Skip to main content

Peritoneal access and its complications

  • Chapter
Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis
  • 576 Accesses

Abstract

Access for peritoneal dialysis (PD) is less problematic than access for hemodialysis (HD). HD access complications are a leading cause of admission for HD patients, while admission for PD catheter complications is infrequent, accounting for less than 2% of admissions (1). Considerable research is focused on designing and investigating new catheters to decrease the risk of infection and mechanical failure. Numerous variations in the original PD curled and straight Tenckhoff catheters are available (2), allowing a considerable choice for the PD team. This chapter will review catheter types, placement, and complications.

Dr Ash gratefully acknowledges Dr Beth Piraino for contributions to this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Fried L, Abidi S, Bernardini J, Johnston JR, Piraino B. Hospitalization in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999:33:927–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Gokal R, Alexander S, Ash S et al. Peritoneal catheters and exit site practices toward optimum peritoneal access: 1998 update. Pert Dial Int. 1998;18:11–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Palmer RA, Newell JE, Gray EF, Quinton WE. Treatment of chronic renal failure by prolonged PD. N Engl J Med. 1966; 274:248–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Tenckhoff H, Schechter H. A bacteriologically safe peritoneal access device. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1968; 14:181–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ash SR. Peritoneal catheter designs and placement methods; they do make a difference. Contemp Dial Nephrol Feb. 2000:24–9.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Twardowski ZJ, Dobbie JW, Moore HL et al. Morphology of PD catheter tunnel: macroscopy and light microscopy. Pert Dial Int. 1991;11:237–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Twardowski ZJ. PD catheter exit site infections: prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and future directions. Semin Dial. 1992;5:305–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Ash SR. Chronic peritoneal dialysis catheters: effects of catheter design, materials and location. Semin Dial. 1990;3: 39–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Gokal R, Alexander S, Ash S et al. Peritoneal catheters and exit site practice: toward optimum peritoneal access: 1998 update. Petit Dial Int 1998;18:11–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ash SR, Carr DJ, Diaz-Buxo JA. Peritoneal access devices: hydraulic function and biocompatibility. In: Nissenson AR, Fine RN, Gentile DE, editors. Clinical Dialysis. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1995:295–321.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kim D, Burke D, Izatt S et al. Single- or double-cuff peritoneal catheters? A prospective comparison. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1984;30:232–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Eklund B, Honkanen E, Kyllonen L, Salmela K, Kala A-R. Peritoneal dialysis access: prospective randomized comparison of single-cuff and double-cuff straight Tenckhoff catheters. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997;12:2664–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Nielsen PK, Hemmingsen C, Friis SU, Ladefoged J, Olgaard K. Comparison of straight and curled Tenckhoff peritoneal dialysis catheters implanted by percutaneous technique: a prospective randomized study. Perit Dial Int. 1995;15:18–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Port FK, Held PJ, Nolph KD, Turenne MN, Wolfe RA. Risk of peritonitis and technique failure by CAPD connection technique: a national study. Kidney Int. 1992;42:967–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ash SR. Chronic peritoneal dialysis catheters: procedures for placement, maintenance, and removal. Semin Nephrol. 2002; 22:221–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Eklund BH, Honkanen EO, Kala A-R, Kyllonen LE. Peritoneal dialysis access: prospective randomized comparison of the swan neck and Tenckhoff catheters. Pert Dial Int. 1995;15:353–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Rottembourg J, Jacq D, Vonlanthen M, Issad B, El Shahat Y. Straight or curled Tenckhoff peritoneal catheter for continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD). Pert Dial Bull. 1981;1:123–4.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Swartz R, Messana J, Rocher L, Reynolds J, Starmann B, Lees P. The curled catheter: dependable device for percutaneous peritoneal access. Pert Dial Int. 1990;10:231–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Akyol AM, Porteous C, Brown MW. A comparison of two types of catheters for continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) Pert Dial Int. 1990;10:63–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Khanna R, Izatt S, Burke D, Mathews R, Vas S, Oreopoulos DG. Experience with the Toronto Western Hospital permanent peritoneal catheter. Pert Dial Bull. 1984;4:95–8.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Ponce SP, Peirratos A, Izatt S et al. Comparison of the survival and complications of three permanent PD catheters. Pert Dial Bull. 1982;2:82–6.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Flanigan MJ, Ngheim DD, Schulak J, Ullrich GE, Freeman RM. The use and complications of three PD catheter designs: a retrospective analysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1987;33:33–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Scott PD, Bakran A, Pearson R et al. PD access. Prospective randomized trial of 3 different peritoneal catheters — preliminary report. Pert Dial Int. 1994;14:289–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Twardowski ZJ, Nolph KD, Khanna R, Prowant BF, Ryan LP, Nichols WK. The need for a ‘swan neck’ permanently bent, arcuate PD catheter. PD Bull. 1985;5:219–23.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Twardowski ZJ. Peritoneal catheter development. Currently used catheters: advantages/disadvantages/complications, and catheter tunnel morphology in humans. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1988;34:937–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Twardowski ZJ, Prowant BF, Nichols WK, Nolph KD, Khanna R. Six-year experience with swan neck catheters. Pert Dial Int. 1992;12:384–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ishizaki M, Suzuki K, Kurosawa K, Shishido Y, Takahashi H. Swan neck Sendai catheter: a modification of the swan neck Tenckhoff catheter. Pert Dial Int. 1988;8:221–4.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Perez JC, Caruana RJ, Wynn JJ, Hess C, Smith KL, Campbell HT. Connectology problems with swan neck PD catheters. Int. J Artif Organs. 1990;13:521–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Lye WC, Kour NW, van der Straaten JC et al. A Prospective randomized comparison of the swan neck, coiled, and straight Tenckhoff catheters in patients on CAPD. Petit Dial Int. 1996;16(Suppl. 1):S333–5.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Nebel M, Marczewski K, Finke K. Three years of experience with the swan neck Tenckhoff catheter. Adv in PD. 1991;7: 208–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Shyr YM. Complications of peritoneal catheters placed by a single surgeon. Pert Dial Int. 1994; 14: 401–3.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Cruz C, Bonilla H, Melendez A, Faber MD, Dumler F. Flow dynamics in peritoneal dialysis; the search for optimal CAPD systems. Pert Dial Int. 1991;11(Suppl. 1):54 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Weaver ME, Dunbeck DC. Mupirocin (Bactroban) causes permanent structural changes in PD catheters. Pert Dial Int. 1994;14(Suppl. 1):S20 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Poisetti P, Bergonzi G, Ballocchi S, Fontana F, Scarpioni L. Aging of silastic peritoneal catheters. Int J Artif Organs. 1991;14:765–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ash SR, Janle EM. T-fiuted peritoneal dialysis catheter. Adv Pert Dial. 1993;9:223–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Ash S. Ash Advantage catheter. Pert Dial Today. 2001;7:15.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Ash SR. Chronic peritoneal dialysis catheters: procedures for placement, maintenance, and removal. Semin Nephrol. 2002; 22:221–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Bay WH, Vaccaro PS, Powell SL, Erlich LF. The Gore-Tex peritoneal catheter: a clinical evaluation and comparison with the Tenckhoff catheter. Am J Kidney Dis. 1984;4:268–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ogden DA, Benavente G, Wheeler D, Zukoski CF. Experience with the right angle Gore-Tex PD catheter. In: Khanna R, Nolph KD, Prowant B, Twardowski ZJ, Oreopoulos DG, editors. Advances in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis. Toronto: Pert Dialysis Bull, Inc., 1986:155–9.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Boss HP, Ganger KH, Gluck A. Gore-tex versus Oreopoulos peritoneal catheters: clinical evaluation and comparison. Int J Artif Organs. 1989;12:369–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Ash SR, Johnson H, Hartman J et al. The column disc peritoneal catheter: a peritoneal access device with improved drainage. ASAIO J. 1980;3:109–15.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Shah GM, Sabo A, Nguyen T, Juler GL. Peritoneal catheters: a comparative study of column disc and Tenckhoff catheters. Int J Artif Organs. 1990;13:267–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Hines WH, Smego DR, Longnecker RE. Failure of the Dermaport catheter as an access device in CAPD. Am J Kidney Dis. 1990;15:A10.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Valli A, Crescimanno U, Midiri O et al. Eighteen months experience with a new (Valli) catheter for PD. Pert Dial Bull. 1983;3:22–4.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Moncrief JW, Popovich RP, Broadrick LJ, He AA, Simmons EE, Tate RA. The Moncrief-Popovich catheter. A new peritoneal access technique for patients on PD. ASAIO J. 1993;39:62–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Moncrief JW, Popovich RP, Dasgupta M, Costerton JW, Simmons E, Moncrief B. Reduction in peritonitis incidence in continuous ambulatory PD with a new catheter and implantation technique. Pert Dial Int. 1993;13(Suppl. 2): S329–31.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Han DC, Cha HK, So IN et al. Subcutaneously implanted catheters reduce the incidence of peritonitis during CAPD by eliminating infection by periluminal route. Adv Pert Dial. 1992;8:298–301.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Moncrief JW, Popovich RP, Simmons EE et al. The Moncrief-Popovich catheter: a new peritoneal access technique for patients on peritoneal dialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1994;39:62–5.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Moncrief JW, Popovich RP, Simmons EE et al. Peritoneal access technology. Pert Dial Int. 1993:13:S112–23.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Moncrief JW, Popovich RP, Oreopoulos DG et al. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. In: Gokal R, Nolph KD, editors. Textbook of Peritoneal Dialysis, 1st edn. Dordrech: Kluwer, 1994:357–98.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  51. Moncrief JW, Popovich RP, Seare W et al. Peritoneal dialysis access technology: the Austin Diagnostic Clinic experience. Pert Dial Int. 1996;16:S327–9.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Prischl F, Wallner M, Kalchmair H, Povacz F, Kramar R. Initial subcutaneous embedding of the peritoneal dialysis catheter — a critical appraisal of this new implantation technique. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997:12:1661–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Caruso DM, Gray DL, Kohr JM, Rodgers LL, Weiland DE, VanderWerf BA. Reduction of infectious complications and costs using temporary subcutaneous implantation of PD catheters. Adv Pert Dial. 1997;13:183–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Catizone L, Cantaluppi A, Peluso F, Zucchelli P. A new catheter to prevent exit site infection in PD. Adv PD. 1992; 8:283–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Twardowski ZJ, Nichols WK, Nolph KD, Khanna R. Swan neck presternal (“Bath tub”) catheter for PD. Adv PD. 1992;8:316–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Dasgupta MK, McKay S, Olsen M, Costerton JW. Silvercoated peritoneal catheter reduces colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in a rabbit model of peritoneal dialysis. Pert Dial Int. 1994;14(Suppl. 1):S86 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Ash SR, Handt AE, Bloch R. Peritoneoscopic placement of the Tenckhoff catheter: further clinical experience. Pert Dial Bull. 1983;3:8–12.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Allon M, Soucie JM, Macon EJ. Complications with permanent PD catheters: experience with 154 percutaneously placed catheters. Nephron. 1988;48:8–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Henao J, Mejia G, Arbelaez M et al. A new approach for catheter placement and care in CAPD. Pert Dial Bull. 1985:5:223–5.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Ash SR, Nichols WK. Placement, repair and removal of chronic peritoneal catheters. In: Gokal R, Nolph KD, editors. Textbook of Peritoneal Dialysis. Lancaster: Kluwer, 1994:315–33.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  61. Odor A, Alessio-Robles L, Leuchter JI et al. Experience with 150 consecutive permanent peritoneal catheters in patients on CAPD. Pert Dial Bull. 1985;5:226–9.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Khanna R. Acute management of the patient requiring a chronic peritoneal catheter. Semin Dial. 1990;3:93–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Kimmelstiel FM, Miller RE, Molinelli BM, Lorch JA. Laparoscopic management of PD catheters. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1993;176:565–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Ash SR. Bedside peritoneoscopic peritoneal catheter placement of Tenckhoff and newer peritoneal catheters. Adv Petit Dial. 1998;14:75–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Gadallah MF, Pervez A, el-Shahawy MA et al. Peritoneoscopic versus surgical placement of peritoneal dialysis catheters: a prospective randomized study on outcome. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;33:118–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Pastan S, Gassensmith C, Manatunga AK, Copley JB, Smith EJ, Hamburger RJ. Prospective comparison of peritoneoscopic and surgical implantation of CAPD catheters. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1991;37: M154–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Copley JB, Lindberg JS, Tapia NP, Back SN, Snyder PA. Peritoneoscopic placement of swan neck PD catheters. Pert Dial Int. 1994;14:295–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Amerling R, Cruz C. A new laparoscopic method for implantation of peritoneal catheters. ASAIO J. 1993;39:M787–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Lewis MA, Houston IB, Postlethwaite RJ. Access for PD in neonates and infants. Arch Dis Child. 1990;65:44–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Lewis MA, Nycyk JA. Practical peritoneal dialysis — the Tenckhoff catheter in acute renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol. 1992:6:470–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Nielsen PK, Hemmingsen C, Ladefoged J, Olgaard K. A consecutive study of 646 PD catheters. PD Int. 1994;14: 170–2.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Bullmaster JR, Miller SF, Finley RK, Jones LM. Surgical aspects of the Tenckhoff PD catheter: a 7 year experience. Am J Surg. 1985;149:339–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Mellotte GJ, Ho CA, Morgan SH, Bending MR, Eisinger AJ. PD catheters: a comparison between percutaneous conventional surgical placement techniques. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1993;8:626–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Jacobs IG, Gray RR, Elliott DS, Grosman H. Radiologic placement of PD catheters: preliminary experience. Radiology. 1992;182:251–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Stegmayr BG, Wikdahl AM, Arnerlov C, Petersen E. A modified lateral technique for the insertion of peritoneal dialysis catheters enabling immediate start of dialysis. Pert Dial Int. 1998;18:329–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Prowant BF, Warady BZ, Nolph KD. PD catheter exit site care: results of an international survey. PD Int. 1993;13: 149–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Lye WC, Lee EJC, Tan CC. Prophylactic antibiotics in the insertion of Tenckhoff catheters. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1992;26:177–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Bennett-Jones DN, Martin J, Barratt AJ, Duffy TJ, Naish PF, Aber GM. Prophylactic gentamicin in the prevention of early exit site infections and peritonitis in CAPD Adv PD. 1988:4:147–50.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Newman LN, Tessman M, Hanslik T, Schulak J, Mayes J, Friedlander M. A retrospective view of factors that affect catheter healing: four years of experience. Adv PD. 1993;9:217–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Copley JB. Prevention of PD catheter related infections. Am J Kidney Dis. 1987;10:401–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Copley JB, Smith BJ, Koger DM, Rodgers DJ, Fowler M. Prevention of postoperative PD catheter related infections. PD Int. 1988;8:195–7.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Ash SR. Is a break-in period necessary following peritoneal catheter insertion? A break-in period is unnecessary. Semin Dial. 1992;5:199–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Lye WC, Giang MML, van der Straaten JC, Lee EJC. Breaking-in after the insertion of Tenckhoff catheters: a comparison of two techniques. Adv PD. 1993;3:236–9.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Khanna R. Is a break-in period necessary following peritoneal catheter insertion? A break-in period is recommended. Semin Dial. 1992;5:197–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Twardowski ZJ, Ryan LP, Kennedy JM. Catheter break-in for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis — University of Missouri experience. Pert Dial Bull. 1984;4(Suppl. 3): S110–11.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Francis DMA, Donnelly PK, Veitch PS et al. Surgical aspects of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis — 3 years experience. Br J Surg. 1984;71:225–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Levey AS, Simon GM, McCauley J, Smith TJ, Cho SI, Harrington JT. Outcome of peritoneal catheter placement in the high-risk patient. Pert Dial Bull. 1984;4(Suppl. 3): S112–14.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Robison RJ, Leapman SB, Wetherington GM et al. Surgical considerations of continuous ambulatory PD. Surgery. 1984; 96:723–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Diaz-Buxo J. Mechanical complications of chronic PD catheters. Semin Dial. 1991;4:106–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Gloor HJ, Nichols WK, Sorkin MK et al. Peritoneal access and related complications in continuous ambulatory PD. Am J Med. 1983;74:593–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Ward RA, Klein E, Wathon RL. Peritoneal catheters. Pert Dial Bull. 1983;3(Suppl. 2):S9–17.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Yeh TJ, Wei CF, Chin TW. Catheter-related complicaitons of continuous ambulatory PD. Eur J Surg. 1992;158: 277–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Schleifer CR, Ziemek H, Teehan BP, Benz RL, Sigler MH, Gilgore GS. Migration of peritoneal catheters: personal experience and a survey of 72 other units. Perit Dial Bull. 1987;7:189–93.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Twardowski ZJ. Malposition and poor drainage of peritoneal catheters. Semin Dial. 1990;3:57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Joffe P, Christensen AL, Jensen C. Peritoneal catheter tip location during non-complicated continuous ambulatory PD. Perit Dial Int. 1991;11:261–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Oreopoulos DG, Izatt S, Zellerman G et al. A prospective study of the effectiveness of three permanent peritoneal catheters. Proc Clin Dial Transplant Forum. 1976;6:96–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Eklund BH, Hankanen EO, Kala A-R, Kyllonen LE. Catheter configuration and outcome in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a prospective comparison of two catheters. PD Int. 1994;14:70–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Moss JS, Minda SA, Newman GE et al. Malpositioned PD catheters: a critical reappraisal of correction by stiff-wire manipulation. Am J Kidney Dis. 1990;15:305–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Wilson JAP, Swartz RD. Peritoneoscopy in the management of catheter malfunction during continuous ambulatory PD Dig Dis Sci. 1985;30:465–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Gibson DH, Heasley RN, Price JH et al. Laparoscopic repositioning of blocked PD catheters in patients on CAPD. Clin Nephrol. 1990;33:208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Smith DW, Rankin RA. Value of peritoneoscopy for nonfunctioning continuous ambulatory PD catheters. Gastrointest Endosc. 1989;35:90–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. O’Regan S, Garel L, Patriquin H et al Outflow obstruction: whiplash technique for catheter mobilization. Pert Dial Int. 1988;8:265–8.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Hiltunen KM, Viranta M. One-way obstruction during continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) with Tenckhoff catheter. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1985;19:67–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Benevent D, Peyronnet P, Brignon P, Leroux-Robert C. Urokinase infusion for obstructed catheters and peritonitis. Pert Dial Bull. 1985;5:77.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Wiegmann TB, Stuewe B, Duncan KA et al. Effective use of streptokinase for peritoneal catheter failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 1985;6:119–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Palacios M, Schley W, Dougherty JC. Use of streptokinase to clear peritoneal catheters. Dial Transplant. 1982;11: 172–4.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Bergstein JM, Andreoli SP, West KW, Grosfeld JL. Streptokinase therapy for occluded Tenckhoff catheters in children on CAPD. Pert Dial Bull. 1988;8:137–9.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Scalamogna A, Castelnovo C, Cataluppi A. Intraperitoneal infusion of streptokinase in the treatment of a total (inflowoutflow) peritoneal catheter obstruction. Perit Dial Bull. 1986;6:41.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Sharp J, Eastham EJ, Coulthard MG. Removal of a fibrin plug from within a Silastic PD catheter: The Sheastard sweep. PD Int. 1990;10:61–2.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Helfrich GB, Winchester JF. What is the best technique for implantation of a peritoneal catheter? Pert Dial Bull. 1982;2:132–3.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Clark KR, Forsythe JLR, Rigg KM et al. Surgical aspects of chronic PD in the neonate and infant under 1 year of age. J Pediatr Surg. 1992;27:780–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Olcott C IV, Feldman CA, Coplon NS, Oppenheimer ML, Mehigan JT. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. technique of catheter insertion and management of associated surgical complications. Am J Surg. 1983;146:98–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Sanderson MC, Swartzendruber DJ, Fenoglio ME, Moore JT, Haun WE. Surgical complications of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Surg. 1990;160:561–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Nicholson ML, Burton PR, Donnelly PK. The role of omentectomy in continuous ambulatory PD. Pert Dial Int. 1991;11:330–2.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. DeVault GA, Brown ST, King JS. Tenckhoff catheter obstruction resulting from invasion by Curvularia lunata in the absence of peritonitis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1985;6:165–7.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Wegmann F, Heilesen AM, Horn T. Tenckhoff catheter penetrated by Aspergillus fumigatus: a case report. PD Int. 1988;8:281–3.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Abouljoud MS, Cruz C. Obstruction of PD catheters by Fallopian tubes. Pert Dial Int. 1994;14:90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Macallister RJ, Morgan SH. Fallopian tube capture of chronic PD catheters. Pert Dial Int. 1993;13:74–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Antonious S, Syreggelas D, Papadopoulos C, Dimitriadis A. Intraluminal lithiasis of a peritoneal catheter. PD Int. 1991;11:358–60.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Closkey GM, Zappacosta AR. CAPD drainage failure due to Tenckhoff catheter fracture: a case report. Petit Dial Int. 1992;12:266–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Valles M, Cantarell C, Vila J, Tovar JL. Delayed perforation of the colon by a Tenckhoff catheter. Pert Dial Bull. 1982; 2:190.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Bustos E, Rotellar C, Mazzoni J, Rakowski TA, Argy WP, Winchester JF. Clinical aspects of bowel perforation in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory PD. Semin Dial. 1994;7:355–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Fleisher AG, Kimmelstiel FM, Lattes CG, Miller RE. Surgical complications of PD catheters. Am J Surg. 1985;149: 726–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Van der Niepen P, Sennesael JJ, Verbeelen DL. Massive hemoperitoneum due to spleen injury by a dislocated Tenckhoff catheter. Pert Dial Int. 1994;14:90–1.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Haj M, Kristal B, Shasha SM. Delayed laceration of intestinal wall by the permanent Tenckhoff periotneal catheter. Pert Dial Int. 1988;8:25–6.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Korzets Z, Golan E, Ben-Dahan J, Neufeld D, Bernheim J. Decubitus small-bowel perforation in ongoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1992;7:79–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Vargemezis V, Pasadakis P, Thodis E, Ethimiadou A, Maltezos E, Kotsiou S. Late perforation of bladder as a complicaiton of an unused straight Tenckhoff catheter. Petit Dial Int. 1988;8:55–62.

    Google Scholar 

  128. della Volpe M, Iberti M, Ortensia A, Veronesi GV. Erosion of the sigmoid by a permanent peritoneal catheter. Pert Dial Bull 1984;4:108.

    Google Scholar 

  129. de los Santos AC, von Eye O, d’Avila D, Mottin CC. Rupture of the spleen: a complication of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Petit Dial Bull. 1986;6: 203–4.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Brady HR, Abraham G, Oreopoulos DG, Cardella CJ. Bowel erosion due to a dormant peritoneal catheter in immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients. Pert Dial Int. 1988;8:163–6.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Jansen GPPG, Gerlag PGG, Bruyninckx BCMA. Unusual presentation of bowel perforation by a CAPD catheter. Pert Dial Int. 1994;14:181–2.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Rambausek M, Zeier M, Weinreich T et al. Bowel perforation with unused Tenckhoff catheters. Pert Dial Int. 1989; 9:82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Jamison MH, Fleming SJ, Ackrill P, Schofield PF. Erosion ofrectum by Tenckhoff catheter. Br J Surg. 1988;75:360.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Kopecky RT, Frymoyer PA, Witanowski LS, Thomas FD. Complications of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: diagnostic value of peritoneal scintigraphy. Am J Kidney Dis. 1987;10:123–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Bargman JM. Complications of PD related to increased intra-abdominal pressure. Kidney Int. 1993;43(Suppl. 40): S75–80.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Lupo A, Tarchin R, Cancarini G et al. Long-term outcome in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a 10-year survey by the Italian cooperative PD study group. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994;24:826–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Stegmayr BG, Hedberg B, Sandzen B, Wikdahl AM. Absence of leakage by insertion of PD catheter through the rectus muscle. Petit Dial Int. 1990;10:53–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Stegmayr BG. Paramedian insertion of Tenckhoff catheters with three purse-string sutures reduces the risk of leakage. Pert Dial Int. 1993;13(Suppl. 2):S124–6.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Beaman M, Feehally J, Smith BA, Walls J. Anterior abdominal wall leakage in CAPD patients; management by intermittent peritoneal dialysis. Petit Dial Bull. 1985;5:81–2.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Holley JL, Bernardini J, Piraino B. Characteristics and outcome of peritoneal dialysate leaks and associated infections. Adv Perit Dial. 1993;9:240–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Hirsch DJ, Jindal KK. Late leaks in PD patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1990;6:670–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Joffe P. PD catheter leakage treated with fibrin glue. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1993;8:474–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Schultz SG, Harmon TM, Nachtnebel KL. Computerized tomographic scanning with intraperitoneal contrast enhancement in a CAPD patient with localized edema. PD Bull. 1984;4:253–4.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Kopecky RT, Funk MM, Kreitzer PR. Localized genital edema in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Urol. 1985;124:880–4.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Mandel P, Faegenburg D, Imbriano LJ. The use of technetium-99m sulfur colloid in the detection of patent processus vaginalis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Clin Nucl Med. 1985;10:553–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Ducassou D, Vuillemin L, Wone C, Ragnaud JM, Brendel AJ. Intraperitoneal injection of technetium-99m sulfur colloid in visualization of a peritoneo-vaginalis connection. J Nucl Med. 1984;25:68–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Orfei R, Seybold K, Blumberg A. Genital edema in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD). PD Bull. 1984;14:251–4.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Schurgers MLC, Boelaert JRO, Daneels RFS, Robbens EJ, Vandelanotte MMJ. Open processus vaginalis. Pert Dial Bull. 1983;3:30–1.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Cooper JC, Nicholls AJ, Simms JM, Platts MM, Brown CB, Johnson AG. Genital oedema in patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: an unusual presentation of inguinal hernia. Br Med J. 1983;286:923–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Tzamaloukas AH, Gibel LJ, Eisenberg B et al. Scrotal edema in patients on CAPD: causes, differential diagnosis and management. Dial Transplant. 1992;21:581–605.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Coward RA, Gokal R, Wise M et al. Peritonitis associated with vaginal leakage of dialysis fluid in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Br Med J. 19982;284:1529.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Diaz-Buxo JA, Burgess P, Walker PJ. Peritoneovaginal fistula — Unusual complication of peritoneal dialysis. PD Bull. 1983;3:142–3.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Khanna R, Oreopoulos DG, Vas S et al. Fungal peritonitis in patients undergoing chronic intermittent or continuous peritoneal dialysis. Proc EDTA. 1980;17:291–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Swartz RD, Campbell DA, Stone D, Dickinson C. Recurrent polymicrobial peritonitis from a gynecologic source as a complication of CAPD. PD Bull. 1983;3:32–3.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Caporale N, Perez D, Alegre S. Vaginal leak of PD liquid. Pert Dial Int. 1991;11:284–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Nomoto Y, Suga T, Nakajima K et al. Acute hydrothorax in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis — a collaborative study of 161 centers. Am J Nephrol. 1989;9:363–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Abraham G, Shokker A, Blake P, Oreopoulos DG. Massive hydrothorax in patients on peritoneal dialysis: a literature review. Adv Petit Dial. 1988;4:121–5.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Boeschoten EW, Krediet RT, Roos CM, Kloek JJ, Schipper MEI, Arisz L. Leakage of dialysate across the diaphragm: an important complication of continuous ambulatory PD. Neth J Med. 1986;29:242–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Grefberg N, Danielson BG, Benson L, Pitkanen P. Right sided hydrothorax complicating continuous ambulatory PD. Nephron. 1983;34:130–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Mestas D, Wauquier JP, Escande G, Baguet JC, Veyr A. Diagnosis of hydrothorax-complicating CAPD and demonstration of successful therapy by scintigraphy. PD Int. 1991; 11:283–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Green A, Logan M, Medawar W et al. The management of hydrothorax in continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD). Pert Dial Int. 1990;10:271–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Prowant BF, Schmidt LM, Twardowski ZJ et al. PD catheter exit site care. ANNA J. 1988;15:219–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Luzar MA, Brown CB, Balf D et al. Exit site care and exit site infection in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: results of a randomized multicenter trial. PD Int. 1990;10: 25–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Jindal KK, Hirsch DJ. Excellent technique survival on home peritoneal dialysis: results of a regional program. Petit Dial Int. 1994;14:324–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Hasbargen BJ, Rodgers DJ, Hasbargen JA, Quinn MJ, James MK. Exit site care-Is it time for a change? Petit Dial Int 1993;13(suppl. 2):S313-S315.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Khanna R, Twardowski ZJ. Peritoneal catheter exit site. Pert Dialy Int. 1988;8:119–23.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Perez-Fontan M, Garcia-Falcon T, Roasles M et al. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers in continuous ambulatory PD with mupirocin: long-term results. Am J Kidney Dis. 1993;22:708–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Coles GA, for the Mupirocin Study Group. The effect of intranasal mupirocin on CAPD exit site infection (ESI). JASN 1994;5:439 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  169. Piraino B, Bernardini J, Lutes R, Johnston J, Holley J. Randomized trial of mupirocin at exit site vs oral rifampin to prevent S. aureus infections. Petit Dial Int. 1994; 14(Suppl. 1):S27 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  170. Thodis E, Passadakis P, Panagoutsos S, Bacharaki D, Euthimiadou A, Vargemezis V. The effectiveness of mupirocin preventing Staphylococcus aureus in catheterrelated infections in peritoneal dialysis. Adv Pert Dial. 2000;16:257–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Abraham G, Savin E, Ayiomamitis A et al. Natural history of exit-site infection in patients on continuous ambulatory PD. PD Bull. 1988;8:211–16.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Gonthier D, Bernardini J, Holley FL, Piraino B. Erythema: does it indicate infection in a peritoneal catheter exit site? Adv PD. 1992;8:230–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Pierratos A. PD glossary. Pert Dial Int. 1984;4:2–3.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Twardowski ZJ. Recurrent peritoneal catheter exit-site infections: II. Semin Dial. 1993:6:406–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  175. Luzar MA. Exit site infection in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a review. PD Int. 1991;11:333–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Piraino B, Bernardini J, Sorkin M. The influence of peritoneal catheter exit site infections on peritonitis, tunnel infections, and catheter loss in patients on continuous ambulatory PD. Am J Kidney Dis. 1986;8:436–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Piraino B, Bernardini J, Sorkin M. Catheter infections as a factor in the transfer of continuous ambulatory PD patients to hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1989;13: 365–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Vogt K, Binswanger U, Buchmann P, Baumgartner D, Keusch G, Largiader F. Catheter related complications during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a retrospective study on sixty-two double-cuff tenckhoff catheters Am J Kidney Dis. 1987;10:47–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Lindblad AS, Noval JW, Nolph KD, editors. Continuous Ambulatory PD in the USA: Final Report of the National CAPD Registry 1981–1988. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Pollock CA, Ibels LS, Caterson RJ, Mahony JF, Waugh DA, Cocksedge B. Continuous ambulatory PD. Eight years of experience at a single center. Medicine. 1989;68:293–308.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Scalamogna A, Castelnovo C, De Vecchi A, Ponticelli C. Exit site and tunnel infections in continuous ambulatory PD patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1991;18:674–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Rotellar C, Black J, Winchester JF et al. Ten years ’ experience with continuous ambulatory PD. Am J Kidney Dis. 1991;17:158–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Flanigan MJ, Hochstetler LA, Langholdt D, Lim VS. Continuous ambulatory PD catheter infections: diagnosis and management. Pert Dial Int. 1994;14:248–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Holley JL, Bernardini J, Piraino B. Risk factors for tunnel infections in continuous PD. Am J Kidney Dis. 1991;18: 344–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Diaz-Buxo JA, Black EB, Tyroler J. Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of PD catheter tunnel abscess. PD Int. 1988;8: 218–19.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Holley JL, Foulks CJ, Moss AH, Willard D. Ultrasound as a tool in the diagnosis and management of exit site infections in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory PD. Am J Kidney Dis. 1989;14:211–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Plum J, Sudkamp S, Grabensee B. Results of ultrasoundassisted diagnosis of tunnel infections in continuous ambulatory PD. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994;23:99–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Holley JL, Bernardini J, Piraino B. Infecting organisms in continuous ambulatory PD patients on the Y-set. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994;23:569–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Piraino B, Bernardini J, Sorkin M. A five year study of the microbiologic results of exit site infections and peritonitis in continuous ambulatory PD. Am J Kidney Dis. 1987;4:281–6.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Kim D, Tapson J, Wu G, Khanna R, Vas SI, Oreopoulos DG. Staph. aureus peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory PD. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1984;30: 494–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Piraino B. A review of Staphylococcus aureus exit-site and tunnel infections in PD patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1990;16: 89–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Bernardini J, Piraino B, Sorkin M. Analysis of continuous ambulatory PD related Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Am J Med. 1987;83:829–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Krothapalli R, Duffy B, Lacke C et al. Pseudomonas peritonitis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Arch Intern Med. 1982;142:1862–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Zimmerman SW, O’Brien M, Wiedenhoeft FA, Johnson CA. Staphylococcus aureus peritoneal catheter related infections: a cause of catheter loss and peritonitis. PD Bull. 1988;8: 191–4.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Davies SJ, Ogg CS, Cameron JS, Ponton S, Noble WC. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage, exit-site infection and catheter loss in patients treated with continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD). Petit Dialysis Int. 1989;9:61–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. West TE, Walshe JJ, Krol CP, Amsterdam D. Staphylococcal peritonitis in patients on continuous PD. J Clin Microbiol. 1986:23:809–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Swartz R, Messana J, Starmann B, Weber M, Reynolds J. Preventing Staphylococcus aureus infection during chronic PD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1991;2:1085–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Luzar MA, Coles G, Faller B et al. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and infection in patients on continuous ambulatory PD. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:505–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Lye WC, Leong SO, Lee EJC. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and infections in CAPD. Kidney Int. 1993;43:1357–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Piraino B, Perlmutter JA, Holley JL, Bernardini J. Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis is associated with Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in PD patients. PD Int. 1993;13(Suppl. 2):S332–4.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Sesso R, Draibe S, Castelo A et al. Staphylococcus aureus skin carriage and development of peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory PD. Clin Nephrol. 1989;31: 264–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Sewell CM, Clarridge J, Lacke C, Weinman EJ, Young EJ. Staphylococcal nasal carriage and subsequent infection in PD patients. J Am Med Assoc. 1982;248:1493–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Selgas R, Castro MJ, Bajo MA et al. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carrier status (SANCS) in CAPD patients; is it induced or favored by subcutaneous rHu-erythropoietin? Adv PD. 1992:8:253–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Perez-Fontan M, Rosales M, Rodriguez-Carmona A et al. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers in CAPD with mupirocin. Adv PD. 1992;8:242–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Holley J, Bernardini J, Piraino B. Catheter infections in insulin-dependent diabetics on continuous ambulatory PD. PD Int 1991;11:347–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Holley JL, Bernardini J, Piraino B. A comparison of PD related infections in black and white patients PD Intern 1993;13:45–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Piraino B, Bernardini J, Centa PK, Johnston JR, Sorkin MI. The effect of body weight on CAPD related infections and catheter loss. PD Int. 1991;11:64–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Strauss FG, Holmes DL, Nortman DF, Friedman S. Hypertonic saline compresses: therapy for complicated exitsite infections Adv. PD. 1993;9:248–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Winchester JF. Recurrent peritoneal catheter exit site infections: I. Semin Dial. 1993:6:405–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  210. Sherman RA. Ophthalmic antibiotic solutions for equivocal exit sites. Semin Dial. 1993;6:327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  211. Wadhwa NK, Cabralda T, Suh H, Kvilekval K, Mason R. Exit-site/tunnel infection and catheter outcome in PD patients. Adv Pert Dial. 1992;8:325–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Piraino B, Bernardini J, Peitzman A, Sorkin M. Failure of peritoneal catheter cuff shaving to eradicate infection. PD Bull. 1987;7:179–82.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Nichols WK, Nolph KD. A technique for managing exit site and cuff infection in Tenckhoff catheters. PD Bull. 1983;3(Suppl.):S4–5.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Andreoli SP, West KW, Grosfeld JL, Bergstein JM. A technique to eradicate tunnel infection without PD catheter removal. PD Bull. 1984;4:156–7.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Eisele G, Bailie GR, Lamaestro B. Relationship between peritonitis and exit site infections in CAPD. Adv PD. 1992; 8:227–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Fellin G, Gentile MG, Guerra L et al. Exit-site infection: a randomized trial on topical vs parenteral therapy. Adv CAPD. 1988;4:169–71.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Scalamogna A, Castelnovo, De Vecchi A, Guerra L, Ponticelli C. Staphylococcus aureus exit site and tunnel infection in CAPD. Adv PD. 1990;6:130–2.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Tzamaloukas AH, Hartshorne MF, Gibel LJ, Murata GH. Persistence of positive dialysate cultures after apparent cure of CAPD peritonitis. Adv PD. 1993;9:198–201.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Dapena F, Munoz I, de Alvaro F et al. Clinical significance of exit site infections due to Xanthomonas maltophilia in continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) patients: a comparison with Pseudomonas-related ESI. Pert Dial Int. 1994; 14(Suppl. 1):S37.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Kazmi HR, Raffone FD, Kliger AS, Finkelstein FO. Pseudomonas exit site infections in continuous ambulatory PD patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1992;2:1498–501.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Dasgupta MK, Kowalewaska-Grochowska K, Costerton JW. Biofilm and peritonitis in PD. PD Int. 1993;13: S322–5.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Taber TE, Hegeman TF, York SM, Kinney RA, Webb DH. Treatment of Pseudomonas infections in PD patients. PD Int. 1991;11:213–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Dasgupta MK, Kowalewaska-Grochowska K, Costerton JW. Biofilm and peritonitis in PD. PD Int. 1993;13: S322–5.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Read RR, Eberwein P, Dasgupta MK et al. Peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: bacterial colonization by biofilm spread along the catheter surface. Kidney Int. 1989;35: 614–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Giangrande A, Allara P, Torpia R, Baldassari L, Gelosia A, Donelli G. Ultrastructure analysis of Tenckhoff chronic peritoneal catheters used in continuous ambulatory PD patients. Pert Dial Int. 1993;13(Suppl. 2):S133–5.

    Google Scholar 

  226. Gorman SP, Mawhinney WM, Adair CG, Issouckis M. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of peritoneal catheter surfaces. J Med Microbiol. 1993;38:411–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Ward KH, Olson ME, Lam K, Costerton JW. Mechanism of persistent infection associated with peritoneal implants. J Med Microbiol. 1992;36:406–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Dasgupta MK, Ward K, Noble PA, Larabie M, Costerton JW. Development of bacterial biofilms on silastic catheter material in PD fluid. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994;23: 709–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Swartz R, Messana J, Holmes C, Williams J. Biofilm formation on peritoneal catheters does not require the presence of infection. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1991; 37:626–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Finch RG, Edwards R, Filik R, Wilcox MH. Continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) peritonitis: the effect of antibiotic on the adherence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to silicone rubber catheter material. PD Int. 1989;9:103–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Richards GK, Prentis J, Gagnon RF. Antibiotic activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms in dialysis fluids. Adv PD. 1989;5:133–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Bazzato G, Coli U, Landini S et al. Closter: a new connection for a double-bag system to prevent exogenous peritonitis. PD Bull. 1986;6:138–40.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Buoncristiani U. Continuous ambulatory PD connection systems. Pert Dial Int. 1993;13(Suppl. 2):S139–45.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Burkart JM. Comparison of peritonitis rates using standard spike versus Y sets in CAPD Trans Am Soc Artif Organs. 1988;34:433–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Cantaluppi A, Scalamogna A, Castelnovo C, Graziani G. Peritonitis prevention in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: long-term efficacy of a Y-connector and disinfectant. PD Bull. 1986;6:58–61.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Owen JE, Walker RG, Lemon J, Brett L, Mitrou D, Becker GJ. Randomized study of peritonitis with conventional versus O-set techniques in continuous ambulatory PD. Pert Dial Int. 1992;12:216–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Diaz-Buxo JA. Comparison of peritonitis rates with CCPD, manual CAPD, Y-sets, O-sets, UV devices and sterile weld. Adv Pert Dial. 1989;5:223–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Fellin G, Gentile MG, Manna GM, Redaelli L, D’Amico G. Peritonitis prevention: a Y-connector and sodium hypochlorite. Three years ’ experience. Report of the Italian CAPD Study Group In: Khanna R, Nolph KD, Prowant B, Twardowski ZJ, Oreopoulos DG, editors. Advances in CAPD/1987. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987: 114–18.

    Google Scholar 

  239. Maiorca R, Cancarini GC, Broccoli R et al. Prospective controlled trial of a Y-connector and disinfectant to prevent peritonitis in continuous ambulatory PD. Lancet. 1983; 2:642–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Maiorca R, Cancarini G, Manili L et al. CAPD is a first class treatment: results of an eight-year experience with a cornparison of patient and method survival in CAPD and hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol. 1988;30(Suppl. 1):S3–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Rottembourg J, Brouard R, Issad B, Allouache M, Jacobs C. Prospective randomized study about Y connectors in CAPD patients. Adv. CAPD. 1987;3:107–13.

    Google Scholar 

  242. Churchill DN, Taylor DW, Vas SI et al. Peritonitis in continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD): a multi-centre randomized clinical trial comparing the Y connector disinfectant system to standard systems. PD Int. 1989;9:159–63.

    Google Scholar 

  243. Lewis J, Abbott J, Crompton K, Fowler I, Smith B. CAPD disconnect systems: UK peritonitis experience Adv. Pert Dial. 1992;8:306–3125.

    Google Scholar 

  244. Luzar MA, Slingeneyer A, Cantaluppi A, Pelusos FB. In vitro study of the flush effect in 2 reusable continuous ambulatory PD disconnect systems. Petit Dial Int. 1989;9:169–73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Orange GV, Henderson IS, Marshall EA. Effectiveness of the flush technique in CAPD disconnect systems. Int J Artif Organs. 1987;10:185–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Flanigan MJ, Ngheim DD, Schulak J, Ullrich GE, Freeman RM The use and complications of three PD catheter designs: a retrospective analysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1987:33:33–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Bierman MH, Kasperbauer J, Kusek A, Hammeke MD, Fitzgibbons RJ Jr, Egan JD. Peritoneal catheter survival and complications in end stage renal disease. Pert Dial Bull. 1985;5:229–33.

    Google Scholar 

  248. Schroder CH, Severijnen RSVM, de Jong MCJW, Monnens LAH. Chronic tunnel infections in children: removal and replacement of the continuous ambulatory PD catheter in a single operation PD Int. 1993;13:198–200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Goldraich I, Mariano M, Rosito N, Goldraich N. One-step peritoneal catheter replacement in children. Adv Pert Dial. 1993:9:325–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Paterson AD, Bishop MC, Morgan AG, Burden RP. Removal and replacement of Tenckhoff catheter at a single operation: successful treatment of resistant peritonitis in continuous ambulatory PD. Lancet. 1986;2:1245–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Swartz R, Messana J, Reynolds J, Ranjit U. Simultaneous catheter replacement and removal in refractory PD infections. Kidney Int. 1991;40:1160–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Baum M, Powell D, Calvin S et al. Continuous ambulatory PD in children. N Engl J Med. 1982;25:1537–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  253. Alexander SR, Sullivan EK, Harmon WE, Stablein DM, Tejani A for the NAPRTCS. Maintenance dialysis in North American children and adolescents: a preliminary report. Kidney Int. 1993;44(Suppl. 43):S104–9.

    Google Scholar 

  254. Hymes LC, Clowers B, Mitchell C, Warshaw BL. Peritoneal catheter survival in children. PD Bull. 1986;6:185–7.

    Google Scholar 

  255. Watson AR, Vigneux A, Hardy BE, Balfe JW. Six-year experience with CAPD catheters in children. PD Bull. 1985; 5:119–22.

    Google Scholar 

  256. Sieniawska M, Roszkowska-Blaim M, Jablczynska A, Korniszewska J, Wierzbowska-Lange B. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in children: a clinical report. PD Int. 1988;8:159–62.

    Google Scholar 

  257. Levy M, Balfe JW, Geary D, Fryer-Keene S, Bannatyne R. Exit site infection during continuous and cycling PD in children. Pert Dial Int. 1990;10:31–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Chormann ML, Staccone M, Edd P, Andrus CH, Ornt DB. Experience with automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) in a pediatric population. In: Khann R, Nolph K, Prowant B et al., editors. Advances in PD. PD Bulletin, Inc., 1987: 66–72.

    Google Scholar 

  259. Warady BA, Campoy SF, Gross SP, Sedman AB, Lum GM. Peritonitis with continuous ambulatory and continuous cycling PD. J Pediatr. 1984;105:726–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ash, S.R. (2004). Peritoneal access and its complications. In: Hörl, W.H., Koch, K.M., Lindsay, R.M., Ronco, C., Winchester, J.F. (eds) Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2275-3_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2275-3_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-015-7012-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-2275-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics