Abstract
This chapter explores the offshore oil and gas industry at the turn of the millennium, identifying the major geographical patterns and trends. It discusses the major reasons behind these trends and what lies in store for the first decade of the next century. A temporal perspective is adopted, with the chapter not only representing a ‘snap-shot’ in time, but also drawing on an analysis of past trends and predictions of the future, as appropriate. The fiirst part of the chapter sets the scene in terms of the market and price trends that have significantly influenced the pattern of offshore oil and gas development over the 1990s and the first few months of the new millennium. The chapter then turns to the evolution of global production and the contribution of offshore supplies from different regions of the globe. To this are added current patterns of offshore exploration and development activity, which will serve to modify the geography of the industry offshore over the next few decades. For a longer-term perspective, estimates of future offshore reserves are also drawn upon.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2000) International Energy Outlook 2000, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington.http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html, 15 July 2000.
notably the removal of consumer subsidies in several countries (including Indonesia and Thailand).
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (1999d) East Asia: The Energy Situation, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington D.C.http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/eastasia.html, 27 October 1999.
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (1996) International Energy Outlook1996, US Energy Information Administration, Washington D.C.
Priddle, R. (1998) Natural Gas Pricing in Competitive Markets, International Energy Agency, Paris.
Radetzki, M. (1999) European natural gas: market forces will bring about competition in any case, Energy Policy27, 17–24.
in part attributed to improved relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran
International Energy Agency (2000c) Monthly Oil Market Report July2000, International Energy Agency, Paris.
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2000b) Selected Crude Oil Spot Prices, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington.http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/crudel.html, 28 September 2000.
Radler, M. (2000) World oil demand rises despite higher prices as production struggles, Oil and Gas Journal98(30), http://ogj.pennwellnet.com, 24 July 2000.
International Energy Agency (2000b) World Energy Outlook, International Energy Agency, Paris.
Energy projections are subject to uncertainty caused by a number of factors: economic output and structure; population growth; technical change and capital stock turnover; human behaviour; fossil fuel supplies and extraction costs; energy market developments; energy subsidies; and, inter alia, changing environmental objectives and policies.
Energy use per unit of economic activity.
International Energy Agency (2000d) Key World Energy Statistics1999, International Energy Agency, Paris.
DeLuca. M. (1999) Recovering industry focusing on West Africa, deepwater Gulf of Mexico, natural gas, Offshore59(5),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Feld, L. and Maclntyre, D. (1998) OPEC nations grappling with plunge in oil export revenues, Oil and Gas Journal96(38),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Obut, T. and Sarkar, A. (1999) Comparing Russian,Western major oil firms underscores problems unique to Russian oil, Oil and Gas Journal97(5),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Anon (1999b) World trends: some positive signs are emerging, World Oil220(8).http://www.worldoil.com/archive/archive_99-08/99–08_world.staff.html 27 October1999.
Offshore Data Services (1999) Offshore rig demand hits lowest point since 1992, press release 9 March 1999,http://www.offshore-data.com, 22 December 1999.
Bradshaw, M. T, Foster, C. B., Fellows, M. E., and Rowland, D. C. (1999) Patterns of discovery in Australia: Part 2, Oil and Gas Journal97(24),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Some international credit rating firms have downgraded Qatar’s debt.
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (1999g) Qatar, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington D.C.http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/qauar.html, 27 October 1999.
Beckman, J. (1999) Record UK-Norway production, initiatives over-shadow slow drilling, Offshore59(8),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Cresswell, J. (1998) delays push back North Sea start-ups, Petroleum Review52(618), 14–15.
Beckman, J., Terdre, N. and Potter, N. (1998) Politics, low oil prices destabilise European operations, Offshore58(8),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Knott, D. J. (1998) Northwest Europe’s offshore activity still brisk despite mandated slowdown in Norway, Oil and Gas Journal96(33),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Gurney, J. (1998) Going for gold in the Gulf, Petroleum Review52(619), 40–42.
Miller, N. W. (1998) Exploration pace picks up in Canada’s Maritimes, Oil and Gas Journal96(39),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Cochnener, J. (1999) Prospects for Gulf of Mexico gas remain bright despite dismal oil market, Offshore, 59(6),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Marsh, T. (editor) (1999) Rig market outlook: better times ahead, The Offfshore Rig Newsletter26(8), 16pp.http://www.offshore-data.com/news/samples/r9908.htm, 2 November 1999.
Offshore Data Services (1999d) Rig market outlook: better times ahead, The Offshore Rig Newsletter26(8),http://www.offshore-data.com/news/samples/r9908.html, 2 November 1999.
Offshore Data Services (1999e) Outlook mixed for world’s rig markets, press release 17 December 1999,http://www.offshore-data.com, 22 December 1999.
Matsuda, T. (2000) World oil supply outlook to 2010, paper presented at The 5th Annual Asia Oil and Gas Conference, 28–30 May 2000, Shangri-La Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, International Energy Agency, Paris.
Anon (1999e) Industry E&P spending plans for 2000 reflect renewed optimism, Oil and Gas Journal97(51),http://ogj.pennwellnet.com, 4 February 2000.
Anon (1999f) Lehman: World E&P outlays to rise 10% in 2000, Oil and Gas Journal97(51),http://ogj.pennwellnet.com, 4 February 2000.
Anon (1999c) UK announces plan to boost offshore E&D, Oil and Gas Journal97(15),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Anon (1999d) Norway acts to boost blighted E&P sector, Oil and Gas Journal97(20),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Grace, J. D. (1998) Caspian production, export, investment outlooks sized up, Oil and Gas Journal96(34),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Wilson, D. (1999) Russian Far East holds huge resource potential, Oil and Gas Journal97(29),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Anon (2000) Moving greater seismic capability to the Caspian Sea, Offshore60(5),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 July 2000.
DeLuca, M. (1999b) Brazil providing foothold as producers expand South America presence, Offshore59(10),http://ogj.pennwell.com, 4 February 2000.
Offshore Data Services (1999c) West Africa offfshore oil and gas activity poised for recovery, press release 27 August 1999,http://www.offshore-data.com, 22 December 1999.
Delmar, R. (1999) Asia/Pacific, Offshore59(4),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
DeLuca, M. (1999c) 515 field development projects underway worldwide. Offshore(Pennwell) 59(11),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 21 December 1999.
Knight, R. and Westwood, J. (1999) Long-term prospects very bright for deep waters off West Africa, Oil and Gas Journal97(3),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Ray, P. K. (1998) US Gulf oil production could double as early as 2002: Thick submarine fans harbor stacked plays, Offshore58(6),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Furlow, W. (1998) Ultra-deepwater plays still face stiff challenges, Offshore58(12),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Quinlan, M. (1998) Deepwater discoveries promise sharp rise in oil production, Petroleum Review, 52(614), 33–34.
Cottrill, A. (1999) Deep rooted reasons for hope, OilOnline http://www.oilonline.com/news_spotlight_asianoil_deep090799.html, 27 October 1999.
Offshore Data Services (1999b) World’s deepwater basins poised to benefit from surge in oil prices, press release 28 May 1999,http://www.offshore-data.com, 22 December 1999.
Anon (1999) EIA says OCS development lead time cut, Oil and Gas Journal97(12),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
George, D. (1997) Egypt becoming major gas province with Mediterranean reserves, Offshore57(9),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
These factors give rise to several definitions of reserves, including: `proven reserves’, determined on the basis of oil and gas which has been discovered and remains unused and probabilistic estimates of what proportion of this oil and gas in place can, with reasonable certainty, be recovered in the future underexistingeconomic and operating conditions. `Probable’ and `possible’ reserves refer to additional reserves which may also be recoverable from the estimated total of oil and gas in place in the reservoir, with a probability of over 50% and under 50%, respectively.
BP Amoco (1999) Statistical Review of World Energy 1999, BP Amoco, London,http://www.bpamoco.com/worldenergy/review, 27 October 1999.
USGS (2000) U.S. Geological Survey World Petroleum Assessment 2000, U.S. Geological Survey, World Assessment Teamhttp://greenwood.cr.usgs/energy/WorldEnergy/DDS-60/ESpt2.html 12 June 2000.
Nikitin, B. A. and Mirzoev, D. A. (1998) Complex scientific and technical trends of Russian Federation Arctic offshore hydrocarbon resource development, Ocean and Coastal Management 41, 129–151.
Lavers, B. A. (1990) Some technical challenges for the upstream oil industry in the 1990s, in M. Ala, H. Hatamian, G. D. Hobson, M. S. King and I. Williams (eds), Seventy-Five Years of Progress in Oil Field Science and Technology: Symposium, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of London, 12 July 1988, Balkema, Rotterdam.
LeBlanc, L. (1993b) Re-engineering or streamlining: how major oil companies are changing, Offshore International(November), 25–26.
Corzine, R. (1994) N. Sea costs set to fall by up to 30%, Financial Times (11March), 7.
LeBlanc, L. (1993) Technology closing in on deepwater solutions, Offshore International(October), 35.
George, D. (1994) 4D: The next seismic generation?, Offshore54(October), 21–22.
Bennett, J. (1995) The UK offshore survey industry: a rapidly changing scenario, CSM (April), 40–41.
Anon (1996b) Advances in offshore technology pave the way into world frontiers, Oil and Gas Journal94(20), 29–32.
Le Blanc, L. (1994) Operating budgets increasing at expense of capital outlays, Offshore54(February), 23–24.
Quinlan, M. (1994) Oil sector is keeping busy with new technology, PetroleumEconomist(August/September), 18–19.
Decrane, A. C. (Jr). (1995) Petroleum: No. 1 source of abundant energy, Oil and Gas Journal93(50), 32–34.
Greenway, J. (1995) Revolutionary seismic vessel sees first action in North Sea, Oil and Gas Journal93(35), 72–76.
George, D. (1992) Marginal field production systems: new thinking on old technology, Offshore/Oilman(November), 47.
Buckley, N. (1992) Survey of oil and gas industry (6): North Sea mid-life crisis – Britain’s offshore activity has passes its peak, Financial Times(3 November), iv.
Weener, R. (1996) Shell chooses floating units for central North Sea projects, Oil and Gas Journal94(34), 58–64.
Lawton-Davis, S. (1998) Tackling demanding offshore environments, Petroleum Review52(621), 35–36.
Anon (1993) Horizontal technology: moving the driller closer to the driver’s seat, Journal of Petroleum Technology(July), 608–609,642–643.
Anon (1996c) The costs of cost-cutting, Oil and Gas Journal94(20), 27.
Knott, D. (1996) Drilling technology shows rapid change, Oil and Gas Journal94(12), 44.
Knott, D. (1996c) North Sea development action brisk - plays expand elsewhere off Europe, Oil and Gas Journal94(34), 45–57.
Crow, P. (1999) Watching government: abundant oil, Oil and Gas Journal97(51),http://ogj.pennwellnet.com, 4 February 2000.
Williams, J. L. (1999) Oil price history and analysis, WTRG Economics, http://www.wtrg.com/prices.htm2 November 1999.
Snyder, R. E. (1999) New fields, new technology, Offshore220(7),http://www.worldoil.com/archive/archive_99-09/99-09_offshore.html 27 October 1999.
Crook, J. (1998) Ice protection on the Grand Banks, Petroleum Review52(620), 34–35.
Crook, J. (1999) Meeting the challenge of deegwater gas production, Petroleum Review53(624), 32–33
Pearson, R. (1995) Liverpool Bay development takes shape in Irish Sea, Oil and Gas Journal93(35), 60–66.
Williams, H. (1996) New field developments challenge contractor skills, Petroleum Economist63(7), 34–35.
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (n.d.) Privatisation and Globalisation of Energy Markets, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington D.C.http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/pgem, 9 December 1999.
Hindley, A. (1991) Libya searches for oil prospectors, Middle East Economic Digest35(34), 4.
Anon (1991) Oil’s new world order: for a quarter of a century oil-producing countries have fought to keep western companies out; now they are wooing them back, The Economist320(7715), 67.
Anon (1993b) A shocking speculation about the price of oil, The Economist328(7829), 69.
Anon (1994b) Oil rolls over, The Economist331(7857), 65.
Ghanem, S. (1994) The paradox of capacity. OPEC Review XVIII(3), 335–351.
Kielmas, M. (1994). Hostile trends put producers on the spot, Middle East Economic Digest38(13), 7.
Hartshorn, J. E. (1993) Oil Trade: Politics and Prospects, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Anon (1994) Aquzadeh predicts offshore oil and gas deals, Middle East Economic Digest38(14), 22.
Takin, M. (1996) Many new ventures in the Middle East focus on old oil, gas fields, Oil and Gas Journal94(22), 31–37.
Ismail, I. A. H. (1996) OPEC Middle East plans for rising world demand amid uncertainty, Oil and Gas Journal94(22), 38–42.
Wu, W. M. (1999) CNOOC sets strategies to reduce costs to $10/bbl by 2000: Reform is becoming more difficult, Offshore 59(5), http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Locatelli, C. (1995) The reorganisation of the Russian hydrocarbon industry: an overview, Energy Policy23(9), 809–819.
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (1999h) Russia, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington D.C.http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/russia.html, 27 October 1999.
Dorian, J. P., Abbasovich, U. T., Tonkopy, M. S., Jumabekovich, O. A. and Daxiong, Q. (1999) Energy in central Asia and north-west China: major trends and opportunities for regional co–operation, Energy Policy 27, 281–297.
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (1999j) Energy in the Americas, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington D.C.http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/theamericas.html, 27 October 1999.
DeLuca, M. (1998) Asian E&P, leasing on track despite troubled economies, Offshore58(11),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Mack, T. (1991) Yankees (and other foreigners) come back, Forbes 147(12), 83.
Anon (1994c) Onward and upward, The Economist331(7868), 11.
Kuo, C. S. (1997) The Mineral Industry of Bangladesh, http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country 1999, 20 July 2000.
Anon (1996e) From major to minor, The Economist339(7966), 63–64.
Beckman, J. (1993) Cost clamp-down rumbling through European offshore sectors, Offshore/Oilman(August), 29–301.
Murray, M. (1999) Cuba opens offshore oil to foreigners, MSBC News 12 October http://www.msnbc.com/news/, 2 November 1999
US, Public Law 104–073, which authorises the imposition of U.S. sanctions against foreign companies investing in Iranian oil or gas projects of over $20 million (Energy Information Administration 19991).
France?’s Total and Malaysia’s Petronas stepped in place of Conoco
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (1999k) United States of America, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington D.C.http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/usa.html, 27 October 1999.
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (19991) World Energy ”Areas to Watch “, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington D.C.http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/hot.html, 27 October 1999.
Mossavar-Rahmani, B. (1998) Iran plays the great game to end its isolation, The European(15 June), 54–55.
Conn, C. and White, D. (1994) The Revolution in Upstream Oil and Gas, The McKinsey Quarterly(3), 71–87.
Kemp, A. G. and Stephen, L. (1999) Risk: reward sharing contracts in the oil industry: the effects of bonus: penalty schemes, Energy Policy 27, 111–120.
Rose, B. (1999) Consolidation, changing core competencies alter offshore drilling responsibilities, Oil and Gas Journal97(50),http://ogj.pennwellnet.com4 February 2000.
Plumb, R. L.(1994) Flexible facilities needed to fund maturing province, Petroleum Economist(August/September), 22–24.
Anon (1996) Chevron sells mature North Sea assets, Petroleum Economist63(9), 120.
Anon (1996d) BP plans to sell marginal oil fields in UK North Sea, Oil and Gas Journal 94(13), 34.
Albeit predominantly among North American Institutions.
Mikdashi, Z. (1987) Oil funding and international financial markets, in J. Rees and P. Odell (eds.), The International Oil Industry - An Interdisciplinary Perspective, Macmillan Press, London, pp.88–106.
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (1999) North Sea, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington D.C.http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/northsea.html, 27 October 1999.
Crow, P. (2000) Watching government: merger morass, Oil and Gas Journal 98(5), http://ogj.pennwellnet.com, 4 February 2000.
Anon (1997) Interest grows in African oil and gas opportunities, Oil and Gas Journal 95(19), http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (1999) Angola, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington D.C.http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/angola.html, 27 October 1999.
Asamu, M. (1999) Nigeria’s deepwater province taking off now that new government in place, Oil and Gas Online, 30 August, http://www.oilandgasonline.com, 2 November 1999.
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (1999e) Nigeria, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington D.C.http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/nigeria.html, 27 October 1999.
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (1999) Colombia, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington D.C.http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/colombia.html, 27 October 1999.
Schmidt, V. (1998) Latin prospects, interest growing despite oil price, Asian weakness. Atlantic, Caribbean margins looking up, Offshore 58(9), http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Beanland, M. (1999) East Timor and the politics of oil, Oil and Gas Online 8 October, http://www.oilandgasonline.com, 2 November 1999.
Anon (1998b) Iran to explore disputed Caspian area, Oil and Gas Journal96(51),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Delmar, R. (1999b) Cambodia trying to end dispute with Thailand, Offshore59(8) 1 Aug,http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Anon (1998) Cautious progress on disputes affecting China seas exploration: Sovereignty issues continue to fester, Offshore58(10),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Since 1997.
Priddle, R. (1999) The new millennium - new challenges for world energy, article for Suddeutch Zeitung, 27–28 November 1999,http://www.iea.org/new/speeches/priddle/1999/millen.htm, 25 July 2000.
Yamani, Sheikh A. Z. (1999) OPEC should take long-term approach to balancing oil supply-demand equation, Oil and Gas Journal97(38), http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (1999b) Caspian Sea Region, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington D.C.http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/caspian.html, 27 October 1999.
Lester, C. (1996) Reforming the offshore oil and gas program: rediscovering the public’s interests in the outer continental shelf lands, Ocean and Coastal Management30(1), 1–42.
Smith, E. R. A. N. and Garcia, S. R. (1995) Evolving California opinion on offshore oil development, Ocean and Coastal Management26(1), 41–56.
Side, J. (1997) The future of North sea oil industry abandonment in the light of the Brent Spar decision, Marine Policy, 21(1), 45–52.
Pittard, A. (1997) Technology - field abandonment costs vary widely world-wide, Oil and Gas Journal95(11),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
McGinnis, M. V. (1998) An analysis of the role of ecological science in offshore continental shelf decommissioning policy, in O. R. Magoon, H. Converse, B. Baird and M. Henson (eds.), Taking a Look at California’s Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future, ASCE, Reston, VA, pp.1384–1392.
Carr, M. H., Forrester, G. E. and McGinnis, M. V. (1998) Decommissioning of offshore oil and gas facilities: contrasts between southern California and the Gulf of Mexico and implications for ecological research, in O. R. Magoon, H. Converse, B. Baird and M. Henson (eds.), Taking a Look at California’s Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future, ASCE, Reston, VA, p.1383.
Moritis, G. (1997) Industry tackles offshore decommissioning, Oil and Gas Journal95(49),http://os.pennwellnet.com, 28 October 1999.
80% and approximately 450 platforms in the North Sea, costing of the order of $20 billion over the next 30 years.
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2000) Monthly Energy Review, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington. EIAhttp://www.eia.doe.gov /emeu/mer/prices.html 19 September 2000.
American Petroleum Institute (1999) API Basic Petroleum Data Book, American Petroleum Institute, Washington D.C.
Borgese, E. M., Ginsbury, N., and Morgan, J. R. (1993) Ocean Yearbook 10, University of Chicago Press, London.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pickering, H.J. (2004). Offshore Oil and Gas at the Millennium. In: Smith, H.D. (eds) The Oceans: Key Issues in Marine Affairs. The GeoJournal Library, vol 78. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2780-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2780-2_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6716-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-2780-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive