Abstract
This chapter gives the summary of the recommendations about photometric and geometric requirements to restrict the negative effects of light pollution, as well as the counter-measures that are available at present or in the near future to put in effect these requirements. It should be stressed that the recommendations given in this Chapter, usually are in broad agreement with those of CIE, either in report or in draft form. Some of the data are based on the draft recommendations prepared in the Netherlands. This draft is prepared to supplement, and in part replace the first part of these general rules.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adrian, W. (1961). Der Einfluss störender Lichter auf die extrafoveale Wahrnehmung des menschlichen Auges (The influence of disturbing light sources on the extrafoveal observation in the human eye). Lichttechnik 13 (1961) 450-454; 508-511; 558 - 562.
Adrian, W. (1993). The physiological basis of the visibility concept. In: LRI, 1993.
Anon. (1993). Lighting manual. Fifth edition. LIDAC. Eindhoven, Philips, 1993.
Anon. (1997). Control of light pollution — Measures, standards and practice. Conference organized by Commission 50 of the International Astronomical Union and Technical Committee 4.21 of the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. The Hague, 20 August 1994. The Observatory, 117 (1997) 10 - 36.
Anon. (1997a). Richtlijn openbare verlichting in natuurgebieden (Guideline for road lighting in nature reserves). Publicatie 112. Ede, CROW/NSVV, 1997.
Anon. (2000). Glastuinbouw (Greenhouse agriculture). Staatscourant der Nederlanden, 28 november 2000, nr. 231. p. 1284 ( Ref. Anon., 2002 ).
Anon. (2002). Workshop Samen werken aan duisternis, verslag (Workshop Working together for darkness, proceedings). Gaasterplas, Amsterdam, 29 November 2001. Rapport EC-LNV nr. 2002/092. Ede/Wageningen, Expertisecentrum LNV. Ministerie LNV, 2002.
Anon. (2003). Richtlijn voor het ontwerpen van installaties voor actieve markering (Guidelines for the design of installations for active road makings). Draft, January 2003. Provincie Noord-Holland. Deventer, Witteveen + Bos, 2003.
Assmann, J.; Gamber, A. and Muller, H.M. (1987). Messung und Beurteilung von Lichtimmissionen, Licht 7 (1987) 509 - 515.
Batten, A.H. ed. (2001). Astronomy for developing countries. Proceedings of a Special Session at the XXIV General Assembly of the IAU, held in Manchester, UK, 14-16 August 2000. San Francisco, The Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2001.
Budding, E. (1993). An introduction to astronomical photometry. Cambridge University Press, 1993. CEN (2002). Road lighting. European Standard. EN 13201-1..4. Brussels, Central Sectretariat CEN, 2002 (year estimated).
CIE (1976). Glare and uniformity in road lighting installations. Publication No. 31. Paris, CIE, 1976. CIE (1977). International recommendations for the lighting of roads for motorized traffic. Publication No. 12/2. Paris, CIE, 1977.
CIE (1993). Urban sky glow, A worry for astronomy. Publication No. X008. 1993. Vienna, CIE, 1993. CIE (1995). Recommendations for the lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic. Technical Report. Publication No. 115-1995. Vienna, CIE, 1995.
CIE (1997). Guidelines for minimizing sky glow. Publication No. 126-1997. Vienna, CIE, 1997.
CIE (1999). Proceedings, 24th session of the CIE, 24-30 June 1999, Warsaw, Poland. Vienna, CIE, 1999.
CIE (2001). Criteria for road lighting. Proceedings of three CIE Workshops on Criteria for road lighting. Publication CIE-X019-2001. Vienna, CIE, 2001.
CIE (2002). CIE equations for disability glare. In: CIE Collection on glare. Publication No. 146, p. 112. CIE, Vienna, 2002.
CIE (2003). Guide on the limitation of the effects of obtrusive light from outdoor lighting installations. Publication No. 150. Vienna, CIE, 2003.
Crawford, D.L. (1997). Photometry: Terminology and units in the lighting and astronomical sciences. In: Anon., 1997, p. 14 - 18.
De Boer, J.B. (1951). Fundamental experiments of visibility and admissible glare in road lighting. Stockholm, CIE, 1951.
De Boer, J.B. (1967). Visual perception in road traffic and the field of vision of the motorist. In: De Boer, ed., Chapter 2, 1967.
De Boer, J.B., ed. (1967). Public lighting. Eindhoven, Centrex, 1967.
Folles, E. (1979). De verblinding door sportvelden en haar invloed op wegverkeer en omwonenden (Glare by sports field lighting and its influence on road traffic and surrounding residents). Polytechnisch Tijdschrift (elektrotechniek/elektronica) 34(1979)726-734.
Fellin, L.; Iacomussi, P.; Medusa, C.; Rossi, G. and Soardo, P. (2000). Compatibility between public lighting and astronomical observations; An Italian Norm. Draft 2000-08-28.
Grit, J.H. and Somers, C.T.M. (1992). Assimilatiebelichting (Assimilation lighting). Leidschendam, Ministerie van VROM, Bureau Adviseur Beroepen Milieubeheer, 1992.
Hentschel, H.-J. (1994). Licht und Beleuchtung; Theorie und Praxis der Lichttechnik, 4. Auflage (Light and illumination; Theory and practice of lighting engineering, 4th edition ). Heidelberg, Hüthig, 1994.
ILE (1994). Guidance notes for the reduction of light pollution (Revised edition). Rugby, ILE, 1994. Isobe, S. and Hirayama, T. eds. ( 1998 ). Preserving of the astronomical windows. Proceedings of Joint
Discussion 5. XXIIIrd General Assembly International Astronomical Union, 18-30 August 1997, Kyoto, Japan. Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Conference Series, Volume 139. San Francisco, 1998.
Jongenotter, E.; Buijn, H.R.; Rutte, P.J. and Schreuder, D.A. (2000). Nieuwe richting voor wegverlichtnng (New directions in road lighting). Verkeerskunde, 51 (2000) no 1, January, p. 32 - 36.
LRI (1993). Visibility and luminance in roadway lighting. 2nd International Symposium. Orlando, Florida, October 26-27, 1993. New York, Lighting Research Institute LRI, 1993.
Murdin, P. (1997). Zones of light pollution control. In: Anon. 1997a.
NSVV (1957). Aanbevelingen voor openbare verlichting (Recommendations for public lighting). Moormans Periodieke Pers, Den Haag, 1957 (year estimated).
NSVV (1999). Algemene richtlijnen voor lichthinder in de openbare ruimte. Deel 1, Lichthinder door sportverlichting (General directives for light intrusion in public areas. Part 1, Light intrusion by lighting of sports facilities). Arnhem, NSVV, 1999.
NSVV (2002). Richtlijnen voor openbare verlichting; Deel 1: Prestatie-eisen (Guidelines for public lighting; Part 1: Quality requirements). Nederlandse Praktijkrichtlijn 13201-1. Arnhem, NSVV, 2002.
NSVV (2003). Algemene richtlijnen voor lichthinder in de openbare ruimte. Deel 2, Terreinverlichting (General directives for light intrusion in public areas. Part 2, Area lighting). Arnhem, NSVV, 2003.
NSW (2003a). Algemene richtlijnen voor lichthinder in de openbare ruimte. Deel 3, Aanstraling van gebouwen en objecten buiten (General directives for light intrusion in public areas. Part 3, Floodlighting of buildings and outdoor objects). Draft, September 2003. Arnhem, NSVV, 2003.
NSVV (2003b). Algemene richtlijnen voor lichthinder in de openbare ruimte. Deel 4, Reclameverlichting (General directives for light intrusion in public areas. Part 4, Lighting for advertizing). Draft, September 2003. Arnhem, NSVV, 2003.
NSVV (2003c). Richtlijnen voor openbare verlichting; Deel 3: Methoden voor het meten van de lichtprestaties van installaties (Guidelines for public lighting; Part 3: Measuring methods for the lighting quality of installations). Nederlandse Praktijkrichtlijn 13201-3. Arnhem, NSVV, 2003.
NSVV (2003d). Richtlijnen voor openbare verlichting; Deel 2: Prestatieberekeningen (Guidelines for public lighting; Part 2: Calculations of the quality). Nederlandse Praktijkrichtlijn 13201-2. Arnhem, NSVV, 2003 (To be published).
OECD (1975). Road marking and delineation. A report prepared by an OECD Road Research Group. Paris, OECD, 1975.
OECD (1976). Adverse weather, reduced visibility and road safety. Paris, OECD, 1976.
Painter, K. (1999). Street lighting, crime and fear for crime; A summary of research. Paper prepared for: CIE Workshop on Criteria for Road Lighting. 24 June 1999, Warsaw, Poland. In: CIE, 2001. Pimenta, J.Z. (2002). A luz invadora (On light intrusion). Revisto Lumière. 50(2002) June, p. 94-97. Pijnenburg, L.; Camps, M. and Jongmans-Liedekerken, G. (1991). Assimilatiebelichting nader belicht (Looking closer at assimilation lighting). Venlo, GGD Noord-Limburg, 1991. In: Grit and Bomers, 1992, Annex II.
Pollard, N. (1993). Sky glow conscious lighting design. In: CIE, 1993, Chapter 6.
Schreuder, D.A. (1981). Profilierte Farhnbahnmarkierungen (Profiled road markings). Bibliographien über Einzelgebiete des Strassenbaues und der Verkerhstechnik, Nr. 43. Köln, Forschungsgeselschaft für Strassen-und Verkehrswesen, 1981.
Schreuder, D.A. (1991). Visibility aspects of the driving task: Foresight in driving. A theoretical note. R-91-71. Leidschendam, SWOV, 1991.
Schreuder, D.A. (1994). Comments on CIE work on sky pollution. Paper presented at 1994 SANCI Congress, South African National Committee on Illumination, 7-9 November 1994, Capetown, South Africa.
Schreuder, D.A. (1997). Bilateral agreements on limits to outdoor lighting; The new CIE Recommendations, their origin and implications. In: Isobe, S. and Hirayama, T. eds. (1998).
Schreuder, D.A. (1998). Road lighting for safety. London, Thomas Telford, 1998. (Translation of Openbare verlichting voor verkeer en veiligheid, Kluwer Techniek, Deventer, 1996 ).
Schreuder, D.A. (1999). Environmental-friendly lighting design. Paper for the Conference on Light Pollution, held in Athens, Greece, 7-9 May 1999. Leidschendam, Duco Schreuder Consultancies, 1999.
Schreuder, D.A. (2000). The role of public lighting in crime prevention. Paper presented at the workshop The relation between public lighting and crime, held on 11 April 2000 at Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Eletrotecnica e Energia.
Schreuder, D.A. (2000a). Obtrusive light audits: A method to assess light pollution. Paper presented at The 3rd National Lighting Congress Special session on Light Pollution held on 23-24 November 2000 at Taskisla-Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey. Leidschendam, Duco Schreuder Consultancies, 2000.
Schreuder, D.A. (2001). Pollution free lighting for city beautification; This is my city and I am proud of it. Paper presented at the International Lighting Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 6-12 September 2001. Schreuder, D.A. ( 2001a ). Strassenbeleuchtung für Sicherheit und Verkehr (Road lighting for security and traffic). Aachen, Shaker Verlag, 2001.
Schreuder, D.A. (2001b). Pollution-free road lighting. Paper presented at the Special Session: Astronomy for developing countries held at the 24th General Assembly of the IAU, Manchester, UK, 7-16 August 2000. In: Batten, ed., 2000.
Sterken, C. and Manfroid, J. (1992). Astronomical photometry. Dordrecht, Kluwer, 1992.
Stiles, W.S. and Crawford, B.H. (1937). The effect of a glaring light source on extrafoveal vision. Proc. Roy. Soc. 122b (1937). 255 - 280.
UNI (1999). Illuminazione pubblica - Reqisiti per la limitazione della dispersione del flusso luminoso diretto verso il cielo. (Road lighting - Prescriptions on the limitation of the luminous flux emitted towards the sky). UNI Norm 10819, 1999.
Van Bergem-Jansen, P.M. and Vos, J. (1991). Hinder van assimilatiebelichting (Nuisance from assimilation lighting). Rapport Nr C-23. Soesterberg, IZF/TNO, 1991. In: Grit and Somers, 1992, Annex I. Van Bommel, W.J.M. and De Boer, J.B. ( 1980 ). Road lighting. Deventer, Kluwer, 1980.
Vos, J.J. (1963). On mechanisms of glare. Universiteit Utrecht, Dissertatie, 1963.
Vos, J.J. (1983). Verblinding bij tunnelingangen I: De invloed van strooilicht in het oog (Glare at tunnel entrances I: The influence of stray light in the eye). IZF 1983 C-8. Soesterberg, IZF/TNO, 1983.
Vos, J.J. (1999). Glare today in historical perspective: Towards a new CIE glare observer and a new glare nomenclature. In: CIE, 1999, Volume 1 part 1, p. 38 - 42.
Vos, J.J. (2003). Reflections on glare. Lighting Res. Technol. 35 (2003) 163 - 176.
Weigert, A. and Wendker, H.J. (1989). Astronomie und Astrophysik - ein Grundkurs, 2. Auflage (Astronomy and astrophysics; An elementary course, 2nd edition ). VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim (BRD), 1989.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Narisada, K., Schreuder, D. (2004). Recommendations. In: Light Pollution Handbook. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 322. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2666-9_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2666-9_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-015-7058-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-2666-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive