Chloroplasts are the metabolic factories of plant cells. They are the site of various biosynthetic pathways such as carbon, nitrogen and sulfur assimilation, fatty acid biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, isoprenoid biosynthesis and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, to mention just a few. Many of these metabolic pathways require the rapid and controlled exchange of precursors, intermediates and end products between the chloroplast stroma and the surrounding cytosol. However, two lipid bilayer membranes, the inner and outer chloroplast envelope membranes, form a permeation barrier between plastid stroma and the cytosol. Transporters in the inner plastid envelope membrane catalyze the efficient and specific exchange of metabolites between plastid stroma and other cellular compartments, thereby integrating plastidal metabolism into the metabolic networks in plant cells. Metabolite transporters not only catalyze the flux of metabolites between compartments, they also represent information pathways that communicate the metabolic status between compartments. A classic example is the coordination of sucrose biosynthesis in the cytosol with starch biosynthesis in the stroma by the triosephosphate/phosphate translocator (Flügge, 1995; Flügge, 1999).
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Aoki N, Ohnishi J and Kanai R (1992) Two different mechanisms for transport of pyruvate into mesophyll chloroplasts of C4 plants-a comparative study. Plant Cell Physiol 33: 805-809
Bagge P and Larsson C (1986) Biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids by highly purified spinach chloroplasts— Compartmentation and regulation of the reactions. Physiol Plant 68: 641-647
Bauwe H and Kolukisaoglu U (2003) Genetic manipulation of glycine decarboxylation. J Exp Bot 54: 1523-1535
Beck E (1985) The degradation of transitory starch in chloro-plasts. In: Heath RL and Preiss J (eds) Regulation of Carbon Partitioning in Photosynthetic Tissue, pp 27-44. Waverly, Bal-timore, MD
Blennow A, Engelsen SB, Nielsen TH, Baunsgaard L and Mikkelsen R (2002) Starch phosphorylation: a new front line in starch research. Trends Plant Sci 7: 445-450
Boos W and Shuman H (1998) Maltose/maltodextrin system of Escherichia coli: transport, metabolism and regulation. Mi-crobiol Mol Biol Rev 62: 204-229
Borchert S, Harborth J, Schunemann D, Hoferichter P and Heldt HW (1993) Studies of the enzymic capacities and trans-port properties of pea root plastids. Plant Physiol 101: 303-312
Bowes G and Ogren WL (1972) Oxygen inhibition and other properties of soybean ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase. J Biol Chem 247: 2171-2176
Bowes G, Ogren WL and Hageman RH (1971) Phosphoglyco-late production catalyzed by ribulose diphosphate carboxylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 45: 716-722
Butowt R, Granot D and Rodriguez-Garcia MI (2003) A putative plastidal glucose translocator is expressed in heterotrophic tis-sues that do not contain starch, during olive (Olea europea L.) fruit ripening. Plant Cell Physiol 44: 1152-1161
Caspar T, Huber SC and Somerville C (1985) Alterations in growth, photosynthesis and respiration in a starchless mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) deficient in chloroplast phospho-glucomutase activity. Plant Physiol 79: 11-17
Caspar T, Lin T-P, Kakefuda G, Benbow L, Preiss J and Somerville C (1991) Mutants of Arabidopsis with altered reg-ulation of starch degradation. Plant Physiol 95: 1181-1188
Chia T, Thorneycroft D, Chapple A, Messerli G, Chen J, Zeeman SC, Smith SM and Smith AM (2004) A cytosolic glucosyl-transferase is required for conversion of starch to sucrose in Arabidopsis leaves at night. Plant J 37: 853-863
Critchley JH, Zeeman SC, Takaha T, Smith AM and Smith SM (2001) A critical role for disproportionating enzyme in starch breakdown is revealed by a knock-out mutation in Arabidop-sis. Plant J 26: 89-100
de Veau EJ and Burris JE (1988) Photorespiratory rates in wheat and maize as determined by 18 O-labeling. Plant Physiol 90: 500-511
Douce R and Neuburger M (1999) Biochemical dissection of photorespiration. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2: 214-222
Douce R, Bourguignon J, Neuburger M and Rebeille F (2001) The glycine decarboxylase system: a fascinating complex. Trends Plant Sci 6: 167-176
Duwenig E, Steup M, Willmitzer L and Kossmann J (1997) An-tisense inhibition of cytosolic phosphorylase in potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) affects tuber sprouting and flower formation with only little impact on carbohydrate metabolism. Plant J 12: 323-333
Emanuelsson O, Nielsen H, Brunak S and von Heijne G (2000) Predicting subcellular localization of proteins based on their N- terminal amino acid sequence. J Mol Biol 300: 1005-1016
Ferro M, Salvi D, Brugiere S, Miras S, Kowalski S, Louwagie M, Garin J, Joyard J and Rolland N (2003) Proteomics of the chloroplast envelope membranes from Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Cell Proteomics 2: 325-345
Fischer K and Weber A (2002) Transport of carbon in non-green plastids. Trends Plant Sci 7: 345-351
Fischer K, Kammerer N, Gutensohn M, Arbinger B, Weber A, H äusler RE and Fl ügge UI (1997) A new class of plastidal phosphate translocators: a putative link between primary and secondary metabolism by the phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate antiporter. Plant Cell 9: 453-462
Fliege R, Fl ügge UI, Werdan K and Heldt HW (1978) Spe-cific transport of inorganic phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate and triosephosphates across the inner membrane of the envelope in spinach chloroplasts. Biochim Biophys Acta 502: 232-247
Fl ügge UI (1995) Phosphate translocation in the regulation of photosynthesis. J Exp Bot 46: 1317-1323
Fl ügge UI (1999) Phosphate translocators in plastids. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 50: 27-45
Fl ügge UI, Woo KC and Heldt HW (1988) Characteristics of 2-oxoglutarate and glutamate transport in spinach chloroplasts. Studies with a double-silicone-layer centrifugation technique and in liposomes. Planta 174: 534-541
Fl ügge UI, Fischer K, Gross A, Sebald W, Lottspeich F and Eck-erskorn C (1989) The triose phosphate-3-phosphoglycerate-phosphate translocator from spinach chloroplasts: nucleotide sequence of a full-length cDNA clone and import of the in vitro synthesized precursor protein into chloroplasts. EMBO J 8: 39-46
Fl ügge UI, H äusler RE, Ludewig F and Fischer K (2003) Func-tional genomics of phosphate antiport systems of plastids. Physiol Plant 118: 475-482
Gerhard R, Stitt M and Heldt HW (1987) Subcellular metabolite levels in spinach leaves. Plant Physiol 83: 399-407
Hanson KR and McHale NA (1988) A starchless mutant of Nico-tiana sylvestris containing a modified plastid phosphogluco-mutase. Plant Physiol 88: 838-844
Haupt-Herting S, Klug K and Fock HP (2001) A new approach to measure gross CO2 fluxes in leaves. Gross CO2 assimilation, photorespiration and mitochondrial respiration in the light in tomato under drought stress. Plant Physiol 126: 388-396
H äusler RE, Schlieben NH, Schulz B and Fl ügge UI (1998) Com-pensation of decreased triose phosphate/phosphate transloca-tor activity by accelerated starch turnover and glucose trans-port in transgenic tobacco. Planta 204: 366-376
H äusler RE, Schlieben NH and Fl ügge UI (2000a) Control of carbon partitioning and photosynthesis by the triose phos-phate/phosphate translocator in transgenic tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum). II. Assessment of control coefficients of the triose phosphate/phosphate translocator. Planta 210: 383-390
H äusler RE, Schlieben NH, Nicolay P, Fischer K, Fischer KL and Fl ügge UI (2000b) Control of carbon partitioning and photosynthesis by the triose phosphate/phosphate transloca-tor in transgenic tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.). I. Comparative physiological analysis of tobacco plants withantisense repression and overexpression of the triose phos-phate/phosphate translocator. Planta 210: 371-382
Heineke D, Kruse A, Fl ügge UI, Frommer WB, Riesmeier JW, Willmitzer L and Heldt HW (1994) Effect of antisense re-pression of the chloroplast triose-phosphate translocator on photosynthetic metabolism in transgenic potato plants. Planta 193: 174-180
Henkes S, Sonnewald U, Badur R, Flachmann R and Stitt M (2001) A small decrease of plastid transketolase activity in antisense tobacco transformants has dramatic effects on photosynthesis and phenylpropanoid metabolism. Plant Cell 13: 535-551
Herold A, Leegood RC, McNeil PH and Robinson SP (1981) Accumulation of maltose during photosynthesis in protoplasts isolated from spinach leaves treated with mannose. Plant Physiol 67: 85-88
Howitz KT and McCarty RE (1985a) Substrate specificity of the pea chloroplast glycolate transporter. Biochemistry 24: 3645-3650
Howitz KT and McCarty RE (1985b) Kinetic characteristics of the chloroplast envelope glycolate transporter. Biochemistry 24: 2645-2652
Howitz KT and McCarty RE (1991) Solubilization, partial purifi-cation and reconstitution of the glycolate glycerate transporter from chloroplast inner envelope membranes. Plant Physiol 96: 1060-1069
Huber SC and Edwards GE (1977) Transport in C4 mesophyll chloroplasts: characterization of the pyruvate carrier. Biochim Biophys Acta 462: 583-602
Huber SC and Hanson KR (1992) Carbon partitioning and growth of a starchless mutant of Nicotiana sylvestris. Plant Physiol 99: 1449-1454
Huber SC and Huber JL (1996) Role and regulation of sucrose-phosphate synthase in higher plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol Plant Mol Biol 47: 431-444
Journet EP and Douce R (1985) Enzymic capacities of purified cauliflower bud plastids for lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism. Plant Physiol 79: 458-467
Kammerer B, Fischer K, Hilpert B, Schubert S, Gutensohn M, Weber A and Fl ügge UI (1998) Molecular characterization of a Ccbon transporter in plastids from heterotrophic tissues: The glucose 6-phosphate/phosphate antiporter. Plant Cell 10: 105-117
Kelly GJ and Latzko E (1980) Oat (Avena sativa L.) leaf phos-phoglucose isomerase: competitive inhibition by erythrose-4-phosphate. Photosynth Res 3: 181-188
Knappe S, Fl ügge UI and Fischer K (2003a) Analysis of the plastidic phosphate translocator gene family in Arabidopsis and identification of new phosphate translocator-homologous transporters, classified by their putative substrate-binding site. Plant Physiol 131: 1178-1190
Knappe S, L öttgert T, Schneider A, Voll L, Fl ügge UI and Fischer K (2003b) Characterization of two functional phos-phoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator (PPT) genes in Arabidopsis —AtPPT1 may be involved in the provision of signals for correct mesophyll development. Plant J 36: 411-420
Koch K (2004) Sucrose metabolism: regulatory mechanisms and pivotal roles in sugar sensing and plant development. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7: 235-246
Kofler H, H äusler RE, Schulz B, Gr öner F, Fl ügge UI and Weber A (2000) Molecular characterization of a new mutant al-lele of the plastid phosphoglucomutase in Arabidopsis, and complementation of the mutant with the wild-type cDNA. Mol Gen Genet 263: 978-986
Kossmann J and Lloyd J (2000) Understanding and influencing starch biochemistry. Crit Rev Plant Sci 19: 171-226
Laisk A and Sumberg A (1994) Partitioning of the leaf CO2 ex-change into components using CO2 exchange and fluorescence measurements. Plant Physiol 106: 689-695
Leegood RC, Lea PJ, Adcock MD and H äusler RE (1995) The regulation and control of photorespiration. J Exp Bot 46: 1397-1414
Lichtenthaler HK, Schwender J, Disch A and Rohmer M (1997) Biosynthesis of isoprenoids in higher plant chloroplasts pro-ceeds via a mevalonate-independent pathway. FEBS Lett 400: 271-274
Lin T-P, Caspar T, Somerville C and Preiss J (1988a) A starch deficient mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana with low ADPglu-cose pyrophosphorylase activity lacks one of the two subunits of the enzyme. Plant Physiol 88: 1175-1181
Lin T-P, Caspar T, Somerville C and Preiss J (1988b) Isolation and characterization of a starchless mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh lacking ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase activity. Plant Physiol 86: 1131-1135
Lorberth R, Ritte G, Willmitzer L and Kossmann J (1998) In-hibition of a starch-granule-bound protein leads to modified starch and repression of cold sweetening. Nature Biotech 16: 473-477
Lu Y and Sharkey TD (2004) The role of amylomaltase in maltose metabolism in the cytosol of photosynthetic cells. Planta 218: 466-473
Lunn JE and MacRae E (2003) New complexities in the synthesis of sucrose. Curr Opin Plant Biol 6: 208-214
Micallef BJ and Sharkey TD (1996) Genetic and physiological characterization of Flaveria linearis plants having a reduced activity of cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Plant Cell Environ 19: 1-9
Micallef BJ, Dennis DT and Sharkey TD (1996) How do plants of Flaveria linearis having no activity of the “essential” enzyme cytosolic fructose bisphosphatase survive? Plant Physiol 111: 298-298
Niittyl ä T, Messerli G, Trevisan M, Chen J, Smith AM and Zee-man SC (2004) A previously unknown maltose transporter essential for starch degradation in leaves. Science 303: 87-89
Ogren WL (1984) Photorespiration: pathways, regulation and modification. Annu Rev Plant Biol 35: 415-442
Ogren WL and Bowes G (1971) Ribulose diphosphate carboxy-lase regulates soybean photorespiration. Nat New Biol 230: 159-160
Proudlove MO and Thurman DA (1981) The uptake of 2-oxoglutarate and pyruvate by isolated pea chloroplasts. New Phytol 88: 255-264
Renn é P, Dreßen U, Hebbeker U, Hille D, Fl ügge UI, Westhoff P and Weber APM (2003) The Arabidopsis mutant dct is defi-cient in the plastidic glutamate/malate translocator DiT2. Plant J 35: 316-331
Reumann S (2000) The structural properties of plant peroxisomes and their metabolic significance. Biol Chem 381: 639-648
Reumann S, Maier E, Benz R and Heldt HW (1996) A specific porin is involved in the malate shuttle of leaf peroxisomes. Biochem Soc Trans 24: 754-757
Reumann S, Maier E, Heldt HW and Benz R (1998) Permeability properties of the porin of spinach leaf peroxisomes. Eur J Biochem 251: 359-366
Riesmeier JW, Fl ügge UI, Schulz B, Heineke D, Heldt HW, Willmitzer L and Frommer WB (1993) Antisense repression of the chloroplast triose phosphate translocator affects carbon partitioning in transgenic potato plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 6160-6164
Ritte G and Raschke K (2003) Metabolite export of isolated guard cell chloroplasts of Vicia faba. New Phytol 159: 195-202
Ritte G, Lorberth R and Steup M (2000) Reversible binding of the starch-related R1 protein to the surface of transitory starch granules. Plant J 21: 387-391
Ritte G, Lloyd JR, Eckermann N, Rottmann A, Kossmann J and Steup M (2002) The starch-related R1 protein is an α-glucan, water dikinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 7166-7171
Rost S, Frank C and Beck E (1996) The chloroplast envelope is permeable for maltose but not for maltodextrins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1291: 221-227
Sch äfer G, Heber U and Heldt HW (1977) Glucose transport into intact spinach chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 60: 286-289
Scheidig A, Fr öhlich A, Schulze S, Lloyd JR and Kossmann J (2002) Downregulation of a chloroplast-targeted β-amylase leads to a starch-excess phenotype in leaves. Plant J 30: 581-591
Schleucher J, Vanderveer PJ and Sharkey TD (1998) Export of carbon from chloroplasts at night. Plant Physiol 118: 1439-1445
Schmid J and Amrhein N (1995) Molecular organization of the shikimate pathway in higher plants. Phytochemistry 39: 737-749
Schneider A, H äusler RE, Kolukisaoglu U, Kunze R, van der Graaff E, Schwacke R, Catoni E, Desimone M and Fl ügge UI (2002) An Arabidopsis thaliana knock-out mutant of the chloroplast triose phosphate/phosphate translocator is severely compromised only when starch synthesis, but not starch mo-bilisation is abolished. Plant J 32: 685-699
Schulze-Siebert D, Heineke D, Scharf H and Schulz G (1984) Pyruvate-derived amino acids in spinach chloroplasts: synthe-sis and regulation during photosynthetic carbon metabolism. Plant Physiol 76: 465-471
Schwacke R, Schneider A, van der Graaff E, Fischer K, Catoni E, Desimone M, Frommer WB, Fl ügge UI and Kunze R (2003) ARAMEMNON, a novel database for Arabidopsis integral membrane proteins. Plant Physiol 131: 16-26
Schwender J, Seemann M, Lichtenthaler HK and Rohmer M (1996) Biosynthesis of isoprenoids (carotenoids, sterols, prenyl side-chain of chlorophylls and plastochinone) via a novel pyruvate/glyceraldehyd 3-phosphate non-mevalonate pathway in the green algae Scenedesmus obliquus. Biochem J 316: 73-80
Schwender J, Zeidler J, Gr öner R, M üller C, Focke M, Braun S, Lichtenthaler FW and Lichtenthaler HK (1997) Incorpora-tion of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose into isoprene and phytol by higher plants and algae. FEBS Lett 414: 129-134
Servaites JC, Fondy BR, Li B and Geiger DR (1989a) Sources of carbon export from spinach leaves throughout the day. Plant Physiol 90: 1168-1174
Servaites JC, Geiger DR, Tucci MA and Fondy BR (1989b) Leaf carbon metabolism and metabolite levels during a period of sinusoidal light. Plant Physiol 89: 403-408
Servaites JC and Geiger DR (2002) Kinetic characteristics of chloroplast glucose transport. J Exp Bot 53: 1581-1591
Sharkey TD (1985) O2 -insensitive photosynthesis in C-3 plants—its occurrence and a possible explanation. Plant Phys-iol 78: 71-75
Sharkey TD and Yeh S (2001) Isoprene emission from plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 52: 407-436
Sharkey TD, Savitch LV, Vanderveer PJ and Micallef BJ (1992) Carbon partitioning in a Flaveria linearis mutant with reduced cytosolic fructose bisphosphatase. Plant Physiol 100: 210-215
Sharkey TD, Laporte M, Lu Y, Weise SE and Weber APM (2004) Engineering plants for elevated CO2 : a relationship between starch degradation and sugar sensing. Plant Biol 6: 280-288
Siedow JN and Day DA (2000) Respiration and photorespiration. In: Buchanan BB, Gruissem W and Jones RL (eds) Biochem-istry & Molecular Biology of Plants, pp 676-728. American Society of Plant Biologists, Rockville, MD
Smith AM (1999) Making starch. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2: 223-229
Smith AM, Zeeman SC, Thorneycroft D and Smith SM (2003) Starch mobilization in leaves. J Exp Bot 54: 577-583
Somerville CR (2001) An early Arabidopsis demonstration. Re-solving a few issues concerning photorespiration. Plant Phys-iol 125: 20-24
Somerville SC and Ogren WL (1983) An Arabidopsis thaliana mutant defective in chloroplast dicarboxylate transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 1290-1294
Somerville SC and Somerville CR (1985) A mutant of Arabidop-sis deficient in chloroplast dicarboxylate transport is missing an envelope protein. Plant Sci 37: 217-220
Spreitzer RJ and Salvucci ME (2002) Rubisco: structure, regu-latory interactions and possibilities for a better enzyme. Annu Rev Plant Biol 53: 449-475
Stitt M (1990) Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate as a regulatory metabolite in plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 41: 153-185
Stitt M and ap Rees T (1979) Capacities of pea chloroplasts to catalyse the oxidative pentose phosphate and glycolysis. Phytochemistry 18: 1905-1911
Stitt M, Gerhardt R and Heldt HW (1987) The contribution of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate to the regulation of sucrose synthe-sis during photosynthesis. Physiol Plant 69: 377-386
Streatfield SJ, Weber A, Kinsman EA, H äusler RE, Li JM, Post-Beittenmiller D, Kaiser WM, Pyke KA, Fl ügge UI and Chory J (1999) The phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator is required for phenolic metabolism, palisade cell development and plastid-dependent nuclear gene expression. Plant Cell 11: 1609-1621
Szmelcman S, Schwartz M, Silhavy TJ and Boos W (1976) Mal-tose transport in Escherichia coli K12—comparison of trans-port kinetics in wild-type and lambda-resistant mutants with dissociation-constants of maltose-binding protein as measured by fluorescence quenching. Eur J Biochem 65: 13-19
Takaha T, Critchley J, Okada S and Smith SM (1998) Normal starch content and composition in tubers of antisense potato plants lacking D-enzyme (4-α-glucanotransferase). Planta 205: 445-451
Taniguchi M, Taniguchi Y, Kawasaki M, Takeda S, Kato T, Sato S, Tabata S, Miyake H and Sugiyama T (2002) Identifying and characterizing plastidic 2-oxoglutarate/malate and dicarboxy-late transporters in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol 43: 706-717
Taniguchi Y, Nagasaki J, Kawasaki M, Miyake H, Sugiyama T and Taniguchi M (2004) Differentiation of dicarboxylate transporters in mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts of maize. Plant Cell Physiol 45: 187-200
Trethewey RN and ap Rees T (1994) A mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana lacking the ability to transport glucose across the chloroplast envelope. Biochem J 301: 449-454
Tsugeki R and Fedoroff NV (1999) Genetic ablation of root cap cells in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 12941-12946
Van der Straeten D, Rodrigues-Pousada RA, Goodman HM and Van Montagu M (1991) Plant enolase: gene structure, expres-sion and evolution. Plant Cell 3: 719-735
Veramendi J, Roessner U, Renz A, Willmitzer L and Trethewey RN (1999) Antisense repression of hexokinase 1 leads to an overaccumulation of starch in leaves of transgenic potato plants but not to significant changes in tuber carbohydrate metabolism. Plant Physiol 121: 123-133
Voll L, H äusler RE, Hecker R, Weber A, Weissenbock G, Fiene G, Waffenschmidt S and Fl ügge UI (2003) The phenotype of the Arabidopsis cue1 mutant is not simply caused by a general restriction of the shikimate pathway. Plant J 36: 301-317
Weber A (2004) Solute transporters as connecting elements be-tween cytosol and plastid stroma. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7: 247-253
Weber A, Menzlaff E, Arbinger B, Gutensohn M, Eckerskorn C and Fl ügge UI (1995) The 2-oxoglutarate/malate translo-cator of chloroplast envelope membranes: molecular cloning of a transporter containing a 12-helix motif and expression of the functional protein in yeast cells. Biochemistry 34: 2621-2627
Weber A, Servaites JC, Geiger DR, Kofler H, Hille D, Gr öner F, Hebbeker U and Fl ügge UI (2000) Identification, purification and molecular cloning of a putative plastidic glucose translo-cator. Plant Cell 12: 787-801
Weber A and Fl ügge UI (2002) Interaction of cytosolic and plas-tidic nitrogen metabolism in plants. J Exp Bot 53: 865-874
Weber APM, Schneidereit J and Voll LM (2004) Using mutants to probe the in vivo function of plastid envelope membrane metabolite transporters. J Exp Bot 55: 1231-1244
Weise SE, Weber APM and Sharkey TD (2004) Maltose is the major form of carbon exported from the chloroplast at night. Planta 218: 474-482
Wiese A, Gr öner F, Sonnewald U, Deppner H, Lerchl J, Hebbeker U, Fl ügge UI and Weber A (1999) Spinach hexokinase I is located in the outer envelope membrane of plastids. FEBS Lett 461: 13-18
Wingler A, Lea PJ, Quick WP and Leegood RC (2000) Photores-piration: metabolic pathways and their role in stress protection. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B-Biol Sci 355: 1517-1529
Woo KC, Fl ügge UI and Heldt HW (1987) A two-translocator model for the transport of 2-oxoglutarate and glutamate in chloroplasts during ammonia assimilation in the light. Plant Physiol 84: 624-632
Yang Y and Steup M (1990) Polysaccharide fraction from higher-plants which strongly interacts with the cytosolic phosphory-lase isozyme. 1. Isolation and characterization. Plant Physiol 94: 960-969
Yu JW and Woo KC (1992) Ammonia assimilation and metabo-lite transport in isolated chloroplasts. I. Kinetic measurement of 2-oxoglutarate and malate uptake via the 2-oxoglutarate translocator in oat and spinach chloroplasts. Aust J Plant Phys-iol 19: 653-658
Yu TS, Lue WL, Wang SM and Chen J (2000) Mutation of Arabidopsis plastid phosphoglucose isomerase affects leaf starch synthesis and floral initiation. Plant Physiol 123: 319-326
Yu TS, Kofler H, H äusler RE, Hille D, Fl ügge UI, Zeeman SC, Smith AM, Kossmann J, Lloyd J, Ritte G, Steup M, Lue WL, Chen J and Weber A (2001) The Arabidopsis sex1 mutant is defective in the R1 protein, a general regulator of starch degra-dation in plants, and not in the chloroplast hexose transporter. Plant Cell 13: 1907-1918
Zeeman SC and ApRees T (1999) Changes in carbohydrate metabolism and assimilate export in starch-excess mutants of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Environ 22: 1445-1453
Zeeman SC, Northrop F, Smith AM and Rees T (1998a) A starch-accumulating mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana deficient in a chloroplastic starch-hydrolysing enzyme. Plant J 15: 357-365
Zeeman SC, Umemoto T, Lue WL, Au-Yeung P, Martin C, Smith AM and Chen J (1998b) A mutant of Arabidopsis lacking a chloroplastic isoamylase accumulates both starch and phyto-glycogen. Plant Cell 10: 1699-1712
Zeeman SC, Tiessen A, Pilling E, Kato KL, Donald AM and Smith AM (2002) Starch synthesis in Arabidopsis. Granule synthesis, composition and structure. Plant Physiol 129: 516-529
Zrenner R, Krause KP, Apel P and Sonnewald U (1996) Reduc-tion of the cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in transgenic potato plants limits photosynthetic sucrose biosynthesis with no impact on plant growth and tuber yield. Plant J 9: 671-681
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Weber, A.P.M. (2007). Synthesis, Export and Partitioning of the End Products of Photosynthesis. In: Wise, R.R., Hoober, J.K. (eds) The Structure and Function of Plastids. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 23. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-4060-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-4061-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)