Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Plastid Transcription: Competition, Regulation and Promotion by Plastid- and Nuclear-Encoded Polymerases

  • Chapter
The Structure and Function of Plastids

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 23))

Complete plastid function, including gene expression, is necessary for photosynthesis. Furthermore, plastid genomes have been retained in non-photosynthetic plants (Wolfe et al., 1992) and even in the distantly related Apicomplexans (Wilson et al., 2003; see Chapter 24), which suggests that they have key functions outside of photosynthesis. Recently published reverse genetic experiments from Arabidopsis and tobacco (Ahlert et al., 2003; Kuroda and Maliga, 2003; Yao et al., 2003) provided the first direct evidence that plastid-encoded or plastid-localized proteins are necessary for embryogenic tissues to grow or develop.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ahlert D, Ruf S and Bock R (2003) Plastid protein synthesis is required for plant development in tobacco. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 15730-15735

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allison LA (2000) The role of sigma factors in plastid transcrip-tion. Biochimie 82: 537-548

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allison LA, Simon LD and Maliga P (1996) Deletion of rpoB reveals a second distinct transcription system in plastids of higher plants. EMBO J 15: 2802-2809

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antoshechkin I and Bogenhagen DF (1995) Distinct roles for two purified factors in transcription of Xenopus laevis mito-chondrial DNA. Mol Cell Biol 15: 7032-7042

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baba K, Schmidt J, Espinosa-Ruiz A, Villarejo A, Shiina T, Gardestrom P, Sane AP and Bhalerao P (2004) Organellar gene transcription and early seedling development are af-fected in the rpoT;2 mutant of Arabidopsis. Plant J 38: 38-48

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baeza L, Bertrand A, Mache R and Lerbs-Mache S (1991) Char-acterization of a protein binding sequence in the promoter re-gion of the 16S rRNA gene of the spinach chloroplast genome. Nucleic Acids Res 19: 3577-3581

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beardslee TA, Roy-Chowdhury S, Jaiswal P, Buhot L, Lerbs-Mache S, Stern DB and Allison LA (2002) A nucleus-encoded maize protein with sigma factor activity accumulates in mito-chondria and chloroplasts. Plant J 31: 199-209

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berg S, Krause K and Krupinska K (2004) The rbcL genes of two Cuscuta species, C. gronovii and C. subinclusa, are transcribed by the nuclear-encoded plastid RNA polymerase (NEP). Planta 219: 541-546

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biswas TK, Baruch T and Getz GS (1987) In vitro characteri-zation of the yeast mitochondrial promoter using single-base substitution mutants. J Biol Chem 262: 13690-13696

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bligny M, Courtois F, Thaminy S, Chang CC, Lagrange T, Baruah-Wolff J, Stern D and Lerbs-Mache S (2000) Regula-tion of plastid rDNA transcription of CDF2 with two different RNA polymerases. EMBO J 19: 1851-1860

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bollenbach TJ, Tatman DA and Stern DB (2003) CSP41a, a mul-tifunctional RNA-binding protein, initiates mRNA turnover in tobacco chloroplasts. Plant J 36: 842-852

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borukhov S and Nudler E (2003) RNA polymerase holoenzyme: structure, function and biological implications. Curr Opin Microbiol 6: 93-100

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borukhov S and Severinov K (2002) Role of the RNA polymerase sigma subunit in transcription initiation. Res Microbiol 153: 557-562

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bottomley W, Smith HJ and Bogorad L (1971) RNA Poly-merases of maize: partial purification and properties of the chloroplast enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 68: 2412-2416

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brennicke A, Zabaleta E, Dombrowski S, Hoffmann M and Binder S (1999) Transcription signals of mitochondrial and nu-clear genes for mitochondrial proteins in dicot plants. J Hered 90: 345-350

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer BJ (1988) When polymerases collide: replication and the transcriptional organization of the E. coli chromosome. Cell 53: 679-686

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cahoon AB, Cunningham KA, Bollenbach TJ and Stern DB (2003) Maize BMS cultured cell lines survive with massive plastid gene loss. Curr Genet 44: 104-113

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cahoon AB, Harris FM and Stern DB (2004) Analysis of de-veloping maize plastids reveals two mRNA stability classes correlating with RNA polymerase type. EMBO Rep 5: 801-806

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caoile AGFS and Stern DB (1997) A conserved core element is functionally important for maize mitochondrial promoter activity in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res 25: 4055-4060

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cermakian N, Ikeda TM, Cedergren R and Gray MW (1996) Sequences homologous to yeast mitochondrial and bacterio-phage T3 and T7 RNA polymerases are widespread throughout the eukaryotic lineage. Nucleic Acids Res 24: 648-654

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang C, Sheen J, Bligny M, Niwa Y, Lerbs-Mache S and Stern DB (1999) Functional analysis of two maize cDNAs encoding T7-like RNA polymerases. Plant Cell 11: 911-926

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deng XW and Gruissem W (1987) Control of plastid gene expression during development: the limited role of transcrip-tional regulation. Cell 49: 379-387

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deng XW and Gruissem W (1988) Constitutive transcription and regulation of gene expression in non-photosynthetic plastids of higher plants. EMBO J 7: 3301-3308

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deng XW, Tonkyn JC, Peter GF, Thornber JP and Gruissem W (1989) Post-transcriptional control of plastid mRNA ac-cumulation during adaptation of chloroplasts to different light quality environments. Plant Cell 1: 645-654

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeSantis-Maciossek G, Kofer W, Bock A, Schoch S, Maier RM, Wanner G, Rudiger W, Koop H-U and Herrmann RG (1999) Targeted disruption of the plastid RNA polymerase genes rpoA, B and C1: molecular biology, biochemistry and ultrastructure. Plant J 18: 477-489

    Google Scholar 

  • Eberhard S, Drapier D and Wollman FA (2002) Searching lim-iting steps in the expression of chloroplast-encoded proteins: relations between gene copy number, transcription, transcript abundance and translation rate in the chloroplast of Chlamy-domonas reinhardtii. Plant J 31: 149-160

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emanuel C, Weihe A, Graner A, Hess WR and Borner T (2004) Chloroplast development affects expression of phage-type RNA polymerases in barley leaves. Plant J 38: 460-472

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fujiwara M, Nagashima A, Kanamaru K, Tanaka K and Takahashi H (2000) Three new nuclear genes, sigD, sigE and sigF, encoding putative plastid RNA polymerase sigma factors in Aarabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 481: 47-52

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldschmidt-Clermont M (1998) Coordination of nuclear and chloroplast gene expression in plant cells. InterNatl Rev Cytol 177: 115-180

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruissem W and Zurawski G (1985a) Identification and muta-tional analysis of the promoter for a spinach chloroplast trans-fer RNA gene. EMBO J 4: 1637-1644

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruissem W and Zurawski G (1985b) Analysis of promoter re-gions for the spinach chloroplast rbcL, atpB and psbA genes. EMBO J 16: 3375-3383

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruissem W, Elsner-Menzel C, Latshaw S, Narita JO, Schaffer MA and Zurawski G (1986) A subpopulation of spinach chloroplast tRNA genes does not require upstream promoter elements for transcription. Nucleic Acids Res 14: 7541-7556

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hajdukiewicz TJ, Allison LA and Maliga P (1997) The two RNA polymerases encoded by the nuclear and the plastid compart-ments transcribe distinct groups of genes in tobacco plastids. EMBO J 16: 4041-4048

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han C-D, Patrie W, Polacco M and Coe EH (1993) Aberrations in plastid transcripts and deficiency of plastid DNA in striped and albino mutants of maize. Planta 191: 552-563

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanaoka M, Kanamaru K, Takahashi H and Tanaka K (2003) Molecular genetic analysis of chloroplast gene promoters de-pendent on SIG2, a nucleus-encoded sigma factor for the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase, in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nucleic Acids Res 31: 7090-7098

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hara K, Morita M, Takahashi R, Sugita M, Kato S and Aoki S (2001) Characterization of two genes, Sig1 and Sig2, encod-ing distinct plastid sigma factors in the moss Physcomitrella patens: phylogenetic relationships to plastid sigma factors in higher plants. FEBS Lett 499: 87-91

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi K, Shiina T, Ishii N, Iwai K, Ishizaki Y, Morikawa K and Toyoshima Y (2003) A role of the −35 element in the initiation of transcription at psbA promoter in tobacco plastids. Plant Cell Physiol 44: 334-341

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hedtke B, Borner T and Weihe A (1997) Mitochondrial and chloroplast phage-type RNA polymerases in Arabidopsis. Sci-ence 277: 809-811

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedtke B, Borner T and Weihe A (2000) One RNA polymerase serving two genomes. EMBO Rep 1: 435-440

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hedtke B, Legen J, Weihe A, Herrmann RG and Borner T (2002) Six active phage-type RNA polymerase genes in Nicotiana tabacum. Plant J 30: 625-637

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hess WR and Borner T (1999) Organellar RNA polymerases of higher plants. Internat Rev Cytol 190: 1-59

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess WR, Prombona A, Fieder B, Subramanian AR and Borner T (1993) Chloroplast RPS15 and the RPOB/C1/C2 gene cluster are strongly transcribed in ribosome deficient plastids: evidence for a functioning non-chloroplast encoded RNA poly-merase. EMBO J 12: 563-571

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hess WR, Hoch B, Zeltz P, Hubschmann T, Kossel H and Borner T (1994) Inefficient rpl2 splicing in barley mu-tants with ribosome-deficient plastids. Plant Cell 6: 1455-1465

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Homann A and Link G (2003) DNA-binding and transcrip-tion characteristics of three cloned sigma factors from mus-tard (Sinapis alba L.) suggest overlapping and distinct roles in plastid gene expression. Eur J Biochem 270:1288-1300

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu J and Bogorad L (1990) Maize chloroplast RNA polymerase: the 180-, 120-, and 38-kilodalton polypeptides are encoded in chloroplast genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 1531-1535

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubschmann T and Borner T (1998) Characterisation of tran-script initiation sites in ribosome-deficient barley plastids. Plant Mol Biol 36: 493-496

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda TM and Gray MW (1999) Identification and characteriza-tion of T3/T7 bacteriophage-like RNA polymerase sequences in wheat. Plant Mol Biol 40: 567-578

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iratni R, Diederich L, Harrak H, Bligny M and Lerbs-Mache S (1997) Organ-specific transcription of the rrn operon in spinach plastids. J Biol Chem 272: 13676-13682.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isono K, Shimizu M, Yoshimoto K, Niwa Y, Satoh K, Yokota A and Kobayashi H (1997) Leaf-specifically expressed genes for polypeptides destined for chloroplasts with domains of sigma70 factors of bacterial RNA polymerases in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 14948-14953

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahn D (1992) Expression of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast tRNAglu gene in a homologous in vitro transcrip-tion system is independent of upstream promoter elements. Arch Biochem Biophys 298: 505-513

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kabeya Y, Hashimoto K and Sato N (2002) Identification and characterization of two phage-type RNA polymerase cDNAs in the moss Physcomitrella patens: implication of recent evolu-tion of nuclear-encoded RNA polymerase of plastids in plants. Plant Cell Physiol 43: 245-255

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanamaru K, Fujiwara M, Seki M, Katagiri T, Nakamura M, Mochizuki N, Nagatani A, Shinozaki K, Tanaka K and Takahashi H (1999) Plastidic RNA polymerase sigma factors in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol 40: 832-842

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanamaru K, Nagashima A, Fujiwara M, Shimada H, Shirano Y, Nakabayashi K, Shibata D, Tanaka K and Takahashi H (2001) An Arabidopsis sigma factor (SIG2)-dependent expression of plastid-encoded tRNAs in chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol 42: 1034-1043

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kapoor S and Sugiura M (1999) Identification of two essen-tial sequence elements in the nonconsensus type II PatpB-290 plastid promoter by using plastid transcription extracts from cultured tobacco BY-2 cells. Plant Cell 11: 1799-1810

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kapoor S, Suzuki JY and Sugiura M (1997) Identification and functional significance of a new class of non-consensus-type plastid promoters. Plant J 11: 327-337

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim M, Thum KE, Morishige DT and Mullet JE (1999) Detailed architecture of the barley chloroplast psbD-psbC blue light-responsive promoter. J Biol Chem 274: 4684-4692

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi Y, Dokiya Y and Sugita M (2001a) Dual target-ing of phage-type RNA polymerase to both mitochondria and plastids is due to alternative translation initiation in single transcripts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 289: 1106-1113

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi Y, Dokiya Y, Sugiura M, Niwa Y and Sugita M (2001b) Genomic organization and organ-specific expression of a nuclear gene encoding phage-type RNA polymerase in Nicotiana sylvestris. Gene 1: 33-40

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi Y, Dokiya Y, Kumazawa Y and Sugita M (2002) Non-AUG translation initiation of mRNA encoding plastid-targeted phage-type RNA polymerase in Nicotiana sylvestris. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 299: 57-61

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krause K, Maier RM, Kofer W, Krupinska K and Herrmann RG (2000) Disruption of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase genes in tobacco: expression of only a distinct set of genes is not based on selective transcription of the plastid chromosome. Mol Gen Genet 263: 1022-1030

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kroos L and Yu Y-TN (2000) Regulation of σ factor activity during Bacillus subtilis development. Curr Opin Microbiol 3: 553-560

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuroda H and Maliga P (2003) The plastid clpP1 protease gene is essential for plant development. Nature 425: 86-89

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kusumi K, Yara A, Mitsui N, Tozawa Y and Iba K (2004) Characterization of a rice nuclear-encoded plastid RNA polymerase gene OsRpoTp. Plant Cell Physiol 45: 1194-1201

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lahiri SD and Allison LA (2000) Complementary expression of two plastid-localized sigma-like factors in maize. Plant Phys-iol 123: 883-888

    Google Scholar 

  • Lahiri SD, Yao J, McCumbers C and Allison LA (1999) Tissue-specific and light-dependent expression within a family of nuclear-encoded sigma-like factors from Zea mays. Molec Cell Biol Res Comm 1: 14-20

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang BF, Burger G, O’Kelly CJ, Cedergren R, Golding GB, Lemieux C, Sankoff D, Turmel M and Gray MW (1997) An an-cestral mitochondrial DNA resembling a eubacterial genome in miniature. Nature 387: 493-497

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leech RM, Rumsby MG and Thomson WW (1973) Plastid dif-ferentiation, acyl lipid and fatty acid changes in developing green maize leaves. Plant Physiol 52: 240-245

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Legen J, Kemp S, Krause K, Profanter B, Herrmann RG and Maier RM (2002) Comparative analysis of plastid transcrip-tion profiles of entire plastid chromosomes from tobacco attributed to wild-type and PEP-deficient transcription ma-chineries. Plant J 31: 171-188

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lerbs-Mache S (1993) The 110-kDa polypeptide of spinach plas-tid DNA-dependent RNA polymerase: single-subunit enzyme or catalytic core of multimeric enzyme complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 5509-5513

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Maga JA, Cermakian N, Cedergren R and Feagin JE (2001) Identification and characterization of a Plasmodium falci-parum RNA polymerase gene with similarity to mitochondrial RNA polymerases. Mol Biochem Parasitol 113: 261-269

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liere K and Maliga P (1999) In vitro characterization of the to-bacco rpoB promoter reveals a core sequence motif conserved between phage-type plastid and plant mitochondrial promot-ers. EMBO J 18: 249-57

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liere K and Maliga P (2001) Plastid RNA polymerases in higher plants. In: Aro E-M and Andersson B (eds)Regulation of Photosynthesis, pp 29-49. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Liere K, Kaden D, Maliga P and Borner T (2004) Overex-pression of phage-type RNA polymerase RpoTp in tobacco demonstrates its role in chloroplast transcription by recogniz-ing a distinct promoter type. Nucleic Acid Res 32: 1159-1165

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lisitsky I, Rott R and Schuster G (2001) Insertion of polydeoxyadenosine-rich sequences into an intergenic region increases transcription in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloro-plasts. Planta 212: 851-857

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loschelder H, Homann A, Ogrzewalla K and Link G (2004) Proteomics-based sequence analysis of plant gene expression—the chloroplast transcription apparatus. Phy-tochem 65: 1785-1793

    Google Scholar 

  • Magee AM and Kavanagh TA (2002) Plastid genes transcribed by the nucleus-encoded plastid RNA polymerase show in-creased transcript accumulation in transgenic plants expressing a chloroplast-localized phage T7 RNA polymerase. J Exp Bot 53: 2341-2349

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maul JE, Lilly JW, Cui L, dePamphilis CW, Miller W, Harris EH and Stern DB (2002) The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii plastid chromosome: islands of genes in a sea of repeats. Plant Cell 14: 2659-2679

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCulloch V and Shadel GS (2003) Human mitochondrial tran-scription factor B1 interacts with the C-terminal activation region of h-mtTFA and stimulates transcription independently of its RNA methyltransferase activity. Mol Cell Biol 23: 5816-5824

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morden CW, Wolfe KH, dePamphilis CW and Palmer JD (1991) Plastid translation and transcription genes in a non-photosynthetic plant: intact, missing and pseudo genes. EMBO J 10: 3281-3288

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morikawa K, Ito S, Tsunoyama Y, Nakahira Y, Shiina T and Toyoshima Y (1999) Circadian-regulated expression of a nuclear-encoded plastid sigma factor gene (sigA) in wheat seedlings. FEBS Lett 451: 275-278

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morikawa K, Shiina T, Murakami S and Toyoshima Y (2002) Novel nuclear-encoded proteins interacting with a plastid sigma factor, Sig1, in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 514: 300-304

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mullet JE and Klein RR (1987) Transcription and RNA stability are important determinants of higher plant chloroplast RNA levels. EMBO J 6: 1571-1579

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogrzewalla K, Piotrowski M, Reinbothe S and Link G (2002) The plastid transcription kinase from mustard (Sinapis alba L.). A nuclear-encoded CK2-type chloroplast enzyme with redox-sensitive function. Eur J Biochem 269: 3329-3337

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohyama K, Fukuzawa H, Kohchi T, Shirai H, Sano T, Sano S, Umesono K, Shiki Y, Takeuchi M, Chang Z, Aota S-I, Inokuchi H and Ozeki H (1986) Chloroplast gene organiza-tion deduced from complete sequence of liverwort Marchantia polymorpha chloroplast DNA. Nature 322: 572-574

    Google Scholar 

  • Oikawa K, Fujiwara M, Nakazato E, Tanaka K and Takahashi H (2000) Characterization of two plastid sigma factors, SigA1 and SigA2, that mainly function in matured chloroplasts in Nicotiana tabacum. Gene 261: 221-228

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfannschmidt T, Ogrzewalla K, Baginsky S, Sickmann A, Meyer HE and Link G (2000) The multisubunit chloroplast RNA polymerase A from mustard (Sinapis alba L.). Integration of a prokaryotic core into a larger complex with organelle-specific functions. Eur J Biochem 267: 253-261

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Privat I, Hakimi MA, Buhot L, Favory JJ and Mache-Lerbs S (2003) Characterization of Arabidopsis plastid sigma-like transcription factors SIG1, SIG2 and SIG3. Plant Mol Biol 51: 385-399

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richter U, Kiessling J, Hedtke B, Decker E, Reski R, Borner T and Weihe A (2002) Two RpoT genes of Physcomitrella patens encode phage-type RNA polymerases with dual targeting to mitochondria and plastids. Gene 290: 195-205

    Google Scholar 

  • Serino G and Maliga P (1998) RNA polymerase subunits en-coded by the plastid rpo genes are not shared with the nucleus-encoded plastid enzyme. Plant Physiol 117: 1165-1170

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shinozaki K, Ohme M, Tanaka M, Wakasugi T, Hayashida N, Matsubayashi T, Zaita N, Chunwongse J, Obokata J, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Ohto C, Torazawa K, Meng B-Y, Sugita, Deno H, Kamogashira T, Yamada K, Kusuda J, Takaiwa F, Kato A, Tohdoh N, Shimada H and Sugiura M (1986) The complete nucleotide sequence of the tobacco chloroplast genome: its gene organization and expression. EMBO J 5: 2043-2049

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shirano Y, Shimada H, Kanamaru K, Fujiwara M, Tanaka K, Takahashi H, Unno K, Sato S, Tabata, S, Hayashi H, Miyake C, Yokota A and Shibata D (2000) Chloroplast development in Arabidopsis thaliana requires the nuclear-encoded transcrip-tion factor sigma B. FEBS Lett 485: 178-182

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shoubridge EA (2002) The ABCs of mitochondrial transcription. Nature Genet 31: 227-228

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sijben-Muller G, Hallick RB, Alt J, Westhoff P and Herrmann RG (1986) Spinach plastid genes coding for initiation fac-tor IF-1, ribosomal protein S11 and RNA polymerase alpha-subunit. Nucleic Acids Res 14: 1029-1044

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silhavy D and Maliga P (1998a) Plastid promoter utilization in a rice embryogenic cell culture. Curr Genet 34: 67-70

    Google Scholar 

  • Silhavy D and Maliga P (1998b) Mapping of promoters for the nucleus-encoded plastid RNA polymerase (NEP) in the iojap maize mutant. Curr Genet 33: 340-344

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, HJ and Bogorad L (1974) The polypeptide subunit structure of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Zea mays chloroplasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71: 4839-4842

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sriraman P, Silhavy D and Maliga P (1998) Transcription from heterologous rRNA operon promoters in chloroplasts reveals requirement for specific activating factors. Plant Physiol 117: 1495-1499

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stern DB, Higgs DC and Yang J (1997) Transcription and trans-lation in chloroplasts. Trends Plant Sci 2: 308-315

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugiura C, Kobayashi Y, Aoki S, Sugita C and Sugita M (2003) Complete chloroplast DNA sequence of the moss Physcomitrella patens: evidence for the loss and relocation of rpoA from the chloroplast to the nucleus. Nucleic Acids Res 31: 5324-5331

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki JY, Sriraman P, Svab Z and Maliga P (2003) Unique architecture of the plastid ribosomal RNA operon pro-moter recognized by the multisubunit RNA polymerase in tobacco and other higher plants. Plant Cell 15:195-205

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki JY, Ytterberg AJ, Beardslee TA, Allison LA, van Wijk KJ and Maliga P (2004) Affinity purification of the tobacco plastid RNA polymerase and in vitro reconstitution of the holoen-zyme. Plant J 40: 164-172

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan S and Troxler RF (1999) Characterization of two chloro-plast RNA polymerase sigma factors from Zea mays: photoregulation and differential expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 5316-5321

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka K, Tozawa Y, Mochizuki N, Shinozaki K, Nagatani A, Wakasa K and Takahashi H (1997) Characterization of three cDNA species encoding plastid RNA polymerase sigma factors in Arabidopsis thaliana: evidence for the sigma factor heterogeneity in higher plant plastids. FEBS Lett 413: 309-313

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trifa Y, Privat I, Gagnon J, Baeza L and Lerbs-Mache S (1998) The nuclear RPL4 gene encodes a chloroplast protein that co-purifies with the T7-like transcription complex as well as plastid ribosomes. J Biol Chem 273: 3980-3985

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsunoyama Y, Morikawa K, Shiina T and Toyoshima Y (2002) Blue light specific and differential expression of a plastid sigma factor, Sig5 in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 516: 225-228

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vera A and Sugiura M (1995) Chloroplast rRNA transcription from structurally different tandem promoters: an additional novel-type promoter. Curr Genet 27: 280-284

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vera A, Hirose T and Sugiura M (1996) A ribosomal protein gene (rpl32) from tobacco chloroplast DNA is transcribed from al-ternative promoters: similarities in promoter region organization in plastid housekeeping genes. Mol Gen Genet 251: 518-525

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walbot V and Coe EHJ (1979) Nuclear gene iojap conditions a programmed change to ribosome-less plastids in Zea mays. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76: 2760-2764.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weihe A and Borner T (1999) Transcription and the architecture of promoters in chloroplasts. Trends Plant Sci 4: 169-170

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weihe A, Hedtke B and Borner T (1997) Cloning and character-ization of a cDNA encoding a bacteriophage-type RNA polymerase from the higher plant Chenopodium album. Nucleic Acids Res 25: 2319-2325

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson RJ, Rangachari K, Saldanha JW, Rickman L, Buxton RS and Eccleston JF (2003) Parasite plastids: maintenance and functions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 358: 155-164

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe KH, Morden CW and Palmer JD (1992) Function and evo-lution of a minimal plastid genome from a non-photosynthetic parasitic plant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 10648-10652

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xie G and Allison LA (2002) Sequences upstream of the YRTA core region are essential for transcription of the tobacco atpB NEP promoter in chloroplasts in vivo. Curr Genet 41:176-82

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yao J, Roy-Chowdhury S and Allison LA (2003) AtSig5 is an es-sential nucleus-encoded Arabidopsis sigma-like factor. Plant Physiol 132: 739-747.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young DA, Allen RL, Harvey AJ and Lonsdale DM (1998) Characterization of a gene encoding a single-subunit bacteriophage-type RNA polymerase from maize which is alternatively spliced. Mol Gen Genet 260: 30-37

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zubko MK and Day A (2002) Differential regulation of genes transcribed by nucleus-encoded plastid RNA polymerase, and DNA amplification, within ribosome-deficient plastids in stable phenocopies of cereal albino mutants. Mol Gen Genomics 267: 27-37

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, 60, 37132, Murfreesboro, TN, USA

    A. Bruce Cahoon

  2. Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, 111 Koshland Hall, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Yutaka Komine

  3. Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell University, Tower Road, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA

    David B. Stern

Authors
  1. A. Bruce Cahoon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yutaka Komine
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. David B. Stern
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Wisconsin, 54901, Oshkosh, WI, USA

    Robert R. Wise

  2. Arizona State University, 85287, Tempe, AZ, USA

    J. Kenneth Hoober Ph.D

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cahoon, A.B., Komine, Y., Stern, D.B. (2007). Plastid Transcription: Competition, Regulation and Promotion by Plastid- and Nuclear-Encoded Polymerases. In: Wise, R.R., Hoober, J.K. (eds) The Structure and Function of Plastids. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 23. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation