In this Chapter we develop covariant biophysics of electro-muscular stimulation, as an externally induced generator of our covariant muscular forces, F i = mg ij aj. The so–called functional electrical stimulation (FES) of human skeletal muscles is used in rehabilitation and in medical orthotics to externally stimulate the muscles with damaged neural control (see, e.g., [VHI87]). However, the repetitive use of electro–muscular stimulation, besides functional, causes also structural changes in the stimulated muscles, giving the physiological effect of muscular training.
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(2006). Covariant Biophysics of Electro–Muscular Stimulation. In: Human-Like Biomechanics. Microprocessor-Based and Intelligent Systems Engin, vol 28. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4117-4_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4117-4_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-4116-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-4117-4
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