Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Astrophysics and Space Science Library ((ASSL,volume 322))

  • 735 Accesses

Abstract

Both in engineering and in astronomy, photometry is essential. Photometry makes it possible to express lighting and vision phenomena in a quantitative way, to define them, and to compare results with those of other researchers or of other laboratories. Photometry is a branch of experimental natural science. To deal with matters of lighting and vision in a scientific way, the first thing is to quantify light. For this purpose, the quantities of and the units of the light are strictly and precisely defined and described in the International Lighting Vocabulary that is published by CIE. This vocabulary is based on the ISO-Standards of weights and measures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 389.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, M.; Christian, C.; Mould, J.; Stryker, L. & Tody, D. (1980). Stellar magnitudes from digital pictures. Kitt Peak National Observatory publications ( Ref. Howell, 2001 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Adrian, W. (1969). Die Unterschiedsempfindlichkeit des Auges und die Möglichkeit ihrer Berechnung (The contrast sensitivity of the eye and the possibilities for its calculation). Lichttechnik. 21(1969) no. 1, p. 2A-7A ( Ref. Hentschel, 1994 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Adrian, W. (1961). Der Einfluss störender Lichter auf die extrafoveale Wahrnehmung des menschligen Auges (The influence of disturbing light sources on the extrafoveal observation of the human eye). Lichttechnik 13 (1961) 450-454; 508-511; 558 - 562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1932). Illuminating engineering nomenclature and photometric standards. IES, 1932 ( Ref. Moon, 1961 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1979). Instruction manual; Portable road surface reflectometer LTL 200. The Danish Illuminating Engineering Laboratory, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon (1988). Large glass beads improve wet night visibility. Better Roads 58 (1988) 8: 34 - 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1990). Bauschutzverordnung 1990. Fassung vom 23.01.1990 (Construction protection regulation, version 23 January 1990 ). BGB1. I, S. 132 ( Ref. Anon., 2000a ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1996). Zichtbaarheids-en CCD-luminantiemetingen in de Wijkertunnel, november 1996 (Visibility and CCD luminance measurements in the Wijkertunnel, November 1996 ). Gouda, Transpute, 1996 ( Ref. Huijben, ed., 2003 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1997). Control of light pollution - Measurements, standards and practice. Conference organized by Commission 50 of the International Astronomical Union and Technical Committee TC 4-21 of la Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage CIE at The Hague, Netherlands, on August 20, 1994. The Observatory, 117, 10-36, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1997a). Zichtbaarheids-en luminantiemetingen in de Wijkertunnel, herhalingsmetingen juli/augustus 1997 (Visibility and luminance measurements in the Wijkertunnel, follow-up measurements, july/august 1997 ). Gouda, Transpute, 1997 ( Ref. Huijben, ed., 2003 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1997b). Zichtbaarheids-en luminantiemetingen in de Drechttunnel, september 1997 (Visibility and luminance measurements in the Drechttunnel, September 1997 ). Gouda, Transpute, 1997 ( Ref. Huijben, ed., 2003 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1998). Meetrapport lichtmetingen aquaduct Alphen, 9 november 1998 (Light measurements aquaduct Alphen, 9 November 1998 ). Gouda, Transpute, 1998 ( Ref. Huijben, ed., 2003 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1998a). Gesetz zum Schutz von schädlichen Umwelteinwirkungen durch Luftverunreinigung, Geräusche, Erschütterungen und ähnliche Vorgänge (Law on protection against damaging environmental influences by air pollution, noise, vibrations and similar actions). Bundesimmissionsschutzgestez, 19 Oktober 1998 (BGB1. I, S. 3178).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (2000). Impact of outdoor lighting on man and nature. Gezondheidsraad (Health Council of the Netherlands). Publication no. 2000/25E. The Hague, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (2000a). Hinweise zur Messung und Beurteilung von Lichtimmisionen (Guidelines for the measurement and interpretation of light immission). 10 May 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (2001). Das Internationale Einheitensystem SI (the International System of Units SI). In: Anon. 2001a, p. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (2001a). Die SI-Basiseinheiten; Definition, Entwicklung; Realiserung. Nachdruck 2001 (The SI-basic units; Definition, development, realization. Reprinted 2001). Braunschweig, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (2003). Light pollution conference, 26-28 November 2003, Athens, Greece, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (2003a). Oostenrijk (Austria). Nieuwsbrief Platform Lichthinder, November 2003, Nummer 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Assmann, J.; Gamber, A. & Muller, H.M. (1987). Messung und Beurteilung von Lichtimmissionen (Measuring and judging light immission). Licht, 7 (1987) 509 - 515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Assmann, J.; Eberbach, K; Gamber, A.; Muller, H.M.; Reck, G. & Steck, B. (1991). Measurement and assessment of the environmental impact of light. Publication of the German Illuminating Engineering Society. Berlin, Lichttechnische Gesellschaft LiTG, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Backer, E. & Duin, R.P.W. (1989). Statistische patroonherkenning (Statistical pattern recognition). Delft, Delftse Uitgevers Maatschappij, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. (1990). Beleuchtungstechnik; Grundlagen (Fundaments of illuminating engineering). Berlin, VEB Verlag Technik, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrows, W.E. (1938). Light, photometry and illuminating engineering. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batten, A.H. ed. (2001). Astronomy for developing countries. Proceedings of a Special Session at the XXIV General Assembly of the IAU, held in Manchester, UK, 14-16 August 2000. San Francisco, The Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bean, A.R. & Simons, R.H. (1968). Lighting fittings performance and design. Oxford. Pergamon Press, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bischoff, K. & Metzdorf, J. (2001). Lichtstärke; Die Basiseinheit “Candela” (Luminous intensity; The basic unit Candela). In: Anon., 2001a, p. 41 - 43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaauw, G.L. & Padmos, P. (1981). De zichtbaarheid ’s nachts van wegmarkeringen op droge en natte wegen (Night visibility of road markings on dry and wet roads). IZF 1981-C20. Soesterberg, IZF/TNO, 1981 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1986 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaauw, G.L. & Padmos, P. (1982). Nighttime visibility of various types of road markings; A study on durability, including conditions of rain, fog and dew. SAE Paper 820412. SAE Detroit, 1982 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1986 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blokpoel, A.; Schreuder, D.A. & Wegman, F.C.M. (1982). De waarneembaarheid bij duisternis van de zijkant van fietsen (The night-time perception of bicycles from the side). R-82-36. Leidschendam, SWOV, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bok, S.T. (1948). Cybernetica (Cybernetics). Utrecht, Spectrum Aula, 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Born, M. & Wolf, E. (1964). Principles of optics. Oxford, Pergamon press, 1964 (Ref. Sterken & Manfroid, 1992)

    Google Scholar 

  • Breuer, H. (1994). DTV-Atlas zur Physik, Band 1. 4.Auflage (DTV-atlas on physics, Vol. 1, 4th edition ). München, Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag DTV, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronstein, I.N.; Semendjajew, K.A.; Musiol, G. & Mühlig, H. (1997). Taschenbuch der Mathematik. 3. Auflage (Manual of mathematics. 3rd edition ). Frankfurt am Main, Verlag Harri Deutsch, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Budding, E. (1993). An introduction to astronomical photometry. Cambridge University Press, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burghout, F. (1977). Simple parameters significant of the reflection properties of dry road surfaces. In: CIE, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • CEN (1998). Road lighting. European Standard. prEN 13201-1 to 4. Draft, June 1998. Brussels, Central Sectretariat CEN, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • CEN (2001). Standard for the lighting of road traffic tunnels, CEN/TC169/WG6. Draft Standard, 2001. CIE (1924). Proceedings of the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage, Geneva, 1924.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1951). CIE Proceedings 1951. Paris, CIE, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1976). Glare and uniformity in road lighting installations. Publication No. 31, Paris, CIE, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1977). Measures of road lighting effectiveness. Symposium Karlsruhe, July 5-6, 1977. Berlin, LiTG, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1978). Statement concerning protection of sites for astronomical observatories. Paris, CIE, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1980). Light signals for road traffic control. Publication No. 48. Paris, CIE, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1982). Retroreflection: Definitions and measurement. Publication No. 54. Paris, CIE, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1984). Road surfaces and lighting. Joint CIE/PIARC publication. Publication No. 66. Paris, CIE, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1984a). Tunnel entrance lighting. Publication No. 61. Paris, CIE, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1987). International Lighting Vocabulary. 4th Edition. Publication No. 17-4. Paris, CIE, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1987a). Guide to the properties and uses of retroreflectors at night. Publication No. 72. Vienna, CIE, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1987b). Methods of characterizing illuminance meters and luminance meters: Performance, characteristics and specifications. Publication No. 69. Vienna, CIE, 1987 ( Ref. Hentschel, 1994 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1988). A guide for the design of road traffic lights. Publication No. 79. Vienna, CIE, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1990). Calculation and measurement of luminance and illuminance in road lighting. Publication No. 30/2. Paris, CIE, 1982 (reprinted 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1990a). Guide for the lighting of road tunnels and underpasses. Publication No. 26/2. CIE, Vienna, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1991). Proceedings 22nd Session Melbourne 1991. Publication No. 91. Vienna, CIE, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1993). Urban sky glow, A worry for astronomy. Publication No. X008. 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1995). Maintained night-time visibility of retroreflective road signs. Publication No. 113. Vienna, CIE, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1995a). Recommendations for the lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic. Technical Report. Publication No. 115-1995. Vienna, CIE, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (1997). Guidelines for minimizing sky glow. Publication No. 126-1997. Vienna, CIE, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (2001). Road surface and road marking reflection characteristics. Publication No. 144. Vienna, CIE, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (2001a). Retroreflection: Definition and measurements. Publication No. 54. 2. Vienna, CIE, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (2002). CIE equations for disability glare. In: CIE Collection on glare, p. 1-12. Publication No. 146. Vienna, CIE, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (2003). Guide on the limitation of the effects of obtrusive light from outdoor lighting installations. Publication No. 150. Vienna, CIE, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIE (2003a). Tunnel lighting; A design guide. Revision of CIE Documents No. 61 and No. 88. Final draft, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cinzano, P. (1994). Light pollution determination in Italy. In: McNally, ed., 1994, Appendix 2, p. 157158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cinzano, P. (1997). Inquinamento luminoso e protezione del cielo notturno (Light pollution and the protection of the night sky). Venezia, Institutio Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Memorie, Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Vol. XXXVIII, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cinzano, P. (2002). The first World Atlas of the artificial night-sky brightness. In: Schwarz, ed., 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cinzano, P. & Diaz Castro, F.J. (2000). The artificial sky luminance and the emission angles of the upward light flux. In: Cinzano, ed., 2000, p. 251 - 256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cinzano, P.; Falchi, F.; Elvidge, C.D. & Baugh, K.E. (1999). Mapping the artificial sky brightness in Europe from DMSP satellite measurements; A preliminary map of artificial sky brightness. In: Metaxa, ed., 1999, p. 68 - 74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cinzano, P.; Falchi, F.; Elvidge, C.D. & Baugh, K.E. (2000). The artificial night sky brightness mapped from DMSP satellite Operational Linescan System measurements. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 318 (2000) p. 641 - 657.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cinzano, P.; Falchi, F.; Elvidge, C.D. & Baugh, K.E. (2001). The artificial sky brightness derived from DMSP satellite data. In: Cohen & Sullivan, eds., 2001, p. 95 - 102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cinzano, P.; Falchi, F. & Elvidge, C.D. (2001a). The first world atlas of the artificial night sky brightness. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2001 (preprint).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cinzano, P., ed. (2000). Measuring and modelling light pollution. Mem. S.A.It. 71 (2000) no 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • CGPM (1979). Conference Générale des Poids et Mesures, Paris, 1979 ( Ref: Hentschel, 1994 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, R.J. & Sullivan, W.T., eds. (2001). Preserving the Astronomical Sky, IAU Symposium No. 196, held in Vienna, Austria, 12-16 July 1999. PASP, San Francisco, USA, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornsweet, T.N. (1970). Visual perception. London, Acad. Press, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, D.L. (1991). Light pollution: a problem for all of us. In: Crawford, ed., 1991, p. 7 - 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, D.L. (1992). Light pollution. In: Kovalevsky, ed., 1992, p. 31 - 72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, D.L. (1997). Photometry: Terminology and units in the lighting and astronomical sciences. In: Anon., 1997, p. 14 - 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, D.L., ed. (1991). Light pollution, radio interference and space debris. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union colloquium 112, held 13 to 16 August, 1989, Washington DC. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series Volume 17. San Francisco, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • CROW (1987). Zicht op wegmarkeringen (Looking at road markings). Publikatie 2. Ede, Stichting C.R.O.W., 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • CROW (1988). Wegbouwkundige Werkdagen 1988 (Traffic engineering workshop). Ede, 26 en 27 mei 1988. EDE, Stichting C.R.O.W., 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalderop, R. (1986). The video luminance system. The Lighting Journal 1988 (year estimated).

    Google Scholar 

  • De Boer, J.B. & Vermeulen, J. (1967). Simple luminance calculations based on road surface classification. In: CIE, Washington, 1967 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1967 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • De Boer, J.B., ed. (1967). Public lighting. Eindhoven, Centrex, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diaz Castro, F.J. (1993). Instrument to measure of sky glow. Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, la Laguna. Private communication, 24 September 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1& De la Paz, F. (2003). The “Law of the Heavens“ of the Canaries. In: Schwarz, ed., 2003, p. 95 - 109.

    Google Scholar 

  • DIN (1969). Photoelektronische Bauelemente; Begriffe für Photovervielfacher (Photo-electronic building elements; concepts for photomultipliers). DIN 44 020, part 2/07.69. Berlin., DIN, 1969 ( Year estimated; ref. Hentschel, 1994 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • DIN (1998). Straßenbeleuchtung (Road lighting). DIN EN 13201. DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. 1998 (see also CEN, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, W.J. & Massey, F.J. (1957). Introduction to statistical analysis ( 2nd edition ). New York. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc., 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domhan, M. & Serres, A.-M. (1987). Fahrbahnmarkierungen mit Nachtsichtbarkeit bei Nässe (Wet night visible road markings). Strassenverkehrstechnik 31 (1987) 5: 156 - 168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elvidge, C.D.; Baugh, K.E.; Kihn, E.A.; Kroehl, H.W. & Davis, E.R. (1997). Photogram. Eng. Remote Sens. 63 (1997) 727. (Ref. Cinzano et al., 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Elvidge, C.D.; Baugh, K.E.; Kihn, E.A.; Kroehl, H.W.; Davis, E.R. & Davis, C. (1997a). Int. J. Remote Sens. 18 (1997) 1373. (Ref. Cinzano et al., 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Elvidge, C.D.; Baugh, K.E.; Hobson, V.H.; Kihn, E.A.; Kroehl, H.W.; Davis, E.R. & Coreo, D. (1997b). Global Change Biol. 3 (1997) 387. (Ref. Cinzano et al., 2000 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • EN (2000). Traffic control equipment - Signal heads. European Standard EN 12368, January 2000, ICS 93.080.30. Brussels, CEN, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • EN (2001). Fixed vertical road traffic signs - part 1 “signs” European Pre-Standard prEN 12899-1:2001 (e). Brussels, CEN, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, R.J. & Woltman, H.L. (1988). Sign luminance as a methodology for matching driver needs, roadway variables and traffic signing materials. In: SWOV, 1988 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1988 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fellin, L.; Iacomussi, P.; Medusa, C.; Rossi, G. & Soardo, P. (2000). Compatibility between public lighting and astronomical observations; An Italian Norm. Draft 2000-08-28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feynman R P; Leighton, R.B. & Sands, M. (1977). The Feynman lectures on physics. Three volumes. 1963; 6th printing 1977. Reading (Mass.), Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischbach, I (2001). Bewertung von Sichtverhältnissen im nächtlichen Strassenverkehr mit Leuchtdichteanalysatoren (Assessment of the visibility conditions in nighttime road traffic using luminance analyzing equipment). Ilmenau, TechnoTeam Bildverarbeitung GmbH, 2002 (Year estimated).

    Google Scholar 

  • Floor, K. (2004). Satellietbeelden met poollicht en lichtvervuiling (Satellite images with Aurora Borealis and light pollution). Zenit. 31 (2004) no. 1, p. 44 - 45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foti, S. (1992). Studio dell’inquinamento luminoso del ciela nella zona di Catania (Study on sky light pollution in the Catania region). Thesis, University of Catania. Catania, 1992 ( Ref. Cinzano, 1997 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, H. & Damasky, J. (1990). Entwickling eines mobilen Meßsystems zur Untersuchung der lichttechnischen Eigenschaften des Straßenraumes bei Dunkelheit (Development of a mobile measuring system to investigate the lighttechnical characteristics of the street scene in darkness). In: NSVV, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gall, D.; Krüger, U.; Schmidt, F. & Wolf, S. (2002). Moderne Möglichkeiten zur Messung und Bewertung von Beleuchtungsparametern. Herbstkonferenz 2002 der GfA e.V. (Modern possibilities to measure and assess lighting parameters. Fall Conference, 2002. GfA, e.V.). Ilmenau, Technical University, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garstang, R.H. (1989). Night-sky brightness at observatories and sites. PASP. 101 (1989) 306-329 ( Ref. Upgren, 1997 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Garstang, R.H. (1991). ASP Conference Series 17 (1991) 56 ( Ref. Upgren, 1997 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Garstang, R.H. (1992). BAAS. 24 (1992) p. 740 ( Ref. Upgren, 1997 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Garstang, R.H. (1993). Personal communication ( Ref. Upgren, 1997 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Garstang, R.H. (2000). Private communication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garstang, R.H. (2001). Private communication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garstang, R.H. (2002). Light pollution at Mount Wilson and at Palomar in 1931-32. The Observatory. 122 (2002) no. 1168, p. 154 - 158.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerlach, W., ed. (1964). Physik (Physics). Das Fischer Lexikon FL11. Frankurt am Main. Fischer Bücherei GmbH, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gershun, A. (1939). The light field (original title Svetovoe pole, Moscow, 1936. Translated by Moon & Timoshenko. Journal of Mathematics and Physics, 18 (1939) No 2, May, p. 51 - 151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilliland, R. (1992). p. 86 in: Astronomical CCD observing and reduction techniques. ASP Conference Series, Vol. 23. S. Howell, ed., 1992 ( Ref. Howell, 2001 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, R.L. (1970). The intelligent eye. Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, R.L., ed. (1987). The Oxford companion to the mind. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grit, J.H. & Bomers, C.T.M. (1992). Assimilatiebelichting (Assimilation lighting). Leidschendam, Ministerie van VROM, Bureau Adviseur Beroepen Milieubeheer, 1992 ( Ref. Anon., 2000 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gullixson, C. (1992). p. 130 in: Astronomical CCD observing and reduction techniques. ASP Conference Series, Vol. 23. S. Howell, ed., 1992 ( Ref. Howell, 2001 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, D. (2002). Licht + licht = donker (Light + light = darkness). Delft Integraal. 19 (2002) No. 2. p. 8 - 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, E. (1984). Untersuchungen zur belästigende Wirkung von Lichtimmissionen (Studies on the disturbing effect of light immissions). LIS-Berichte, 51, 33-57, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, E.; Schinke, M.; Wehmeyer, K. & Weske, H. (1984). Messung und Beurteilung von Lichtimmissionen künstlicher Lichtquellen (Measurement and assessment of light immissions from artificial light sources). München, Institut für medizinische Optik, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, D.S. (1970). Astrophys. J. 159 (1970) 165 (Ref. Sterken & Manfroid, 1992 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, D.S.; Latham, D.W. & Hayes, S.H. (1975). Astrophys. J. 197 (1975) 587 (Ref. Sterken & Manfroid, 1992 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Helbig, E. (1972). Grundlagen der Lichtmesstechnik (Fundaments of photometry). Leipzig, Geest & Portig, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hentschel, H.-J. (1994). Licht und Beleuchtung; Theorie und Praxis der Lichttechnik, 4. Auflage (Light and illumination; Theory and practice of lighting engineering, 4th edition ). Heidelberg, Hüthig, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann, J. (1993). DTV-Atlas zur Astronomie, 11. Auflage (DTV-atlas on astronomy, 11th edition ). München, DTV Verlag, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holladay, L.L. (1927). Action of a light source in the field of view in lowering visibility. Journ. Opt. Soc. Amer. 14 (1927) 1.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkinson, R.G.; Stevens, W.R. & Waldram, J.M. (1941). Trans. Illum. Engng. Soc. (London). 6 (1941) 37 ( Ref. Stevens, 1969 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Howell, S.B. (2001). Handbook of CCD astronomy, reprinted 2001. Cambridge ( UK ). Cambridge University Press, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hütte (1919). Des Ingenieures Taschenbuch (The manual for engineers). Berlin, Wilhelm Ernst und Sohn, 1919.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huijben, J.W. (2002). Lumimanties van de hemel, verlichtingssterkten en luminantiefactoren van materialen bij tunnelingangen (Sky luminances, illuminances and luminance factors of materials near tunnel entrances) Utrecht, Bouwdienst Rijkswaterstaat, 27 juni 2002 ( Ref. Huijben, ed., 2003 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Huijben, J.W., ed. (2003). NSVV Aanbevelingen voor de verlichting van tunnels en onderdoorgangen (NSW Recommendations for the lighting of tunnels and underpasses). Arnhem, NSVV, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • IESNA (1999). Lighting for exterior environments. An IESNA Recommended Practice. RP-33-99. New York. The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Illingworth, V., ed. (1991). The Penguin Dictionary of Physics ( second edition ). London, Penguin Books, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isobe, S. & Kosai, H. (1994). A global network observation of night sky brightness in Japan - Method and some result. In: McNally, ed., 1994, p. 155 - 156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isobe, S. & Kosai, H. (1998). Star watching observations to measure night sky brightness. In: Isobe & Hirayama, eds., 1998, p. 175 - 184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isobe, S. & Hirayama, T. eds. (1998). Preserving of the astronomical windows. Proceedings of Joint Discussion 5. XXIIIrd General Assembly International Astronomical Union, 18-30 August 1997, Kyoto, Japan. Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Conference Series, Volume 139. San Francisco, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, S.E. & Cole, B.L. (1984). The effect of the density of background elements on the conspicuity of objects. Vision Research. 22 (1984) 1241-1252 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1988 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jung, W.; Titishov, A.I. & Kazakov. A. (1983). Road surface reflectance measurements in Ontario.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preprint. TRB Annual Meeting 1984. Washington, D.C., TRB ( Ref. Schreuder, 1998 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, F. (1888). De sterrenhemel, tweede deel, vierde druk (The starry sky, volume 2, fourth edition ). Deventer, Hulscher, 1888.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keitz, H.A.E. (1967). Lichtmessungen und Lichtberechnungen. 2e. Auflage (Measuring and calculating light, 2nd edition ). Eindhoven, Philips Technische Bibliotheek, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kop, V. (1990). Nachtsichtbarkeit bei Nässe, Lösungsansätze und Erfahrungen beim Einsatz profilierter Markierungen in Europa - Dänemark (Wet night visibility, approach and experience with profiled road markings in Europe - Denmark). In: Meseberg, ed., 1990, p. 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosai, H. & Isobe, S. (1988). Organized observations of night-sky brightness in Japan. National Astronomical Observatory, Mikata, Tokyo, Japan, 1988 (year estimated).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosai, H.; Isobe, S. & Nakayama, Y (1994). A global network observation of night sky brightness in Japan - Method and some result. In: McNally, ed., 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovalevsky, J., ed. (1992). The protection of astronomical and geophysical sites. NATO-committee on the challenges of modern society, Pilot Study No. 189. Paris, Editions Frontières, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnaiah, P.R. & Kanal, L.N. (1982). Handbook of statistics, Volume 2. Noord Holland UM, p$1451-477; reprinted as chapter 15, p. 174-201 in Backer & Duin, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristian, J. & Blouke, M. (1982). Scientific American. 247 (1982) no.4, p. 48 (Ref. Sterken & Manfroid, 1992 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krochmann, J. (1984). Über die Messung der Güte von photometern kennzeichnenden Messzahlen (About the measurement of values that characterize photometers). Int. Wiss. Kol. Techn. Hochschule Ilmenau. 5 (1984) p. 145-149 ( Ref. Baer, 1990 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuchling, H. (1995). Taschenbuch der Physik (Manual for physics). 15. Auflage. Leipzig-Köln, Fachbuchverlag, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lafferty, P. & Rowe, J., eds. (1994). Dictionary of science. London, Brockhampton Press, 1994. Lamla, E. (1965). In: Landolt-Börnstein, NS, Vol. VI/1. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1965 (Ref. Sterken & Manfroid, 1992 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamla, E. (1982). In: Landolt-Börnstein, NS, Vol. VI/2b, Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1982 (Ref. Sterken & Manfroid, 1992 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazet, A,; Leebeek, H.J. & Van Meeteren, A. (1967). Zichtbaarheid van gevarendriehoeken (Visibility of hazard warning triangles). Rapport No. IZF 1967-C6. Soesterberg, IZF/TNO, 1967 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1988 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • LITG (1996). Messung und Beurteilung von Lichtimmissionen künstlicher Lichtquellen (Measurement and assessment of light intrusion by artificial light sources). LiTG-Publikation Nr. 12. Berlin, Deutsche Lichttechniche Gesellschaft, 1996 ( Ref. Anon., 2000a ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lub, J.& Pel, J.W. (1977). Astr. Astrophys. 54 (1977) 137 (Ref. Sterken & Manfroid, 1992). McNally, D. ed., (1994). Adverse environmental impacts on astronomy: An exposition. An IAU/ICSU/UNESCO Meeting, 30 June-2 July, 1992, Paris. Proceedings. Cambridge University Press, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meseberg, H.-H., ed. (1990). Fahrbahnmarkierungen ’90 (Road markings ’90). Schriftenreihe DSGM, Heft 9. Bonn, Kirschbaum Verlag, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metaxa, M. (2003). The UNESCO educational programme ‘light pollution and youth’. In: Anon., 2003. Mizon, B. (2002). Light pollution; Responses and remedies. Patric Moore’s Practical Astronomy Series. London, Springer, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moon, P. (1961). The scientific basis of illuminating engineering (revised edition). New York, Dover Publications, Inc., 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moon, P. & Spencer, D.E. (1981). The photic field. Cambridge, Massachusetts, The MIT Press, 1981. Morass, W. & Rendl, F. (1967). Portable measuring instrument for road-surface measurements. Light and Lighting. 60 (1967) p. 157 (Ref. Van Bommel & De Boer, 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moroney, M.J. (1990). Facts from figures. Harmondsworth, Penguin Books Ltd., 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murdin, P. (1997). ALCoRs: Astronomical lighting control regions for optical observations. In: Anon., 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • NEN (1999). Verkeerstekens (Road traffic signs). Standard NEN 3381. Delft, Nederlands Nomalisatieinstituut, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSVV (1990). Licht90. Tagungsberichte Gemeinschaftstagung, Rotterdam, 21-23 Mai, 1990 (Licht90. Proceedings of joint meeting, Rotterdam, 21-23 May 1990). Arnhem, NSVV, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSVV (1990a). Aanbevelingen voor openbare verlichting (Recommendations for public lighting). NSVV, Arnhem, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSVV (1999). Algemene richtlijnen voor lichthinder in de openbare ruimte. Deel 1, Lichthinder door sportverlichting (General directives for light intrusion in public areas. Part 1, Light intrusion by lighting of sports facilities). Arnhem, NSVV, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSVV (2003). Algemene richtlijnen betreffende lichthinder. Deel 2 Terreinverlichting (General rules for light disturbance. Part 2, Area lighting). Arhnem. NSVV, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSVV (2003a). Algemene richtlijnen voor lichthinder in de openbare ruimte. Deel 3, Aanstraling van gebouwen en objecten buiten (General directives for light intrusion in public areas. Part 3, Floodlighting of buildings and outdoor objects). Draft, September 2003. Arnhem, NSVV, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • NSVV (2003b). Algemene richtlijnen voor lichthinder in de openbare ruimte. Deel 4, Reclameverlichting (General directives for light intrusion in public areas. Part 4, Lighting for advertizing). Draft, September 2003. Arnhem, NSVV, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Obro, P. & Sorensen, K. (1976). A portable instrument for the measurement of road reflection properties. Internal Report. The Danish Illuminating Engineering Laboratory, 1976 (Ref. Van Bommel & De Boer, 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (1975). Road marking and delineation. A report prepared by an OECD Road Research Group. Paris, OECD, 1975. Özver-Krochmann, 1993. Private communication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Padgham, C.A. & Saunders, J.E. (1966). Trans. Ilium. Engng. Soc. (London). 31 (1966) 122 ( Ref. Stevens, 1969 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasariello, D. (2003). Earth, the planet that wanted to be a star. In: Anon., 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrakis, M. (2003). Monitoring remote sensing light pollution and its impact on the environment. In: Anon., 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • PIARC (1990). Final report. PIARC, Working Group on Pervious Coated Macadam, Draft, 1 October 1990. Paris, PIARC, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plaszmann, J. & Pohle, J., eds. (1910). Der Sternenhimmel (The starry sky). München. Allgemeine Verlags-Gesellschaft m.b.H., 1910 (year estimated).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pogson, N. (1856). Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 17 (1856) p. 12 (Ref. Sterken & Manfroid, 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Range, H.D. (1972). Ein vereinfachtes Verfahren zur lichttechnische Kennzeichnung von

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahrbahnbelägen (A simplified method for the lighttechnical characterization of road surfaces). Lichttechnik. 24 (1977) 608 (Ref. Van Bommel & De Boer, 1980 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Range, H.D. (1973). Strassenreflektometer zur vereinfachten Bestimmung lichttechnische Eigenschaften von Fahrbahnbelägen (Road reflectometer for the simplified assessment of the lighttechnical properties of road surfaces). Lichttechnik. 25 (1977) 389 (Ref. Van Bommel & De Boer, 1980 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeb, O. (1962). Grundlagen der Photometrie (Fundaments of photometry). Karlsruhe, Verlag G. Braun, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reicke, G. (1994). Detection of light from the submillimeter to the ultraviolet. Cambridge University Press, 1994 ( Ref. Howell, 2001 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ris, H.R. (1992). Beleuchtungstechnik für Praktiker (Illuminating engineering for practical applications). Berlin, VDE-Verlag, GMBH, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, G. ed. (1996). International workshop and intercomparison of luminance CCD measurement systems (draft). Liege, Belgium, 23 September 1994. CIE, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, B.E. (1993). Vistas in Astronomy. 36 (1993) 311 ( Ref. Schaefer, 2003 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, B.E. (2003). Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, W. (2002). NSVV Commissie Lichthinder - onderdeel sterrenkunde (NSVV Commission on obtrusive light - section on astronomy). Draft 26 July 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, F. & Krüger, U. (2000). Einsatz von Standard-CCD-Matrizen für fotometrische Messungen - Anwendung and Design von Kameras mit hoher Auflösung and Genauigkeit (Use of standard CCD arrays for photometric measurements - application and design of cameras with high resolution and accuracy). Ilmenau, TechnoTeam Bildverarbeitung GmbH, 2000 (Year estimated).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt-Clausen, H.-J. (1990). Lichttechnische Anforderungen an Fahrbahnmarkierungen (Lighttechnical requirements on road markings). In: Meseberg, ed., 1990, p. 7 - 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1967). The theoretical basis for road lighting design. In: De Boer, ed., 1967, Chapter 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1967a). Measurements. In: De Boer, ed., 1967, Chapter 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1967b). Tunnel lighting. In: De Boer, ed., 1967, Chapter 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1971). The coding and transmission of information by means of road lighting. In: SWOV, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1976). White or yellow light for vehicle head-lamps? Arguments in the discussion on the colour of vehicle head-lamps. Publication 1976-2E. Voorburg, SWOV, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1980). Geprofileerde wegmarkeringen; Een literatuurstudie (Profiled road markings, A literature study). R-80-51. Leidschendam, SWOV, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1985). De zichtbaarheid van wegmarkeringen op natte wegen; Een aanvullende literatuurstudie (The visibility of road markings on wet roads; A supplementary study of the literature). R-85-23. Leidschendam, SWOV, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1986). The function of road markings in relation to driver’s visual needs. R-86-29. Leidschendam, SWOV, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1987). Road lighting and light trespass. Vistas in Astronomy 30 (1987) 3/4, 185-195. Schreuder, D.A. (1988). Zeer open asfaltbeton en de verkeersveiligheid (Porous asphalt and road safety). In: CROW, 1988. Bijdrage 27. Deel 2; Stroom II-1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1988a). Gebruik van retroreflecterende materialen in het wegverkeer (Use of retroreflecting materials in road traffic). Elektrotechniek. 66 (1988) 1127 - 1132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1991). Light trespass countermeasures. In: Crawford, ed., 1991. p. 25 - 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1991a). A device to measure road reflection in situ. In: CIE (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1992). De relatie tussen de veiligheid en het niveau van de openbare verlichting (The relation between road safety and the light level of public lighting). R-92-39. Leidschendam, SWOV, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1992a). Openbare verlichting als verkeersveiligheidsmaatregel; Stand van zaken en toekomst (Public lighting as road safety measure; State of affairs and future). Leidschendam, SWOV, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1992b). Meting van de reflectie-eigenschappen van wegdekken ten dienste van het energetisch optimaliseren van openbare verlichting (Measurements of the reflection characteristics of road surfaces for the use in the energetically optimization of public lighting). Leidschendam, Duco Schreuder Consultancies. 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1993). Light pollution, a European problem. Paper presented at the meeting of the British Astronomical Association BAA, Reading (UK), 3 July 1993. Leidschendam, Duco Schreuder Consultancies, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1993a). The assessment of urban sky glow. Paper presented at ILE Annual Conference, Bournemouth, September 1993. Leidschendam, Duco Schreuder Consultancies, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1994). Comments on CIE work on sky pollution. Paper presented at 1994 SANCI Congress, South African National Committee on Illumination, 7-9 November 1994, Capetown, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1994a). Interference by Light of Astronomical Observations. Background paper for a presentation at 1994

    Google Scholar 

  • SANCI Congress, South African National Committee on Illumination, 7-9 November 1994, Capetown, South Africa. Draft, October 21, 1994. Leidschendam, Duco Schreuder Consultancies, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1995). Quality lighting - The need to cry over spilled milk. Paper presented at 3rd European Conference on Energy-Efficient Lighting, 18th-21st June 1995, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Leidschendam, Duco Schreuder Consultancies, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1995a). Definition of the average luminance, the non-uniformity and the illuminance. Note for CIE. Leidschendam, Duco Schreuder Consultancies, 1995 (not published).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1995b). Tolerances in the measurements. Contribution to CEN/TC169/WG6. Standard for the lighting of road traffic tunnels. Draft. 21 March 1995. Leidschendam, Duco Schreuder Consultancies, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1996). A CCD line-scan system for road luminance measurement. Traffic Engineering and Control, 37 (1996) 208 - 209.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (1997). Bilateral agreements on limits to outdoor lighting; The new CIE

    Google Scholar 

  • Recommendations, their origin and implications. In: Isobe, S. & Hirayama, T. eds. (1998). Schreuder, D.A. (1998). Road lighting for safety. London, Thomas Telford, 1998. ( Translation of

    Google Scholar 

  • Openbare verlichting voor verkeer en veiligheid, Deventer, Kluwer Techniek, 1996). Schreuder, D.A. (1999). Sky glow measurements in the Netherlands. In: Cohen & Sullivan, eds., 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (2000). Issues of modern road lighting. Paper presented at LUXAMERICA, Sao Paulo, Brazil, April 2000. Leidschendam, Duco Schreuder Consultancies, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (2001). Light intrusion. Paper presented at Lux Junior 2001, 21 - 23

    Google Scholar 

  • September 2001. Ilmenau (Thüringen) BR Germany. Leidschendam, Duco Schreuder Consultancies, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. (2003). Pollution-free road lighting. In: Anon., 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. & Schoon, C.C. (1990). De relatie tussen koershouden van voertuigen en wegmarkeringen op 80 km/h wegen; Een literatuurstudie (The relation between course holding and road markings on 80 km/h roads; A study of the literature). R-90-54. Leidschendam, SWOV, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreuder, D.A. & Smith, M. (2003). Light pollution; energy loss; ecological dimensions and social dimensions. Introduction. In: Anon., 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1& Van de Velde, A. (1995). A CCD line-scan measuring system for road surface luminance. In: Rossi, ed. (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, H.E. (2003). Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, H.E., ed. (2003). Light pollution: The global view. Proceedings of the International Conference on Light Pollution, La Serena, Chile. Held 5-7 March 2002. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, volume 284. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • SCW (1974). Wegverlichting en oppervlaktetextuur (Road lighting and surface texture). Mededeling No. 34. Stichting Studie Centrum Wegenbouw SCW, Arnhem, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • SCW (1977). International Symposium on Porous Asphalt. S.C.W. Record 2. Arnhem, SCW, 1977. SCW (1984). Lichtreflectie van wegdekken (Light reflection of road surfaces). Mededeling 53. Stichting Studie Centrum Wegenbouw SCW, Arnhem, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serres, A.-M. (1990). Les images pour les études de visibilité de nuit (Images to investigate the night time visibility). Bull Liais. Labo. P et Ch. 165 (1990) jan-fév. 65 - 72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. & Suhrmann, R. (1958). Der lichtelektrishe Effekt und seine Anwendung, 2. Auflage (The photoelectric effect and its application, second edition ). Berlin, Springer, 1958 ( Ref. Hentschel, 1994 ).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sivak, M. & Olson. P.L. (1982). Nighttime legibility of traffic signs; conditions eliminating the effect of driver age and disability glare. Acc. Anal. & Prev. 14 (1982) 87-94 ( Ref. Schreuder 1988 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, W. (1873). Amer. J. Sci. 5(1873) p. 390 ( Ref. Hentschel, 1994 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. (2003). Controlling the growth and spread of light pollution. In: Anon., 2003. Soardo, P. (2001). Private communication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soardo, P. (2003). Private communication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soardo, P.; Fellin, L.; lacomussi, P.; Medusa, C. & Rossi, G. (2001). Compatibility between public lighting and astronomical observations; An Italian Norm. Draft 2001

    Google Scholar 

  • Spenke, E. (1956). Elektronische Halbleiter (Electronic semiconductors). Berlin, Springer, 1956 ( Ref. Hentschel, 1994 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterken, C. & Manfroid, J. (1992). Astronomical photometry. Dordrecht, Kluwer, 1992.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, W.R. (1969). Building physics: Lighting - seeing in the artificial environment. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, I. (1994). The mathematics of chaos. In: Lafferty & Rowe, eds., 1994, p. 113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steyer, R (1997). Forschungsmethoden; Quantitative Methoden (Research methods; quantitative methods). In: Straub et al., eds., 1997, Chapter VII - 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Straub, J.; Kempf, W. & Werbik, H., eds. (1997). Psychologie, Eine Einführung (Psychology; An introduction). DTV 2990. München, Deutsche Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stroppa, G. (2003). The technology of light against light pollution. In: Anon., 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, W.T. (1989). Int. J. Remote Sensing, 10 (1989), p. 1 (Ref. Cinzano et al., 2000 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, W.T. (1991). The Earth at night: An image of the nighttime Earth based on cloud-free satellite photographs. In Crawford, ed., 1991, p. 11-17 (Ref. Cinzano et al., 2000 )

    Google Scholar 

  • SWOV (1969). Gevarendriehoeken; Functie, vormgeving en alternatieve middelen (Hazard warning triangles; Function, shape and alternative means). Rapport 1969-8. Voorburg, SWOV, 1979 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1988 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • SWOV (1969a). Retroreflecterende kentekenplaten en alternatieve middelen (Retroreflecting licence plates and alternative means). Rapport 1969-5. Voorburg, SWOV, 1979 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1988 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • SWOV (1972). Psychological aspects of driver behaviour; Papers presented to the International Symposium on psychological aspects of driver behaviour, held at Noordwijkerhout, the Netherlands, 2-6 Augustus 1971. 2 Volumes. Voorburg, SWOV, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • SWOV (1973). Fietsen bij schemer/duisternis (Cycling at dusk and in the dark). Publikatie 1973-3N. Voorburg, SWOV, 1973 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1988 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • SWOV (1988). International Symposium on traffic safety theory and research methods. Amsterdam, April 26-28, 1988. Leidschendam, SWOV, 1988 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1988 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, O. (1944). Astronomie; feiten en problemen (Astronomy; Facts and problems). Amsterdam, Strengholt, 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tooke, W.R. & Hurst, D.R. (1975). Wet night visibility study. G. Dot Res. Proj. No. 6701. Dept. of Transportation of Georgia, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tritton, K.P. (1997). Astronomical requirements for limiting light pollution. In Anon., 1997, p. 10 - 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tromp, J.P.M. (1993). Verkeersveiligheid en drainerend asfaltbeton, ZOAB (Road safety and drainage asphalt, ZOAB). R-93-35. Leidschendam, SWOV, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tromp, J.P.M. (1994) Road safety and drain asphalt ZOAB. In: Road Safety in Europe and Strategic

    Google Scholar 

  • Highway Research Program (SHRP), p. 163-171. Lille, France, 26 - 28 September 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN (1958). Regulation Nr. 3: Uniform prescriptions for the homologation of retroreflective devices for motor vehicles. Geneva, 20 March 1958, United Nations, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN (1993). Uniform provisions concerning the approval of retroreflective tires for two-wheeled vehicles. E/ECE/324. Addendum 87; Regulation No. 87. 10 April 1991, revision 31 March 1993. United Nations, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN (1996). Uniform provisions concerning the approval of retroreflective devices for power-driven vehicles and their trailers. E/ECE/324. Addendum 2. Regulation No. 3. 22 October 1996. United Nations, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Unger, S.W.; Brinks, E.; Laing, R.A.; Tritton, K.P. & Gray, P.M. (1988). Observers’ Guide. Version 2.0. November 1988. La Palma, Isaac Newton Group, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Upgren, A.R. (1997). The measurement of night-sky brightness. In: Anon., 1997, p. 19 - 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Bergem-Jansen, P.M. & Vos, J. (1991). Hinder van assimilatiebelichting (Nuisance from assimilation lighting). Rapport Nr C-23. Soesterberg, Institute for Perception TNO, 1991. In: Grit & Bomers 1992, Annex 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Bommel, W.J.M. & De Boer, J.B. (1980). Road lighting. Deventer, Kluwer, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Gorkum, F. (1982). De zichtbaarheid van zeven wegmarkeringsmaterialen onderzocht bij nacht en ontij (The visibility of seven road marking materials, tested at night and bad weather). Wegen. 56 (1982) 115-262 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1986 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Heel, A.C.S. (1950). Inleiding in de optica; derde druk (Introduction into optics; third edition ). Den Haag, Martinus Nijhoff, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Melsen, A.G.M. (1946). Natuurwetenschap en wijsbegeerte (Science and philosophy). Utrecht, Spectrum, 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Melsen, A.G.M. (1983). Natuurwetenschap en natuur (Natural science and nature). Nijmegen, Ambo, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Norren, D. (1974). Leesbaarheid van bewegwijzering langs autosnelwegen; Een literatuur-evaluatie (Legibility of directional signs along motorways; An evaluation of the literature). Rapport 1974 C15. Soesterberg, IZF/TNO, 1974 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1988 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Norren, D. (1981). Informatiedragers langs de weg; Een overzicht van zichtbaarheidsproblemen (Information carriers along the road; A survey of visibility problems). Rapport 1981 C-25. Soesterberg, IZF/TNO, 1981 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1988 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Soest, J.L. (1956). Informatie-en Communicatie-theorie; 2e druk (Information and Communication theory. Second edition ). Delft, Centrale Commissie Studiebelangen, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vermaelen, S. (2003). Private communication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J.J. (1983). Verblinding bij tunnelingangen I: De invloed van strooilicht in het oog (Glare at tunnel entrances I: The influence of the straylight in the eye). IZF 1983 C-8. Soesterberg, IZF/TNO, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J.J. (1999). Glare today in historical perspective: Towards a new CIE glare observer and a new glare nomenclature. In: CIE, 1999, Volume 1 part 1, p. 38 - 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J.J. (2003). Reflections on glare. Lighting Res. Technol. 35 (2003) 163 - 176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldram, J.M. (1954). Trans. Illum. Engng. Soc. (London). 19(1954) (Ref. Stevens, 1969). Waldram, J.M. (1958). Trans. Illum. Engng. Soc. (London). 23 (1958) 113 ( Ref. Stevens, 1969 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldram, J.M. (1972). The calculation of sky haze luminance from street lighting. Lighting Res. & Technol. 4 (1972) 21 - 26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walraven, J. (1981). Kleur (Colour). Ede, Zomer & Keuning. 1981. Original English edition: London, Marshall Editions Limited, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walraven, J.H. & Walraven, T. (1960). Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth. 15 (1960) 67 (Ref. Sterken & Manfroid, 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, J.W.T. (1958). Photometry (3rd edition). London, Constable, 1958. Reprinted by Dover, New York, in 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walthert, R. (1977). Lichtmessungen auf Strassen und in Sportanlagen. Bericht SLG-Tagung Lichtmesstechnik. (Light measurements of roads and sports lighting installations. Proceedings SLG meting on photometry). Switzerland, 1977 (Ref. Van Bommel & De Boer, 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weigert, A. & Wendker, H.J. (1989). Astronomie und Astrophysik - ein Grundkurs, 2. Auflage (Astronomy and astrophysics - a primer, 2nd edition ). VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim (D), 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westermann, H.-O. (1963). Reflexionskennwerte von Straßenbelägen (Reflection characteristics of road surfaces). Lichttechnik 15 (1963) 507 - 510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westermann, H.-O. (1964). Das Reflexionsverhalten bituminöser Straßendecken im Zusammenhang mit der Griffigkeit (The reflection characteristics of asphalt road surfaces in relation to the skidding resistance). Straße u. Tiefbau 18 (1964) 290 - 295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, N. (1950). Cybernetics, or control and communication in the animal and in the machine (eighth printing). New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, N. (1954). The human use of human beings ( 2nd ed ). New York, Doubleday, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woltjer, L. (1998). Economic consequences of the deterioration of the astronomical environment. In: Isobe & Hirayama, eds., 1998, p. 243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, W.D. (1967). The rays are not coloured. London, Adam Hilger, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyszecki, G. & Stiles, W.S. (1967). Colour science. New York, 1967 ( Ref. Hentschel, 1994 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, A.T. (1984). Proc. workshop improvements to photometry. NASA Conference Publ. vol. 2350, p. 8 (Ref. Sterken & Manfroid, 1992 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Youngblood, W.P. & Woltman, H.L. (1978). Relation between sign luminance and specific intensity of reflective materials. Washington, DC. Transportation Research Board. Transportation Research Records, 681. p. 20-24 ( Ref. Schreuder, 1988 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • IJspeert, J.K.; De Waard, P.W.T.; Van den Berg. T.J.T.P. & De Jong, P.T.V.M. (1990). The intra-ocular straylight in 129 healthy volunteers; dependence on angle, age and pigmentation. Vision Research. 30 (1990) 699-707 ( Ref. Vos, 1999 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zijl, H. (1951). Manual for the illuminating engineer on large size perfect diffusors. Eindhoven, Philips Industries, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Narisada, K., Schreuder, D. (2004). Photometry. In: Light Pollution Handbook. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 322. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2666-9_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2666-9_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-015-7058-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-2666-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics