Abstract
The initiation of renal replacement therapy in chronic uremia coincides with the evolution and subsequent progression of renal disease. The decision as to the appropriate starting moment for the substitution program is still the subject of much discussion. Although specific biochemical parameters (such as the level of plasma creatinine) have been suggested to guide the decision to begin therapy, each patient must be evaluated on an individual basis; whilst specific guidelines may be helpful, they must be considered in conjunction with a large number of additional factors. Some patients may appear well, but may have high levels of creatinine, while others may have much lower creatinine levels, but nevertheless demonstrate classic signs of the uremic syndrome such as nausea, vomiting, progressive anemia, electrolytic disorders, acid—base disequilibrium or neuropathy.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Sargent JA. Control of dialysis by a single-pool urea model: the National Cooperative Dialysis Study. Kidney Int. 1983;23(Suppl. 13):519—S25.
Gotch FA, Sargent JA. A mechanistic analysis of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study (NCDS). Kidney Int. 1985;28:526–34.
Lowrie EG, Laird NM, Henry RR. Protocol for the National Cooperative Dialysis Study (NCDS). Kidney Int. 1983;23(Suppl. 13):S11–18.
MacLeod A, Grant A, Donaldson C et al. Effectiveness and efficiency of methods of dialysis therapy for end-stage renal disease: systematic reviews. Health Technol Assess. 1998;2: 1–166.
Mulder M. Basic Principles of Membrane Technology. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1996:157–209.
Alberti G, Drioli E. Le membrane. La Nuova Italia Scientifica (NIS), Roma, 1995.
Babb AL, Farrell PC, Uvelli DA, Scribner BH. Hemodialyzer evaluation by examination of solute molecular spectra. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1972;18:98–105.
Sargent JA, Gotch FA. Principles and biophysics of dialysis. In: Maher JF, editor. Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1989:87–143.
Henderson LW. Biophysics of ultrafiltration and hemofiltration. In: Maher JF, editor. Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1989:300–26.
Fecondini F, Ronco C, Cappelli G et al. Membrane per emodialisi: composizione, struttura e caratteristiche operative. In: Ghezzi PM, Ronco C, editors. Membrane e Filtri per Emodialisi. Milano: Wichtig, 1995:5–69.
Drukker W. Hemodialysis: a historical review. In: Maher JF, editor. Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1989:20–86.
Graham T. Liquid diffusion applied to analysis. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond. 1861;151:183.
Abel JJ, Rowntree LC, Turner BB. On the removal of diffusible substances from the circulating blood of living animals by dialysis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1914; 5:275–316.
Haas G. Versuche der Blutauswaschung am Lebenden mit Hilfe der Dialyse. Klin Wochenschr. 1925;4:13.
Thalhimer W. Experimental exchange transfusion for reducing azotemia. Use of the artificial kidney for this purpose. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1937;37:641–3.
Kolff WJ, Berk HTJ. De kunstmatige nier: een dialysator met groot oppervlak. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1943;87: 1684.
Alwall N. On the artificial kidney. I — Apparatus for dialysis of blood in vivo. Acta Med Scand. 1947;128:317–25.
Alwall N, Norviit L. On the artificial kidney. II — The effectivity of the apparatus. Acta Med Scand. 1947; 196:250.
Stewart RD, Cerny JC, Mahon HI. The capillary kidney. Preliminary report. Univ Michigan Med Center J. 1964;30:116–18.
Bowry SK, Rintelen TH. A cellulosic hemodialysis membrane with minimized complement activation. ASAIO J. 1998;44:M579–83.
Ronco C, La Greca G, editors. Vitamin-E-bonded Membrane: A Further Step in Dialysis Optimisation. Contrib Nephrol. Basel, Karger, 1999:127.
Babb AL, Popovich RP, Christopher TJ, Scribner BH. The genesis of the square meter hour hypothesis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1971;17:91–6.
Atti M. Le membrane per dialisi: il Poliacrilonitrile. In: Di Paolo N, Buoncristiani U, editors. Tecniche Nefrologiche e Dialitiche ′91. Milano: Wichtig, 1991:25–68.
Tielemans C, Madhoun P, Lenaers M et al. Anaphylactoid reactions during hemodialysis on AN69 membranes in patients receiving ACE inhibitors. Kidney Int. 1990;38: 982–4.
Verresen L, Waer M, Vanrenterghem Y, Michielsen P. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and anaphylactoid reactions to high-flux membrane dialysis. Lancet. 1990;336:1360–2.
Parnes L, Shapiro B. Anaphylactoid reactions in hemodialysis patients treated with the AN69 dialyzer. Kidney Int. 1991;40:1148–52.
Mazuecos A, Montoyo C, Andres A et al. Absence of anaphylactoid reactions with the combined use of ACE inhibitors and AN69 hemodialysis membranes. Nephron. 1991;59:519.
Teruel JL, Pascual J, Serrano P, Ortuno J. ACE inhibitors and AN69 membranes: absence of anaphylactoid reactions in haemodiafiltration process. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1992;7:275.
Lacour F, Maheut H. AN 69 membrane and conversion enzyme inhibitors: prevention of anaphylactic shock by alkaline rinsing? Nephrologie. 1992;13:135–6.
Renaux JL, Thomas M, Crost T et al. Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system in hemodialysis: role of membrane electronegativity, blood dilution, and pH. Kidney Int. 1999;55:1097–103.
Ronco C, Bowry S. Nanoscale modulation of the pore dimensions, size distribution and structure of a new polysulfone-based high-flux dialysis membrane. Int J Artif Organs. 2001;24:726–35.
Bowry SK, Ronco C. Surface topography and surface elemental composition analysis of Helixone, a new high-flux polysulfone dialysis membrane. Int J Artif Organs. 2001;24:757–64.
Ronco C, editor. Polymethylmethacrylate. A flexible membrane for a tailored dialysis. Contrib Nephrol. Basel, Karger, 1999:127.
Poothullil J, Shimizu A, Day RP. Anaphylaxis from the product(s) of ethylene oxide gas. Ann Intern Med. 1975;82:58–62.
Marshall C, Shimizu A, Smith EKM. Ethylene oxide allergy in a dialysis center: prevalence in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis population. Clin Nephrol. 1984;21:346–9.
Grammer LC, Roberts M, Nicholls AJ et al. IgE against ethylene oxide-altered human serum albumin in patients who have had acute dialysis reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1984;74:544–6.
Rockel A, Thiel C, Abdelhamid S et al. Three cases of hemodialysis-associated hypersensitivity reactions. Int J Artif Organs. 1985;8:179–80.
Pearson F, Bruszer G, Lee W et al. Ethylene oxide sensitivity in hemodialysis patients. Artif Organs. 1987;11:100–3.
Ansorge W, Pelger M, Dietrich W, Baurmeister U. Ethylene oxide in dialyzer rinsing fluid: effect of rinsing technique, dialyzer storage time, and potting compound. Artif Organs. 1987;11:118–22.
Lemke HD. Mediation of hypersensitivity reactions during hemodialysis by IgE antibodies against ethylene oxide. Artif Organs. 1987;11:104–10.
Bommer J, Ritz E. Ethylene oxide (ETO) as a major cause of anaphylactoid reactions in dialysis (a review). Artif Organs. 1987;11:111–17.
Rollino C, Goitre M, Piccoli G et al. What is the role of sensitization in uremic pruritus? Nephron. 1991;57:319–22.
Grammer LC. Hypersensitivity. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1994;9(Suppl. 2):29–35.
Lemke HD. Hypersensitivity reactions during haemodialysis: the choice of methods and assays. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1994;9(Suppl. 2):120–5.
Kraske GK, Shinaberger JH, Klaustermeyer WB. Severe hypersensitivity reaction during hemodialysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997;78:217–20.
Purello D’Ambrosio F, Savica V, Gangemi S et al. Ethylene oxide allergy in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997;12:1461–3.
Takesawa S, Ohmi S, Konno Y et al. Varying methods of sterilisation, and their effects on the structure and permeability of dialysis membranes. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1987;1:254–7.
Inagaki H, Hamazaki T, Kuroda H, Yano S. Foreign particles contaminating hemodialyzers and methods of removing them by rinsing. Nephron. 1987;46:343–6.
Caiazza S, Giangrande A, Cantu P et al. Particle migration from haemodialysis circuit: electron microscopy and microprobe analysis. Biomater Artif Cells Artif Organs. 1988;16:721–9.
Hoenich NA, Thompson J, Varini E et al. Particle spallation and plasticiser (DEHP) release from extracorporeal circuit tubing materials. Int J Artif Organs. 1990;13:55–62.
Hoenich NA, Thompson J, McCabe J, Appleton DR. Particle release from haemodialysers. Int J Artif Organs. 1990;13:803–8.
Ghezzi PM, Ronco C, Delfino PG. Membrane e Filtri per Emodialisi. Milano: Wichtig, 1997:Vol. IV.
Ronco C, Ghezzi PM, Hoenich NA, Delfino PG. Membranes and Filters for Hemodialysis 2001. Basel: Karger, 2000 (CD-ROM).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ronco, C., Ghezzi, P.M., Bowry, S.K. (2004). Membranes for hemodialysis. In: Hörl, W.H., Koch, K.M., Lindsay, R.M., Ronco, C., Winchester, J.F. (eds) Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2275-3_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2275-3_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-015-7012-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-2275-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive