, Anne Kool & Walter Daelemans. 2001. Classifier optimization and combination in the English all words task. Proceedings of Senseval-2: Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems, Toulouse, France, 83-86.
Hoste, Véronique, Walter Daelemans, Iris Hendrickx & Antal van den Bosch. 2002a. Evaluating the results of a memory-based word-expert approach to unrestricted word sense disambiguation. Proceedings of the Workshop on Word Sense Disambiguation: Recent Successes and Future Directions, Philadelphia, U.S.A., 95-101.
Hoste, Véronique, Iris Hendrickx, Walter Daelemans & Antal van den Bosch. 2002b. Parameter optimization for machine-learning of word sense disambiguation. Natural Language Engineering, 8(4): 311-325.
Kilgarriff, Adam. 1998. Senseval: An exercise in evaluating word sense disambiguation programs. Proceedings of the European Conference on Lexicography (EURALEX), 176-174,
Liege, Belgium. Also in Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), Granada, Spain, 581-588.
Kilgarriff, Adam & Joseph Rosenzweig. 2000. English Senseval: Report and results. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), Athens, Greece, 1239-1244.
Kohomban, Upali S. & Wee S. Lee. 2005. Learning semantic classes for word sense disambiguation. Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), Ann Harbor, U.S.A., 34-41.
Leacock, Claudia, Geoffrey Towell & Ellen Voorhees. 1993. Towards building contextual representations of word senses using statistical models. Proceedings of the ACL SIGLEX Workshop on Acquisition of Lexical Knowledge from Text, 10-20.
Leacock, Claudia, Martin Chodorow & George A. Miller. 1998. Using corpus statistics and WordNet relations for sense identication. Computational Linguistics, 24(1): 147-165.
Lee, Yoong K. & Hwee T. Ng. 2002. An empirical evaluation of knowledge sources and learning algorithms for word sense disambiguation. Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), Philadelphia, U.S.A., 41-48.
Lee, Yoong K., Hwee T. Ng & Tee K. Chia. 2004. Supervised word sense disambiguation with support vector machines and multiple knowledge sources. Proceedings of Senseval-3: Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text, Barcelona, Spain, 137-140.
Lewis, David & William Gale. 1994. Training text classifiers by uncertainty sampling. Proceedings of the International ACM Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 3-12.
Manning, Christopher & Hinrich Schütze. 1999. Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing, Cambridge, U.S.A.: The MIT Press.
Martínez, David, Eneko Agirre & Lluís Màrquez. 2002. Syntactic features for high precision word sense disambiguation. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING), Taipei, Taiwan, 1-7.
Martínez David & Eneko Agirre. 2000. One sense per collocation and genre/topic variations. Proceedings of the Joint SIGDAT Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora (EMNLP/VLC), Hong Kong, China, 207-215.
McCarthy, Diana, Rob Koeling, Julie Weeds & John Carroll. 2004. Finding predominant senses in untagged text. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL). Barcelona, Spain, 151-154.
Mihalcea, Rada. 2002a. Bootstrapping large sense tagged corpora. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Languages Resources and Evaluation (LREC), Las Palmas, Spain.
Mihalcea, Rada. 2002b. Instance based learning with automatic feature selection applied to word sense disambiguation. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING), Taipei, Taiwan.
Mihalcea Rada. 2004. Co-training and self-training for word sense disambiguation. Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning (CoNLL). Boston, U.S.A., 33-40.
Mihalcea, Rada & Philip Edmonds, eds. 2004. Proceedings of Senseval-3: Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text, Barcelona, Spain. (http://www.senseval.org / )
Mihalcea, Rada & Dan Moldovan. 1999. An automatic method for generating sense tagged corpora. Proceedings of the 16th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), Orlando, U.S.A., 461-466.
Miller, George. 1990. WordNet: An on-line lexical database. International Journal of Lexicography, 3(4): 235-312.
Miller, George A., Claudia Leacock, Randee Tengi & Ross T. Bunker. 1993. A semantic concordance. Proceedings of the ARPA Workshop on Human Language Technology, Princeton, U.S.A., 303-308.
Mitchell, Tom. 1997. Machine Learning. McGraw Hill.
Montoyo Andrés, Armando Suárez, German Rigau & Manuel Palomar. 2005. Combining knowledge- and corpus-based word-sense-disambiguation methods. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 23: 299-330.
Mooney, Raymond J. 1996. Comparative experiments on disambiguating word senses: an illustration of the role of bias in machine learning. Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), Philadelphia, U.S.A., 82-91.
Murata, Masaki, Masao Utiyama, Kiyotaka Uchimoto, Qing Ma, & Hitoshi Isahara. 2001. Japanese word sense disambiguation using the simple Bayes and support vector machine methods. Proceedings of Senseval-2: Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems, Toulouse, France, 135-138.
Ng, Hwee T. & Hian B. Lee. 1996. Integrating multiple knowledge sources to disambiguate word senses: An exemplar-based approach. Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), Santa Cruz, U.S.A., 40-47.
Ng, Hwee T. 1997a. Exemplar-based word sense disambiguation: Some recent improvements. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), Providence, U.S.A., 208-213.
Ng, Hwee T. 1997b. Getting serious about word sense disambiguation. Proceedings of the ACL SIGLEX Workshop on Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?, Washington, U.S.A., 1-7.
Ng, Hwee T., C. Y. Lim & Foo, S. K. 1999. A case study on inter-annotator agreement for word sense disambiguation. Proceedings of the ACL SIGLEX Workshop on Standarizing Lexical Resources, College Park, U.S.A., 9-13.
Nigam, Kamal & Rayid Ghani. 2000. Analyzing the effectiveness and applicability of co-training. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM), McLean, U.S.A., 86-93.
Niu, Chen, Wei Li, Rohini K. Srihari, & Huifeng Li. 2005. Word independent context pair classification model for word sense disambiguation. Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL), Ann Arbor, U.S.A., 33-39.
Pedersen, Ted & Rebecca Bruce. 1997. A new supervised learning algorithm for word sense disambiguation. Proceedings of the 14th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), Providence, U.S.A., 604-609.
Pedersen, Ted. 2001. A decision tree of bigrams is an accurate predictor of word senses. Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL), Pittsburgh, U.S.A., 79-86.
Pham, Thanh P., Hwee T. Ng, & Wee S. Lee. 2005. Word sense disambiguation with semi-supervised learning. Proceedings of the 20th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), Pittsburgh, U.S.A., 1093-1098.
Popescu, Marius. 2004. Regularized least-squares classification for word sense disambiguation. Proceedings of Senseval-3: Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text, Barcelona, Spain, 209-212.
Procter, Paul, ed. 1978. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. London: Longman Group.
Quinlan, John R. 1993. C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning. San Mateo, U.S.A.: Morgan Kaufmann.
Resnik, Philip & David Yarowsky. 1997. A perspective on word sense disambiguation methods and their evaluation. Proceedings of the ACL SIGLEX Workshop on Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How?, Washington, U.S.A., 79-86.
Rivest, Ronald. 1987. Learning decision lists. Machine Learning, 2(3): 229-246.
Schapire, Robert E. & Yoram Singer. 1999. Improved boosting algorithms using confidence-rated predictions. Machine Learning, 37(3): 297-336.
Schapire, Robert E. & Yoram Singer. 2000. Boostexter: A boosting-based system for text categorization. Machine Learning, 39(2/3)135-168.
Schapire, Robert E. 2003. The boosting approach to machine learning: An overview. Nonlinear Estimation and Classification, ed. by D. D. Denison, M. H. Hansen, C. C. Holmes, B. Mallick, & B. Yu. New York, U.S.A.: Springer.
Snyder, Benjamin & Martha Palmer. 2004. The English all-words task. Proceedings of Senseval-3: Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text, Barcelona, Spain, 41-43.
Stevenson, Mark & Yorick Wilks. 2001. The interaction of knowledge sources in word sense disambiguation. Computational Linguistics, 27(3): 321-349.
Strapparava, Carlo, Alfio Gliozzo & Claudio Giuliano. 2004. Pattern abstraction and term similarity for word sense disambiguation: IRST at Senseval-3. Proceedings of Senseval-3: Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text, Barcelona, Spain, 229-234.
Suárez, Armando & Manuel Palomar. 2002. A maximum entropy-based word sense disambiguation system. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING), Taipei, Taiwan, 960-966.
Towell, Geoffrey, Ellen Voorhees & Claudia Leacock. 1998. Disambiguating highly ambiguous words. Computational Linguistics, 24(1): 125-146.
Tufiú, Dan, Radu Ion & Nancy Ide. 2004. Fine-grained word sense disambiguation based on parallel corpora, word alignment, word clustering and aligned wordnets. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING), Geneva, Switzerland, 1312-1318.
Vapnik, Vladimir. 1998. Statistical Learning Theory. New York, U.S.A.: John Wiley.
Véronis, Jean. 1998. A study of polysemy judgements and inter-annotator agreement. Programme and Advanced Papers of Senseval-1: The First International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text, Herstmonceux, England, 2-4.
Vossen, Piek, ed. 1998. EuroWordNet. A multilingual database with lexical semantic networks. Dordrecht, Germany: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Wilks, Yorick, Dan Fass, Cheng-ming Guo, James McDonald, Tony Plate & Brian M. Slator. 1993. Providing machine tractable dictionary tools. Semantics and the Lexicon, ed. by James Pustejowsky, 341-401.
Wu, Dekai, Weifeng Su & Marine Carpuat. 2004. A kernel PCA method for superior word sense disambiguation. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), Barcelona, Spain, 637-644.
Yarowsky, David. 1992. Word-sense disambiguation using statistical models of Roget’s categories trained on large corpora. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING), Nantes, France, 454-460.
Yarowsky, David. 1993. One sense per collocation. Proceedings of the ARPA Human Language Technology Workshop, Princeton, U.S.A., 266-271.
Yarowsky, David. 1994. Decision lists for lexical ambiguity resolution: Application to accent restoration in Spanish and French. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), Las Cruces, U.S.A., 88-95.
Yarowsky, David. 1995a. Unsupervised word sense disambiguation rivaling supervised methods. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), Cambridge, U.S.A., 189-196.
Yarowsky, David. 1995b. Three Machine Learning Algorithms for Lexical Ambiguity Resolution. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Pennsylvania.
Yarowsky, David. 2000. Hierarchical decision lists for word sense disambiguation. Computers and the Humanities, 34(2): 179-186.
Yarowsky, David, Silviu Cucerzan, Radu Florian, Charles Schafer & Richard Wicentowski. 2001. The Johns Hopkins Senseval-2 system descriptions. Proceedings of Senseval-2: Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems, Toulouse, France.
Yarowsky, David & Radu Florian. 2002. Evaluating sense disambiguation performance across diverse parameter spaces. Natural Language Engineering 8 (4): 293-310.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Màrquez, L., Escudero, G., Martínez, D., Rigau, G. (2007). Supervised Corpus-Based Methods for WSD. In: Agirre, E., Edmonds, P. (eds) Word Sense Disambiguation. Text, Speech and Language Technology, vol 33. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4809-8_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4809-8_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-4808-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-4809-8
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)