Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Visual performance, task performance

  • Chapter
Book cover Light Pollution Handbook

Part of the book series: Astrophysics and Space Science Library ((ASSL,volume 322))

  • 712 Accesses

Abstract

When considering the threshold values for any visual function, one must take into account that the visual system acts logarithmical and not linear. That means that for the same increase in experience, the ratio between the stimuli, and not the difference between the stimuli, is constant. This constant is often called the Weber fraction. The first aspect of visual performance to consider is that of the primary visual functions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 389.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adrian, W. (1961). Der Einfluss störender Lichter auf die extrafoveale Wahrnehmung des menschligen Auges (The influence of disturbing light sources on the extrafoveal observation of the human eye). Lichttechnik. 13 (1961) 450-454; 508-511; 558 - 562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adrian, W. (1963). Über die Sichtbarkeit von Strassenverkehrs-Signalen (On the visibility of road traffic control signals). Lichttechnik. 15 (1963) 115 - 118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adrian, W. (1969). Die Unterschiedsempfindlichkeit des Auges und die Möglichkeit ihrer Berechnung (The contrast sensitivity of the eye and the possibilities for its calculation). Lichttechnik. 21(1969) no. 1, p. 2A-7A (ref. Hentschel, 1994 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Adrian, W. (1993). The physiological basis of the visibility concept. In: LRI, 1993; p. 17 - 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adrian, W. (1995). The visibility concept and its metric. In: Anon., 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1857). Pogg. Ann. 92(1857)655 (Quoted without further details by Minnaert, 1942 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1942). Handbuch der Physik, band 20, Physiologische Optik (Handbook of physics, volume 20, physiological optics) p. 174 (Year estimated, quoted without further details by Minnaert, 1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1964). A tentative standard for adjustable face vehicle traffic control signal heads. Traffic Engineering, 34 (1964) 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1972). IES Handbook, Illuminating Engineering Society, Fifth edition. New York, IES, 1972 (Ref. Douglas & Booker, 1977 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1973). Verkeerslichten. Toelichting op de Norm NEN 3322, uitgave december 1972 (Traffic control signals; explanation to Standard NEN 3322, edition December 1972). Electrotechniek, 51 (1973) no. 12, p. 611 - 633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1978). Report and recommendations of IAU Commission 50 (Identification and protection of existing and potential observatory sites) - published jointly by CIE and IAU in 1978. (Reproduced as Appendix 4.1. in McNally, ed., 1994, p. 162 - 166 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1982). Zichtbaarheid `s nachts van wegmarkeringen op droge en natte wegdekken (Nighttime visibility of road markings on dry and wet surfaces). SCW-Mededeling 52/SVT-Mededeling 17. Arnhem, SCW, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1988). Sterrengids (Star Guide). Utrecht, De Koepel, 1988 ( Ref. Drummen, 2004 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1995). PAL: Progress in automobile lighting. Technical University Darmstadt, September 26/27, 1995. Darmstadt, Technical University, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1997). Philips lichtcatalogus 1997/1998 (Philips light catalogue 1997/1998). Eindhoven, Philips Lighting, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (2000). 2020 Self powered flashlight. Freeplay, 2000 (year estimated).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (2000a). Product information, Philips Lighting (year estimated).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (2002). Handboek verlichtingstechniek (Lighting engineering handbook). Loose-leaf edition. 2002 edition. Deventer, Kluwer Techniek, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aulhorn, E. (1964). Graefes Archiv für klinische and experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 167 (1964) no. 1, p. 4 ( Ref. Adrian, 1995 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. (1990). Beleuchtungstechnik; Grundlagen (Fundaments of illuminating engineering). Berlin, VEB Verlag Technik, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrows, W.E. (1938). Light, photometry and illuminating engineering. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartley, S.H. & Nelson, T.H. (1961). Further study of pulse-to-cycle fraction and flicker frequency. Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer. 51 (1961) 41-45 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1964 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bible, R.C. & Chrysler, S.T. (1995). A survey of light outputs of in-service headlamps and their effect on traffic sign luminance. In: Anon., 1995, p. 25 - 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, S, (1996), The Oxford dictionary of philosophy. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell, H.R. (1946). Contrast threshold of the human eye. Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer. 36 (1946) 624643.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell, H.R. (1952). Studies of psycho-physical methods for measuring visual thresholds. Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer. 42 (1952) 606-616 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1964 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell, H.R. (1959). Illum. Engng. 54 (1959) 317-353 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1964, 1964a ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blokpoel, A.; Schreuder, D.A. & Wegman, F.C.M. (1982). De waarneembaarheid bij duisternis van de zijkant van fietsen (The nighttime visibility of the sides of pedal bicycles). R-82-36. Leidschendam, SWOV, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodmann, H.W. & Voit, A.E. (1962). Versuche zur Beschreibung der Hellempfindung (Experiments to describe the impression of light). Lichttechnik. 14 (1962) no. 8, p. 394-400 ( Ref. Hentschel, 1994 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boisson, H. & Pagès, R. (1963). Détermination du seuil de perception des signaux routiers (The determination of the threshold of perception of road traffic signals). P-63-10. In CIE, 1963, p. 640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronstein, I.N.; Semendjajew, K.A.; Musiol, G. & Mühlig, H. (1997). Taschenbuch der Mathematik. 3. Auflage (Manual of mathematics. 3rd edition ). Frankfurt am Main, Verlag Harri Deutsch, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Budding, E. (1993). An introduction to astronomical photometry. Cambridge University Press, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buijs, A. (1995). Statistiek om mee the werken. Vierde, herziene druk, derde oplage (Statistics to work with; fourth revision, third edition ). Houten, Stenfert Kroese, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • CEN (2000). Traffic control equipment - Signal heads. European Standard. EN 12368. Brussels, CEN, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • CEN (2001). Standard for the lighting of road traffic tunnels, CEN/TC169/WG6. Draft Standard, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • CEN (2002). Road lighting European Standard. EN 13201-1…4. Brussels, Central Sectretariat CEN, 2002 (year estimated).

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1963). Proceedings of the CIE Session 1963 in Vienna (Vol. A, B, C, D). Publication No. 11, Paris, CIE, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1965). International recommendations for the lighting of public thoroughfares. Publication No. 12. Paris, CIE, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1971). Proceedings of the CIE Session 1971 in Barcelona (Vol. A, B, C). Publication No. 21. Paris, CIE, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1973). International recommendations for tunnel lighting, Publication No. 26. Paris, CIE, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1976). Glare and uniformity in road lighting installations. Publication No. 31, Paris, CIE, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1977). International recommendations for the lighting of roads for motorized traffic. Publication No. 12/2. Paris, CIE, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1980). Light signals for road traffic control. Publication No. 48. Paris, CIE, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1981). An analytical model for describing the influence of lighting parameters upon visual performance Summary and application guidelines (two volumes). Publication No. 19/21 and 19/22. Paris, CIE, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1983). International symposium Visual aspects of road markings, Paris, 2-3 May, 1983. Reports and papers. Paris, CIE, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1983a). Proceedings of the CIE Session 1983 in Amsterdam. Publication No. 56. Paris, CIE, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1984). Tunnel entrance lighting. Publication No. 61. Paris, CIE, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1987). Guide to the properties and uses of retroreflectors at night. Publication No. 72. Vienna, CIE, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1988). A guide for the design of road traffic lights. Publication No. 79. Vienna, CIE, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1988a). Visual aspects of road markings. Publication No. 73. Vienna, CIE, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1990). Guide for the lighting of road tunnels and underpasses. Publication No. 26/2. Vienna, CIE, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1990a). Calculation and measurement of luminance and illuminance in road lighting. Publication No. 30/2. Reprint of the 1982 edition. Paris, CIE, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1995). Recommendations for the lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic. Technical Report. Publication No. 115-1995. Vienna, CIE, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1997). Guidelines for minimizing sky glow. Publication No. 126-1997. Vienna, CIE, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1999). Proceedings, 24 the Session of the CIE, 24-30 June 1999, Warsaw, Poland. Vienna, CIE, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (2002). CIE equations for disability glare. In: CIE Collection on glare. Publication No. 146, p. 112, CIE, Vienna, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (2003). Tunnel lighting; A design guide. Revision of CIE Documents No. 61 and No. 88. Final draft, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cinzano, p. & Elvidge, D.E. (2003). Modelling night sky brightness at sites from DMSP satellite data. In: Schwarz, ed., 2003, p. 29 - 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, J.B. (1956). The influence of characteristics of a fluctuating visual stimulus on flicker sensation. Ophthalmologica. 131 (1956) 83-104 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1964 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, J.B. & Hopkinson, R.G. (1957). Intermittent light stimulation and flicker sensation. Ergonomics. 1 (1957) 61-76 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1964 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornsweet, T.N. (1970). Visual perception. London, Acad. Press, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daintith, J. & Nelson, R.D. (1989). The Penguin Dictionary of mathematics. London. Penguin Books, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Boer, J.B. (1959). La couleur de la lumière dans léclairage pour la circulation routière (The colour of the light in road traffic lighting). Lux. ( 1959 ). March-June (Ref. Schreuder, 1976 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • De Boer, J.B. (1967). Visual perception in road traffic and the field of vision of the motorist. In: De Boer, ed., 1967, Chapter 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Boer, J.B. & Van Heemskerck Veeckens, J.F.T. (1955). Observations on discomfort glare in street lighting. Influence of the colour of the light. Zürich, CIE, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Boer, J.B. & Fischer, D. (1981). Interior lighting (second revised edition). Deventer, Kluwer, 1981. De Boer, J.B., ed. (1967). Public lighting. Eindhoven, Centrex, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Lange, H. (1957). Attenuation characteristics and phase-shift characteristics of the human fovea-cortex systems in relation to flicker fusion phenomena. Doctoral Thesis. Delft, 1957 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1964 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • 1& De la Paz, F. (2003). The “Law of the Heavens” of the Canaries. In: Schwarz, ed., 2003, p. 95 - 109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, W.J. & Massey, F.J. (1957). Introduction to statistical analysis ( 2nd edition ). New York. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc., 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, C.A. & Booker, R.L. (1977). Visual Range: Concepts, instrumental determination, and aviation applications. NBS Monograph 159. Washington D.C., National Bureau of Standards, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drummen, M. (2004). Private communication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, C. (1939). Visual efficiency in coloured light. Trans. Illum. Engng. Soc. (London). 4 (1939) 137151 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1967 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • ENSIE (1950). Eerste Nederlandse Systematisch Ingerichte Encyclopaedie (First systematical encyclopedia of the Netherlands). Amsterdam, ENSIE, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enzmann, J. (1993). Development and principles of the luminance and visibility calculations. In: LRI, 1993, p. 1 - 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eslinger, G.A. (1993). Practical aspects of the application of VL in roadway design. In: LRI, 1993, p. 149 - 154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferry, E.S. (1892). Persistence of vision. Amer. Journ. Sci. 44 (1892) 192 ( Ref. Moon 1961 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Feynman, R.P.; Leighton, R.B. & Sands, M. (1977). The Feynman lectures on physics. Three volumes.1963; 6th printing 1977. Reading (Mass.), Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, A. (1971). The luminous intensity of a traffic signal for its detection by peripheral vision. In CIE, 1971, Paper P-71-04.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forcolini, G. (1993). Illuminazione di esterni (Exterior lighting). Milano, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortuin, G.J. (1951). Visual power and visibility. Dissertation Groningen 1951. Philips Research Reports nr. 6, p. 251-287 (Ref. De Boer & Fischer, 1981; Hentschel, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Foxell, C.A.P. & Stevens, W.R. (1955). Brit. Journ. Ophthalmolog., 1955, Sept. p. 513 ( Ref. Stevens, 1969 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, V.P.; Koth, B.W. & Freedman, M. (1975). The specification of street lighting needs. FHWARD-76-17. Philadelphia, Franklin Institute, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gershun, A. (1939). The light field (original title Svetovoe pole, Moscow, 1936) Translated by Moon & Timoshenko. Journal of Mathematics and Physics, 18 (1939) No 2, May, p. 51 - 151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, H.N. (1935). Recent developments in airway and aerodrome lighting. Illum. Engng (London). 28 (1935) 146-154 ( Ref. Middleton, 1952 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield, S. (1997). The human brain; A guided tour. London, Weidefeld & Nicholson, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, R.L. (1965). Visuele waarneming; de psychologie van het zien (Visual observation; the psychology of seeing). Wereldakademie; De Haan/Meulenhoff, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, R.L., ed. (1987). The Oxford companion to the mind. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guilford, J.P. (1936). Psychometric methods. New York. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, E.; Moser, E.A. (1968). Das Gesetz der physiologischen Blendung bei sehr kleinen Blendwinkeln (The laws of disability glare for very small glare angles). Lichttechnik. 20 (1968) 67A - 69A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, E.; Ucke, C. (1974). Der Einfluss der Blendquellengrö(3e auf die physiologische Blendung bei kleinen Blendwinkeln (The influence of the size of the glare source on disability glare at small glare angles). Lichttechnik. 26 (1974) 20 - 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haubner, P.; Bodmann, H.W. & Marsden, A.M. (1980). A unified relationship between brightness and luminance. Siemens Forschung-and Entwicklungs Berichte. 9 (1980) nr. 6, p. 315-318 (Ref Hentschel, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebb, D.O. (1958). A Textbook of Psychology. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hecht, S. (1947). Visual thresholds of steady point sources of light in fields of brightness from dark to daylight. Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer. 37 (1947) 500-507 ( Ref. Middleton, 1952 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hecht, Shlaer & Verrijp (1934). Intermittent stimulation by light. Journ. Gen. Physiol. 17 (1934) p. 237,251,269 ( Ref. Moon 1961 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Helbig, E. (1972). Grundlagen der Lichtmesstechnik (Fundaments of photometry). Leipzig, Geest & Portig, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hentschel, H.-J. (1994). Licht and Beleuchtung; Theorie and Praxis der Lichttechnik, 4. Auflage (Light and illumination; Theory and practice of lighting engineering, 4th edition ). Heidelberg, Hüthig, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann, J. (1993). DTV-Atlas zur Astronomie, 11. Auflage (DTV-atlas on astronomy, 11th edition ). München, DTV Verlag, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewlett Packard Company (n.y.). Product information about Yellow LED

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, N.E.G. (1947). The measurement of the chromatic and achromatic thresholds of coloured point sources against a white background. Prof. Phys. Soc. London. 59 (1947) 574-585 ( Ref. Middleton, 1952 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Holladay, L.L. (1927). Action of a light source in the field of view in lowering visibility. Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer. 14 (1927) 1.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, J.G. (1941). The recognition of coloured light signals. Trans. Ilium. Engng. Soc. (London) 6 (1941) 61-97 ( Ref. Middleton, 1952 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkinson, R.G. (1957). Assessment of brightness: What we see. Illum. Engng. 52 (1954) no 4. p. 211222 ( Ref. Hentschel, 1994 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkinson, R.G.; Stevens, W.R. & Waldram, J.M. (1941). Trans. Illum. Engng. Soc. (London). 6 (1941) 37 ( Ref. Stevens, 1969 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubel, D.H. (1990). Visuele informatie; Schakelingen in onze hersenen (Visual information; The switchboard in our brain). Wetenschappelijke Bibliotheek, deel 21. Maastricht, Natuur en Techniek, 1990 (Translation of: Eye, Brain and Vision. New York, The Scientific American Library, 1988 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Huijben, J.H., ed. (2003). Aanbevelingen voor tunnelverlichting (Recommendations for tunnel lighting). Arnhem, NSW, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulscher, F.R. (1975). Photometric requirements for long-range road traffic light signals. Australian Road Research. Vol 5, no 7, May 1975, p. 44 - 52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huhn, W. (1995). High intensity discharge headlamps - field experience. In Anon., 1995, p. 95 - 98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Illingworth, V., ed. (1991). The Penguin Dictionary of Physics ( second edition ). London, Penguin Books, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • IWACC (1986). Retroflekterende materialen en de visuele inrichting van het wegverkeer (Retroreflecting materials and the visual conditions in road traffic). IWACC 1986-VII. SVT/DVV/ANWB, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jainski, P. (1960). Die Sehschärfe des menschligen Auges bei verschiedenen Lichtarten (The visual acuity of the human eye with different types of light). Lichttechnik. 12 (1960) 402-405 (Ref. Hentschel, 1994; Schreuder, 1976 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Janoff M.S. (1993). The relationship between small target visibility and a dynamic measure of driver visual performance. Journ. IES 22 (1993) no 1. p. 104 - 112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janoff M.S. (1993a). Visibility vs response distance: A comparison of two experiments and the implications of their results. Journ. IES 22 (1993) no 1. p. 3 - 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jantzen, R. (1960). Flimmerwirkung der Verkehrsbeleuchtung (Flicker effects caused by road traffic lighting). Summary in Lichttechnik, 12 (1960) 211 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1964 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Keck, M.E. (1993). Optimization of lighting parameters for maximum object visibility and its economic implications. In: LRI, 1993, p. 43 - 52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, D.H. (1961/1962). Visual response to time dependent stimuli. Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer. 51 (1961) 421-429; 747-754; 52 (1962) 8-95 (Ref. Hentschel, 1994; Schreuder, 1964 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Knoll, H.A.; Beard, D.B.; Tousey, R. & Hulburt, E.O. (1945). Threshold and signalling ranges of point sources of light in fields of brightness from dark to daylight. Washington, US Naval Res. Lab. Rep. H-2627. 1945 ( Ref. Middleton, 1952 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Knoll, H.A.; Tousey, R. & Hulburt, E.O. (1946). Visual thresholds of steady point sources of light in fields of brightness from dark to daylight. Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer. 36 (1946) 480-482 ( Ref. Middleton, 1952 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • König, A. (1903). Reprint of the Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Leipzig 1903 ( Ref. Moon, 1961 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • König, A. & Brodhun, E. (1889). Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die psychophysischen Fundamentalformel in Bezug auf den Gesichtssinn (Experimental studies on the fundamental psychphysiological formulae regarding the visual sense). Sitz. Ber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss (1889) 641644 (Ref. Helbig, 1972; Moon, 1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krech, D.; Crutchfield, R.S. & Livson, N. (1969). Elements of psychology ( second edition ). New York, Alfred Knopf, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamar, E.S.; Hecht, S.; Shlear, S. & Hendley, C.D. (1947). Size, shape, and contrast in detection of targets by daylight vision. I: Data and analytical description. Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer. 37 (1947) 351-554 ( Ref. Middleton, 1952 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamar, E.S.; Hecht, S.; Shlaer, S. & Hendley, C.D. (1948). Size, shape, and contrast in detection of targets by daylight vision. II: Frequency of seeing and the quantum theory of cone vision. Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer. 38 (1947) 741-755 ( Ref. Middleton, 1952 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Longhurst, R.S. (1964). Geometrical and physical optics (fifth impression). London, Longmans, 1964. LRI (1993). Visibility and luminance in roadway lighting. 2nd International Symposium. Orlando FL, October 26-27,1993. New York, Lighting Research Institute LRI, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lythgoe, R.J. (1932). The measurement of visual acuity. Medical Council Special Report No. 175. London. H.M. Stationery Office 1932 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1976 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, I. & Pirie, A. (1950). The science of seeing. Harmondsworth, Penguin Books. Pelican A 157, 1950 (Revised edition).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, A.M. (1968). The relationship between brightness and luminance. Dissertation University Nottingham, 1968 ( Ref. Hentschel, 1994 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • McNally, D., ed., (1994). Adverse environmental impacts on astronomy: An exposition. An IAU/ICSU/UNESCO Meeting, 30 June-2 July, 1992, Paris. Proceedings. Cambridge University Press, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meseberg, H.-H. (1990). Lichttechnische Eigenschaften von Markierungen ( Light-technical characteristics of road markings) In: Meseberg, ed., 1990, p. 49 - 55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meseberg, H.-H., ed. (1990). Fahrbahnmarkierungen `90 (Road markings `90). Schriftenreihe DSGM, Heft 9. Bonn, Kirschbaum Verlag, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michon, J.A.; Eijkman, E.G.J.; De Klerk, L.F.W., eds. (1979). Handbook of psychonomics, Two Volumes. Amsterdam, North-Holland Publishing Company, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Middleton, W.E.K. (1952). Vision through the atmosphere. University of Toronto Press, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, E. (1999). Fuel-based light: Large CO2 source. IAEEL Newsletter no. 23. 8 (1999) nr. 2, p. 2 - 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minnaert, M. (1942). De natuurkunde van `t vrije veld; derde druk (Nature of the free open space; third edition). Zutphen, Thieme, 1942. Later reprinted by Dover Company, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mizon, B. (2002). Light pollution; Responses and remedies. Patric Moore’s Practical Astronomy Series. London, Springer, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moon, P. (1961). The scientific basis of illuminating engineering (revised edition). New York, Dover Publications, Inc., 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moon, P. & Spencer, D.E. (1981). The photic field. Cambridge, Massachusetts, The MIT Press, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moroney, M.J. (1990). Facts from figures. Harmondsworth, Penguin Books Ltd., 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narisada, K. (1999). Balance between Energy, Environment and Visual Performance. In CIE 1999, Vol. 1, p. 17 - 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narisada, K. & Karasawa, Y. (2001). Re-consideration of the Revealing Power on the basis of Visibility Level, Proceedings of International Lighting Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, 2001, Vol. 2, p. 473480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narisada, K.; Saito, T. & Karasawa, Y. (1997). Perception and road lighting design, Proceedings of SANCI International Conference, Durban, South Africa, 1997, p. 83 - 86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narisada, K.; Karasawa, Y. & Shirao, K. (2003). Design parameters of road lighting and Revealing Power, a paper to be presented at the San Diego Session of CIE, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman, D.A., ed. (1976). Memory and attention. Second edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichia Company (n.y). White LED data.

    Google Scholar 

  • NNI (1966). Verkeersregelinstallaties voor wegverkeer. Lichttechnische eisen en keuringsmethoden. NEN 3322. Eerste druk (Road traffic control signal installations. Light-technical requirements and testing methods. NEN 3322. First edition) Delft, NNI, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • NNI (1972). Verkeersregelinstallaties voor wegverkeer. Lichttechnische eisen en keuringsmethoden. NEN 3322. Tweede druk (Road traffic control signal installations. Light-technical requirements and testing methods. NEN 3322. Second edition) Delft, NNI, December 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSVV (1963). Aanbevelingen voor tunnelverlichting (Recommendations for tunnel lighting). Electrotechniek 41 (1963) p. 23; 46.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSVV (1990). Aanbevelingen voor de verlichting van lange tunnels voor het gemotoriseerde verkeer (Recommendations for the lighting of long tunnels for motorized traffic). Arnhem, NSVV; Leidschendam, SWOV, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSVV (1990a). Aanbevelingen voor openbare verlichting; Deel I (Recommendations for public lighting; Part I). NSVV, Arnhem, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSVV (2002). Richtlijnen voor openbare verlichting; Deel 1: Prestatie-eisen (Guidelines for public lighting; Part 1: Quality requirements). Nederlandse Praktijkrichtlijn 13201-1. Arnhem, NSVV, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSVV (2003). Richtlijnen voor openbare verlichting; Deel 3: Methoden voor het meten van de lichtprestaties van installaties (Guidelines for public lighting; Part 3: Measuring methods for the lighting quality of installations). Nederlandse Praktijkrichtlijn 13201-3. Arnhem, NSVV, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSVV (2003a). Richtlijnen voor openbare verlichting; Deel 2: Prestatieberekeningen (Guidelines for public lighting; Part 2: Calculations of the quality). Nederlandse Praktijkrichtlijn 13201-2. Arnhem, NSVV, 2003 (To be published).

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (1971). Lighting, visibility and accidents. A report prepared by an OECD Research Group. Paris, OECD, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (1975). Road marking and delineation. A report prepared by an OECD Road Research Group. Paris, OECD, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (1976). Polarized light for vehicle headlamps; Proposal for its public evaluation; the technical and behavioural problems involved. A report prepared by an OECD Road Research Group. Paris, OECD, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Padgham, C.A. & Saunders, J.E. (1966). Trans. Illum. Engng. Soc. (London). 31 (1966) 122 ( Ref. Stevens, 1969 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirenne, M.N. (1957). “Off”-mechanismus and human visual acuity. Journ. Physiol. 137 (1957) 48-49 ( Ref. Hentschel, 1994 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pogson, N. (1856). Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 17 (1856) p. 12 (Ref. Sterken & Manfroid, 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, T.C. (1902). Contribution to the study of flicker. Proc. Roy. Soc. 70 (1902) 313 ( Ref. Moon, 1961 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reading, V. (1966). Yellow and white headlamp glare and age. Trans. Illum. Engn, Soc. (London) 31 (1966) 108-114 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1967 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rood. (1893). Am. Journ. Sci. 46 (1893) 173 ( Ref. Barrows, 1938 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rushton, W.A.H. ( 1963; Ref. Cornsweet, 1970 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rushton, W.A.H. & Gubisch, R.W. (1966). Glare: its measurement by cone threshold and by the bleaching of cone pigment. Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer. 56 (1966) 104 - 110.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rushton, W.A.H. & Westheimer, G. (1962). The effect upon the rod threshold of bleaching neighboring rods. Journ. Physiol. (London) 164 (1962) 319 - 329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutley, K.S.; Christie, A.W. & Fisher, A. (1965). Photometric requirements for traffic signals. I. Peak intensities. R.R.L. Note No. LN/729. Crowthorne, Road Research Laboratory, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saito, M. & Narisada, K. (1968). The effect of flickering light on visual comfort (In Japanese). National Technical Report. Vol. 14. no. 1. February 1968. English translation by Narisada. 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, C. (1972). De behavioristische revolutie in de psychologie (The behaviouristic revolution in

    Google Scholar 

  • psychology). Deventer, Van Loghum Slaterus, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, B.E. (1993). Vistas in Astronomy. 36 (1993) 311 ( Ref. Schaefer, 2003 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, B.E. (1996). Astronomical Journal. 111 (1996) 1668 ( Ref. Schaefer, 2003 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, B.E. (2001). The Ptolemy dispute. Journ. History of Astronomy. 32 (2001) p. 1 ( Ref. Schaefer, 2003 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, B.E. (2003). Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schilling, G. (1992). Prisma van de sterrenkunde (Astronomy). Utrecht, Spectrum, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schober, H. & Wittmann, J.K. (1938). Untersuchungen über die Sehschärfe bei verschiedenartigem Licht (Research on the visual acuity under different types of light). Licht. 8 (1938) 199-201 ( Ref. Hentschel, 1994 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schouten, J.F. (1937). Visueele meting van adaptatie en van de wederzijdse beïnvloeding van netvlieselementen (Visual determination of adaptation and the mutual influence of retinal elements). Doctoral thesis, University Utrecht, 1937 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1964 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1964). The lighting of vehicular traffic tunnels. Eindhoven, Centrex, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1964a). Doctoral thesis, University of Eindhoven. Unpublished discussion. Eindhoven, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1967). Theoretical basis of road-lighting design. In: De Boer, ed., 1967, Chapter 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1967a). Tunnel lighting. In: De Boer, ed., 1967, Chapter 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1973). De motivatie tot voertuiggebruik (The motivation for vehicle usage). Haarlem, Internationale Faculteit, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1976). White or yellow light for vehicle head-lamps? Arguments in the discussion on the colour of vehicle head-lamps. Publication 1976-2E. Voorburg, SWOV, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1976a). Voertuigverlichting binnen de bebouwde kom (Vehicle lighting in built-up areas). Rapport R-76-7. Leidschendam, SWOV, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1981). De verlichting van tunnelingangen; Een probleemanalyse omtrent de verlichting van lange tunnels. Twee delen (The lighting of tunnel entrances; A problem analysis of the lighting of long traffic tunnels. Two volumes). R-81-26 I; II. Voorburg, SWOV, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1981a). Profilierte Farhnbahnmarkierungen (Profiled road markings). Bibliographien über Einzelgebiete des Strassenbaues and der Verkerhstechnik, Nr. 43. Köln, Forschungsgeselffschaft für Strassen-and Verkehrwesen. 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1984). Some curious phenomena when observing strobe-lights. Perceptual and Motor Skills 58 (1984) 1, p. 89-90. Also: Report R-84-4. Leidschendam, SWOV, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1985). Toepassingen en gebruiksmogelijkheden van retroreflecterende materialen in het wegverkeer; Een overzicht van de stand van zaken (Application and use of retroreflecting materials in road traffic; A survey of the state of affairs). R-85-62. Leidschendam, SWOV, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1986). The function of road markings in relation to drivers’ visual needs. R-86-29. Leidschendam, SWOV, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1988). Gezichtsvermogen en verkeersveiligheid (Visual performance and road safety). NUVO-jaarvergadering Leeuwarden, 25 april 1988. Oculus (1988). June. p. 11 - 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1988a). Gebruik van retroreflecterende materialen in het wegverkeer (Use of retroreflecting materials in road traffic). Elektrotechniek. 66 (1988) 1127 - 1132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1994). Comments on CIE work on sky pollution. Paper presented at 1994

    Google Scholar 

  • SANCI Congress, South African National Committee on Illumination, 7-9 November 1994, Capetown, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1998). Road lighting for safety. London, Thomas Telford, 1998 (Translation of “Openbare verlichting voor verkeer en veiligheid”, Deventer, Kluwer Techniek, 1996 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (2001). Energy efficient domestic lighting for developing countries. Paper prepared for presentation at The “International Conference on Lighting Efficiency: Higher performance at Lower Costs“ to be held on 19-21 January, 2001 in Dhaka(Bangladesh). Leidschendam, Duco Schreuder Consultancies, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. & Lindeijer, J.E. (1987). Verlichting en markering van motorvoertuigen: Een state-ofthe-art-rapport (Lighting and marking of motor vehicles; A state-of-the-art report). R-87-7. Leidschendam, SWOV, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, H.E.; Smith, R. & Walker, D. (2003). The Tololo all-sky camera - TASCA. In: Schwarz, ed., 2003, p. 187 - 194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, H.E., ed. (2003). Light pollution: The global view. Proceedings of the International Conference on Light Pollution, La Serena, Chile. Held 5-7 March 2002. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Volume 284. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shlaer, S. (1937). The relation between illumination and visual acuity. Journ. Gen. Physiol. 21 (1937) 165-188 (Ref. Hentschel, 1994. Note: Hentschel mentions erroneously the date of 1973 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B.F. (1965). Science and Human Behavior (paperback ed.) New York, The Free Press, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B.F. (1972). Beyond Freedom and Dignity. New York, Bantam/Vintage edition, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterken, C. & Manfroid, J. (1992). Astronomical photometry. Dordrecht, Kluwer, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, W.R. (1969). Building physics: Lighting - seeing in the artificial environment. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steyer, R (1997). Forschungsmethoden; Quantitative Methoden (Research methods; quantitative methods). In: Straub et al., eds., 1997, Chapter VII - 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiles, W.S. & Crawford, B.H. (1933). Luminous efficiency of rays entering the eye pupil at different points. Proc. Roy. Soc., 112B (1933) p. 428 ( Ref. Moon, 1961 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stilma, J.S. (1995). Visusdaling: acuut en geleidelijk (The lowering of the visus: acute and gradual). In: Stilma & Voorn, eds., 1995, Chapter 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stilma, J.S. (1995a). Cataract. In: Stilma & Voorn, eds., 1995, Chapter 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stilma, J.S. & Voorn, Th. B., eds. (1995). Praktische oogheelkunde. Eerste druk, tweede oplage met correcties (Practical ophthalmology. First edition, second impression with corrections). Houten, Bohn, Stafleu, Van Loghum, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Straub, J. (1997). Gedächtniss (Memory). In: Straub et al., eds., 1997, Chapter III - 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Straub, J.; Kempf, W. & Werbik, H., eds (1997). Psychologie, Eine Einführung (Psychology; An introduction). DTV 2990. München, Deutsche Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • SWOV (1969). Gevarendriehoeken; Functie, vormgeving en alternatieve middelen (Hazard warning triangles; Function, shape and alternative means). Rapport 1969-8. Voorburg, SWOV, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • SWOV (1969a). Retroreflecterende kentekenplaten en alternatieve middelen (Retroreflecting licence plates and alternative means). Rapport 1969-5. Voorburg, SWOV, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, O. ( 1944 ). Astronomie; feiten en problemen (Astronomy; Facts and problems). Amsterdam, Strengholt, 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tousey, R. & Koomen, M.J. (1953). Visibility of stars and planets during twilight. Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer. 43 (1953) 177 (Ref. Douglas & Booker, 1977 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Bergem-Jansen, P.M. & Vos, J. (1991). Hinder van assimilatiebelichting (Nuisance from assimilation lighting). Rapport Nr. C-23. Soesterberg, IZF/TNO, 1991. In:L Grit & Bomers, 1992, Annex I. ( Ref. Anon., 2000 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Bergem-Jansen, P.M.; Vos, L. & Alferdinck, J.W.A.M. (1996). Door omwonenden ervaren hinder van tennisbaanverlichting (Nuisance from tennis-court lighting experienced by surrounding residents). Rapport Nr. TM-96-0070. Soesterberg, IZF/TNO, 1996 ( Ref. Anon, 2000 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Bommel, W.J.M. & De Boer, J.B. (1980). Road lighting. Deventer, Kluwer, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Essen, J. (1965). Handwoordenboek der psychologie; 3e uitgave (Dictionary of psychology, 3rd edition) `s Gravenhage, Argus, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Essen (1968). Private communication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Heel, A.C.S. (1950). Inleiding in de optica; derde druk (Introduction into optics, third edition ). Den Haag, Martinus Nijhoff, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Norren, D. (1995). Lichtschade (Damage by light). In: Stilma & Voorn, eds., 1995, Chapter 4. Vermeulen, J. (2000). Private communication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voorn, Th. B. (1995). 1. Inleiding (1. Introduction). In: Stilma & Voorn, eds., 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J.J. (1963). On mechanisms of glare. Doctoral Thesis, University Utrecht, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J.J. (1969). Kwaliteitsverbetering van de leeskaart bij de oogarts (Improving the quality of the

    Google Scholar 

  • reading chart at the ophthalmologist). TNO-Nieuws 23 (1969) 337-340 (Ref. Schreuder, 1976 ). Vos, J.J. (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  • Verblinding bij tunnelingangen I: De invloed van strooilicht in het oog (Glare at tunnel entrances I: The influence of the straylight in the eye). IZF 1983 C-8. Soesterberg, IZF/TNO, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J.J. (1999). Glare today in historical perspective: Towards a new CIE glare observer and a new glare nomenclature. In: CIE, 1999, Volume 1, part 1, p. 38 - 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J.J. (2003). Reflections on glare. Lighting Res. Technol. 35 (2003) 163 - 176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J.J. & Padmos, P. (1983). Straylight, contrast sensitivity and the critical object in relation to tunnel entrance lighting. In: CIE, 1983a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J.J.; Walraven, J. & Van Meeteren, A. (1976). Light profiles of the foveal image of a point source. Vision Research. 16 (1976) 215 - 219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainscoat, R.J. (2003). Protection of Mauna Kea and Haleakala observatories from light pollution. In: Schwarz, ed., 2003, p. 111 - 121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, J.W.T. (1958/1965). Photometry ( 3rd edition ). London, Constable, 1958. Reprinted by Dover, New York, in 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weigert, A. & Wendker, H.J. (1989). Astronomie und Astrophysik - ein Grundkurs, 2. Auflage (Astronomy and astrophysics; An elementary course, 2nd edition ). VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim (BRD), 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wertheim, A.H. (1986). Over het meten van visuele opvallendheid van objecten in het verkeer (About the measurement of visual conspicuity of objects in road traffic). IZF 1986 C-25. Soesterberg, IZF/TNO, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wertheim, T. (1894). Über die indirekte Sehschärfe (On the indirect visual acuity). Z. Pschychol. u. Physiol. Sinnesorgane. 7 (1894) 172-187 ( Ref. Hentschel, 1994 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, W.D. (1967). The rays are not coloured. London, Adam Hilger, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • IJspeert, J.K.; De Waard, P.W.T.; Van den Berg. T.J.T.P. & De Jong, P.T.V.M. (1990). The intra-ocular straylight in 129 healthy volunteers; dependence on angle, age and pigmentation. Vision Research. 30 (1990) 699-707 ( Ref. Vos, 1999 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zajonc, A. (1993). Catching the light - The entwined history of light and mind. New York, Bantam, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Kohei Narisada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Duco Schreuder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Narisada, K., Schreuder, D. (2004). Visual performance, task performance. In: Light Pollution Handbook. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 322. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2666-9_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2666-9_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-015-7058-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-2666-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation