Abstract
Hemodialysis has evolved from an experimental procedure to a widely used life-sustaining method. It is a membrane separation process in which waste products and water retained as a consequence of renal insufficiency are removed by diffusion across a semipermeable membrane into an electrolyte solution (dialysis fluid). The origins of this treatment may be traced to the middle of the 19th century, at which time theoretical concepts of diffusion were practically applied to a variety of procedures ranging from the purification of colloids to the measurement of hydrogen ions in the blood (1). The concept of dialysis applied to blood is credited to John J. Abel at Baltimore, who explained how and why blood could be cleansed of urea and other metabolites by the use of a collodion membrane, and designed the apparatus for carrying it out. Abel understood that the kidney functioned by diffusion and discerned that dialysis could be used as an emergency kidney.
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Hoenich, N.A., Ghezzi, P.M., Ronco, C. (2004). Hemodialyzers and related devices. In: Hörl, W.H., Koch, K.M., Lindsay, R.M., Ronco, C., Winchester, J.F. (eds) Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2275-3_12
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