Skip to main content

Recommendations

  • Chapter
Light Pollution Handbook

Part of the book series: Astrophysics and Space Science Library ((ASSL,volume 322))

  • 715 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter gives the summary of the recommendations about photometric and geometric requirements to restrict the negative effects of light pollution, as well as the counter-measures that are available at present or in the near future to put in effect these requirements. It should be stressed that the recommendations given in this Chapter, usually are in broad agreement with those of CIE, either in report or in draft form. Some of the data are based on the draft recommendations prepared in the Netherlands. This draft is prepared to supplement, and in part replace the first part of these general rules.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 389.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adrian, W. (1961). Der Einfluss störender Lichter auf die extrafoveale Wahrnehmung des menschlichen Auges (The influence of disturbing light sources on the extrafoveal observation in the human eye). Lichttechnik 13 (1961) 450-454; 508-511; 558 - 562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adrian, W. (1993). The physiological basis of the visibility concept. In: LRI, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1993). Lighting manual. Fifth edition. LIDAC. Eindhoven, Philips, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1997). Control of light pollution — Measures, standards and practice. Conference organized by Commission 50 of the International Astronomical Union and Technical Committee 4.21 of the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. The Hague, 20 August 1994. The Observatory, 117 (1997) 10 - 36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1997a). Richtlijn openbare verlichting in natuurgebieden (Guideline for road lighting in nature reserves). Publicatie 112. Ede, CROW/NSVV, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (2000). Glastuinbouw (Greenhouse agriculture). Staatscourant der Nederlanden, 28 november 2000, nr. 231. p. 1284 ( Ref. Anon., 2002 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (2002). Workshop Samen werken aan duisternis, verslag (Workshop Working together for darkness, proceedings). Gaasterplas, Amsterdam, 29 November 2001. Rapport EC-LNV nr. 2002/092. Ede/Wageningen, Expertisecentrum LNV. Ministerie LNV, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (2003). Richtlijn voor het ontwerpen van installaties voor actieve markering (Guidelines for the design of installations for active road makings). Draft, January 2003. Provincie Noord-Holland. Deventer, Witteveen + Bos, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Assmann, J.; Gamber, A. and Muller, H.M. (1987). Messung und Beurteilung von Lichtimmissionen, Licht 7 (1987) 509 - 515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batten, A.H. ed. (2001). Astronomy for developing countries. Proceedings of a Special Session at the XXIV General Assembly of the IAU, held in Manchester, UK, 14-16 August 2000. San Francisco, The Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Budding, E. (1993). An introduction to astronomical photometry. Cambridge University Press, 1993. CEN (2002). Road lighting. European Standard. EN 13201-1..4. Brussels, Central Sectretariat CEN, 2002 (year estimated).

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1976). Glare and uniformity in road lighting installations. Publication No. 31. Paris, CIE, 1976. CIE (1977). International recommendations for the lighting of roads for motorized traffic. Publication No. 12/2. Paris, CIE, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1993). Urban sky glow, A worry for astronomy. Publication No. X008. 1993. Vienna, CIE, 1993. CIE (1995). Recommendations for the lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic. Technical Report. Publication No. 115-1995. Vienna, CIE, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1997). Guidelines for minimizing sky glow. Publication No. 126-1997. Vienna, CIE, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1999). Proceedings, 24th session of the CIE, 24-30 June 1999, Warsaw, Poland. Vienna, CIE, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (2001). Criteria for road lighting. Proceedings of three CIE Workshops on Criteria for road lighting. Publication CIE-X019-2001. Vienna, CIE, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (2002). CIE equations for disability glare. In: CIE Collection on glare. Publication No. 146, p. 112. CIE, Vienna, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (2003). Guide on the limitation of the effects of obtrusive light from outdoor lighting installations. Publication No. 150. Vienna, CIE, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, D.L. (1997). Photometry: Terminology and units in the lighting and astronomical sciences. In: Anon., 1997, p. 14 - 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Boer, J.B. (1951). Fundamental experiments of visibility and admissible glare in road lighting. Stockholm, CIE, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Boer, J.B. (1967). Visual perception in road traffic and the field of vision of the motorist. In: De Boer, ed., Chapter 2, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Boer, J.B., ed. (1967). Public lighting. Eindhoven, Centrex, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folles, E. (1979). De verblinding door sportvelden en haar invloed op wegverkeer en omwonenden (Glare by sports field lighting and its influence on road traffic and surrounding residents). Polytechnisch Tijdschrift (elektrotechniek/elektronica) 34(1979)726-734.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fellin, L.; Iacomussi, P.; Medusa, C.; Rossi, G. and Soardo, P. (2000). Compatibility between public lighting and astronomical observations; An Italian Norm. Draft 2000-08-28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grit, J.H. and Somers, C.T.M. (1992). Assimilatiebelichting (Assimilation lighting). Leidschendam, Ministerie van VROM, Bureau Adviseur Beroepen Milieubeheer, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hentschel, H.-J. (1994). Licht und Beleuchtung; Theorie und Praxis der Lichttechnik, 4. Auflage (Light and illumination; Theory and practice of lighting engineering, 4th edition ). Heidelberg, Hüthig, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • ILE (1994). Guidance notes for the reduction of light pollution (Revised edition). Rugby, ILE, 1994. Isobe, S. and Hirayama, T. eds. ( 1998 ). Preserving of the astronomical windows. Proceedings of Joint

    Google Scholar 

  • Discussion 5. XXIIIrd General Assembly International Astronomical Union, 18-30 August 1997, Kyoto, Japan. Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Conference Series, Volume 139. San Francisco, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jongenotter, E.; Buijn, H.R.; Rutte, P.J. and Schreuder, D.A. (2000). Nieuwe richting voor wegverlichtnng (New directions in road lighting). Verkeerskunde, 51 (2000) no 1, January, p. 32 - 36.

    Google Scholar 

  • LRI (1993). Visibility and luminance in roadway lighting. 2nd International Symposium. Orlando, Florida, October 26-27, 1993. New York, Lighting Research Institute LRI, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murdin, P. (1997). Zones of light pollution control. In: Anon. 1997a.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSVV (1957). Aanbevelingen voor openbare verlichting (Recommendations for public lighting). Moormans Periodieke Pers, Den Haag, 1957 (year estimated).

    Google Scholar 

  • NSVV (1999). Algemene richtlijnen voor lichthinder in de openbare ruimte. Deel 1, Lichthinder door sportverlichting (General directives for light intrusion in public areas. Part 1, Light intrusion by lighting of sports facilities). Arnhem, NSVV, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSVV (2002). Richtlijnen voor openbare verlichting; Deel 1: Prestatie-eisen (Guidelines for public lighting; Part 1: Quality requirements). Nederlandse Praktijkrichtlijn 13201-1. Arnhem, NSVV, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSVV (2003). Algemene richtlijnen voor lichthinder in de openbare ruimte. Deel 2, Terreinverlichting (General directives for light intrusion in public areas. Part 2, Area lighting). Arnhem, NSVV, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSW (2003a). Algemene richtlijnen voor lichthinder in de openbare ruimte. Deel 3, Aanstraling van gebouwen en objecten buiten (General directives for light intrusion in public areas. Part 3, Floodlighting of buildings and outdoor objects). Draft, September 2003. Arnhem, NSVV, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSVV (2003b). Algemene richtlijnen voor lichthinder in de openbare ruimte. Deel 4, Reclameverlichting (General directives for light intrusion in public areas. Part 4, Lighting for advertizing). Draft, September 2003. Arnhem, NSVV, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSVV (2003c). Richtlijnen voor openbare verlichting; Deel 3: Methoden voor het meten van de lichtprestaties van installaties (Guidelines for public lighting; Part 3: Measuring methods for the lighting quality of installations). Nederlandse Praktijkrichtlijn 13201-3. Arnhem, NSVV, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSVV (2003d). Richtlijnen voor openbare verlichting; Deel 2: Prestatieberekeningen (Guidelines for public lighting; Part 2: Calculations of the quality). Nederlandse Praktijkrichtlijn 13201-2. Arnhem, NSVV, 2003 (To be published).

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (1975). Road marking and delineation. A report prepared by an OECD Road Research Group. Paris, OECD, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (1976). Adverse weather, reduced visibility and road safety. Paris, OECD, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Painter, K. (1999). Street lighting, crime and fear for crime; A summary of research. Paper prepared for: CIE Workshop on Criteria for Road Lighting. 24 June 1999, Warsaw, Poland. In: CIE, 2001. Pimenta, J.Z. (2002). A luz invadora (On light intrusion). Revisto Lumière. 50(2002) June, p. 94-97. Pijnenburg, L.; Camps, M. and Jongmans-Liedekerken, G. (1991). Assimilatiebelichting nader belicht (Looking closer at assimilation lighting). Venlo, GGD Noord-Limburg, 1991. In: Grit and Bomers, 1992, Annex II.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, N. (1993). Sky glow conscious lighting design. In: CIE, 1993, Chapter 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1981). Profilierte Farhnbahnmarkierungen (Profiled road markings). Bibliographien über Einzelgebiete des Strassenbaues und der Verkerhstechnik, Nr. 43. Köln, Forschungsgeselschaft für Strassen-und Verkehrswesen, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1991). Visibility aspects of the driving task: Foresight in driving. A theoretical note. R-91-71. Leidschendam, SWOV, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1994). Comments on CIE work on sky pollution. Paper presented at 1994 SANCI Congress, South African National Committee on Illumination, 7-9 November 1994, Capetown, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1997). Bilateral agreements on limits to outdoor lighting; The new CIE Recommendations, their origin and implications. In: Isobe, S. and Hirayama, T. eds. (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1998). Road lighting for safety. London, Thomas Telford, 1998. (Translation of Openbare verlichting voor verkeer en veiligheid, Kluwer Techniek, Deventer, 1996 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1999). Environmental-friendly lighting design. Paper for the Conference on Light Pollution, held in Athens, Greece, 7-9 May 1999. Leidschendam, Duco Schreuder Consultancies, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (2000). The role of public lighting in crime prevention. Paper presented at the workshop The relation between public lighting and crime, held on 11 April 2000 at Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Eletrotecnica e Energia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (2000a). Obtrusive light audits: A method to assess light pollution. Paper presented at The 3rd National Lighting Congress Special session on Light Pollution held on 23-24 November 2000 at Taskisla-Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey. Leidschendam, Duco Schreuder Consultancies, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (2001). Pollution free lighting for city beautification; This is my city and I am proud of it. Paper presented at the International Lighting Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 6-12 September 2001. Schreuder, D.A. ( 2001a ). Strassenbeleuchtung für Sicherheit und Verkehr (Road lighting for security and traffic). Aachen, Shaker Verlag, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (2001b). Pollution-free road lighting. Paper presented at the Special Session: Astronomy for developing countries held at the 24th General Assembly of the IAU, Manchester, UK, 7-16 August 2000. In: Batten, ed., 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterken, C. and Manfroid, J. (1992). Astronomical photometry. Dordrecht, Kluwer, 1992.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stiles, W.S. and Crawford, B.H. (1937). The effect of a glaring light source on extrafoveal vision. Proc. Roy. Soc. 122b (1937). 255 - 280.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • UNI (1999). Illuminazione pubblica - Reqisiti per la limitazione della dispersione del flusso luminoso diretto verso il cielo. (Road lighting - Prescriptions on the limitation of the luminous flux emitted towards the sky). UNI Norm 10819, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Bergem-Jansen, P.M. and Vos, J. (1991). Hinder van assimilatiebelichting (Nuisance from assimilation lighting). Rapport Nr C-23. Soesterberg, IZF/TNO, 1991. In: Grit and Somers, 1992, Annex I. Van Bommel, W.J.M. and De Boer, J.B. ( 1980 ). Road lighting. Deventer, Kluwer, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J.J. (1963). On mechanisms of glare. Universiteit Utrecht, Dissertatie, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J.J. (1983). Verblinding bij tunnelingangen I: De invloed van strooilicht in het oog (Glare at tunnel entrances I: The influence of stray light in the eye). IZF 1983 C-8. Soesterberg, IZF/TNO, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J.J. (1999). Glare today in historical perspective: Towards a new CIE glare observer and a new glare nomenclature. In: CIE, 1999, Volume 1 part 1, p. 38 - 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J.J. (2003). Reflections on glare. Lighting Res. Technol. 35 (2003) 163 - 176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weigert, A. and Wendker, H.J. (1989). Astronomie und Astrophysik - ein Grundkurs, 2. Auflage (Astronomy and astrophysics; An elementary course, 2nd edition ). VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim (BRD), 1989.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Narisada, K., Schreuder, D. (2004). Recommendations. In: Light Pollution Handbook. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 322. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2666-9_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2666-9_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-015-7058-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-2666-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics