Skip to main content

Coronary Heart Disease and Related Diseases

  • Chapter
Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent
  • 131 Accesses

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death globally, though in most industrialised centres mortality in general, and cardiovascular mortality in particular, has shown decreasing trends since 1970. It remains the single greatest health risk for people in the United Kingdom. A disturbing fact, however, is that South Asian immigrants to the UK have shown a paradoxically increased morbidity and mortality due to coronary artery disease [CAD] in the same time frame.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abraham R, Brown MC, North WR, McFadyen IR (1987) Diets of Asian pregnant women in Harrow: iron and vitamins. Hum Nutr Appl Nutr 41: 164 – 73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal BH. (1975) A reappraisal of pattern of cardiovascular disorders in India. J Indian Med Assoc 65: 125 – 29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avogaro P, Bittolo BEB, Cazzolato G, Quinci GB(1979): Are apolipoproteins better discriminators than lipids for athersclerosis? Lancet 1: 901 – 03

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagdade JD, Bireman EL, Porte D Jr. (1971) Influence of obesity on the relationship between insulin and triglyceride levels in endogenous hypertriglyceridaemia. Diabetes 20: 664 – 72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balarajan R, Balusu L, Adelstein AM, Skukula V. (1984) Patterns of mortality among migrants to England and Wales from the Indian subcontinent. Br med J 289: 1185 – 87

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balajaran R, Yeun P. (1986) British smoking and drinking habits: Variation by country of birth. Community Medicine 8: 237 – 39

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckles GLA, Miller GJ, Kirkwood BR, Alexsis SD, Carson DC, Byam NTA. (1986) High total and cardiovascular disease mortality in adults of Indian descent inTrinidad, unexplained by major coronary risk factors. Lancet 1: 1298 – 1301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beevers DG, Cruickshank JK. (198 1) Age, sex, ethnic origin and hospital admission for heart attack and stroke. Postgraduate Medical Journal 57: 763 – 65

    Google Scholar 

  • Begom R, Singh RB. (1995) Prevalence of coronary artery disease and risk factors in urban population of south and north India. Acta Cardio 3: 227 – 40

    Google Scholar 

  • Berchtold P, Bjorntorp P, Gustafsson A, Lindholm B, Tibblin G, Wilhelmsen L. (1972): Glucose tolerance, plasma insulin and lipids in relation to adipose tissue cellularity in man after myocardial infarction. Acta Med Scan 191 – 435

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatia ML. (1995) Prevalence of CAD in India: a contemporary view. Indian Heart J 47: 339 – 42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatnagar D, Anand I, Durrington PN, Sutton GC et al. (1995) Coronary risk factors in people from the Indian subcontinent in West London and their siblings in India. Lancet 345: 405 – 9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhopal Raj, Nigel Unwin, Martin White, Julie Yallop, Louise Walker, KGMM Alberti, Jane Harland, Sheila Patel, Naseer Ahmad, Catherine Turner, Bill Watson, Dalvir Kaur, Anna Kulkarni, Mike Laker, Anna Tavridou. (1999) Heterogeneity of coronary heart risk factors in Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and European origin populations: cross sectional study. BMJ 319: 215 – 220

    Google Scholar 

  • Bierman EL, Porte D Jr, Bagdade JP. Hypertriglyceridaemia and glucose intolerance in man. In B Jeanrenand, D Hopp (Eds): Adipose Tissue. New York: Academic Press 1970; 209 – 12

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown BG, Lin JT, Schaeffer SM, Kaplan CA, Dogde HD, Albers JJ(1989) Niacin or lovastatin combined with colestipol regresses coronary athersclerosis and clinical events in men with elevated apoliprotein B. (Abstract). Circulation 80(Suppl II ): 266

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunzell JD, Albers JJ, Chait A et al. (1983) Plasma lipoprotein in familial combined hyperlipidaemia and monogenic familial hypertriglyceridaemia. J Lipid Res 24: 149 – 55

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlston LA, Bottinger LR, Ahfeldt PE. (1979): Risk factors for myocardial infarction in the Stockholm prospective study: A 14 years follow up focussing on the role of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol. Acta Med Scand 209: 351 – 60

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassidy JT. (1967) Diabetes in Fiji. NZ Med M 66: 167 – 72

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers JC, Omar A Obeid, Helga Refsum, Per Ueland, David Hackett, James Hooper, Rebecca M Turner, Simon G Thompson, Jaspal S Kooner (2000). Plasma homocysteine concentrations and risk of coronary heart disease in UK India Asian and European men. Lancet 355: 523 – 27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chanda S, Radhakrishnan S, Ramachandran K, Kaul U, Gopinath N. (1990) Epidemiological study of coronary heart disease in urban population of Delhi. Indian J Med Res 92: 424 – 30

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheah JS, Jui KF, Yeo PPB, Tam BY, Tan YT, NG YK. (1979) Diabetes mellitus in Singapore: Results of a country wide population survey. In Ahuja MMS (Ed): Epidemiology of Diabetes in developing countries. New Delhi: Interprint. pp 93 – 102

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke R, Daly L, Robinson K et al. (1991): Hyperhomocysteinaemia: an independent risk factor for vascular disease. N Engl J Med 324: 1149 – 55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cruikshank JK, Beevers DG, Osborne VL, Haynes RA, Corlett JCR, Selby S (1980). Heart attack, stroke, diabetes and hypertension in West Indians, Asians and Whites in Birmingham, England. Br Med J 281: 1108

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruikshank JK, Beevers JG, Bannan LT, Jackson SHD, Smith M, Dianzumbra S et al. (1981): Blood pressure and smoking habits in West Indians in Jamaica and Birmingham in comparison with Whites and Asians. Clinical Science 60: 32

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlen GH, Guyton JR, Altar MD, Farmer JA, Kautz JA, Gotto AM. (1986) Association of levels of lipoprotein (a) plasma liquids and other lipoproteins with coronary artery disease documented by angiography. Circulation 74: 758

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhawan J. Observations on the coronary artery disease in Asians. Doctorate of Medicine Thesis, University of Manchester 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Davignon J, Singh CG, Lussier-Cacan S, Bouthillier D. Xanthelesma, latent dyslipoproteinemia and atherosclerosis; contribution of apo E polymorphism. In De Gennes JL, Polonovsky J, Paoletti R (Eds): Latent dyslipoproteinemia and atherosclerosis. New York: Raven Press, 1984; 213 – 23

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawber TR. The Framingham Study: The epidemiology of atherosclerotic disease. Cambridge, Harvard University Press and Commonwealth Fund. Mass:London:1980

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson DW, Waters HM. (1994): Malnutrition: folate and cobalamin deficiency. Br J Biomed Science 51: 221 – 27

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Destefano F, Merrit RK, Anda RF. (1993) Trends in coronary heart disease in the US, 1980 through 1989. Arch Intern Med 53: 2489 – 94

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewab BD, Malhotra KD, Gupta SP. (1974) Epidemiological study of coronary heart disease in a rural community in Haryana. India Heart J 26: 68 – 78

    Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson LJ, Taylor JB. (1983) Patterns of Asian and non-Asian morbidity in hospitals. Br Med J 286: 949 – 51

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ducimetiere P, Eschwege E, Papoz L, Richard J, Claude JR, Rosselin G. (1980) Relationship of plasma insulin levels to the incidence of myocardial infarction and coronary.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durrington PN, Bolton CH, Hartog M. (1978): Serum and apolipoprotein B levels in normal subjects and patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Clin Chan Acta 82: 151 – 60

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durrington PN. Hyperlipidaemia: Diagnosis and management. Butterworth and Co (Publishers) Limited 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Durrington PN, Hunt L, Ishola M, Kane J, Stephens WP(1986) Serum apolipoprotein AI and B lipoproteins in middle aged men with and without previous myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 56: 206

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaton DL, Fless GM, Kohr WJ, McLean JW, KU QT, Miller CG et al. (1987) Partial amino acid sequence of apolipoprotein (a) shows that it is homologous to plasminogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 3224

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enas EA, Yusuf S, Garg A, Davidson L, Thomas J, Pearson TA (1994). lipoprotein (a) levels in Indian physicians in comparison with black and white physicians in the US. Indian Heart J 46:1 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Enas EA. (1996) Avoiding premature coronary deaths in British Asians: Guidelines for pharmacologic intervention are needed. Br Med J 312: 376 (letter)

    Google Scholar 

  • Enas EA, Yusuf S, Mehta JL. (1992) Prevalence of coronary artery disease in Asian Indians. Am J Cardiol 70: 945 – 949

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enas A Enas, Salim Yusuf, Jawahar Mehta. (1996) Meeting of the International Working Group on Coronary Artery Disease in South Asians. Indian Heart J 48: 727 – 32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman R, Sender AJ, Siegelaub AB. (1969): Difference in diabetic and non-diabetic fat distribution patterns by skinfold measurements. Diabetes 18: 478 – 86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flory C Du V, Ashcroft MT, Miller GJ. (1971): Blood pressure levels of Guyanese adults of African and Indian origin. Am J Epidemiol 94: 419 – 24

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldrick RB, McLoughlin GM (1970):. Lipolysis and lipogenesis from glucose in fat cells of different sizes. Effect of insulin, epinephrine and theophylline. J Clin Invest 47: 1213 – 23

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon T, Castelli WP, Hjortland MC, Kannell WB, Dawker TR. (1977): High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. Am J Med 62: 707 – 14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta R, Prakas H, Majumdar S, Sharma S, Gupta VP. (1995) Prevalence of coronary heart disease and coronary risk factors in an urban population of Rajasthan. Indian Heart J 47: 331 – 38

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta SR, Siwach SB, Gupta MS. (1979): Hypertension and blood pressure trends in the general population of Haryana (based on total community surveys). J Assoc Physicians India 27: 119 – 26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hankey JH, Eikelboom JW. (1999) Homocysteine and vascular disease. Lancet 354: 407 – 13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartz AJ, Rupley DC, Kalkhoff RD, Rimm AA. (1983): Relationship of obesity to diabetes: influence of obesity level and body fat distribution. Prev Med 12: 251 – 357

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollenbeck C, Reaven GH. (1987): Variations in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in healthy individuals with normal glucose tolerance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64: 1169 – 73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Homocysteine Lowering Trialists Collaboration. (1998) Lowering blood homocysteine with folic acid based supplements: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 316: 894 – 98

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes LO. First myocardial infarction and cardiovascular risk factors in Asians and Whites living in North-West London. Doctorate of Medicine Thesis, University of London, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes LO, Cruikshank JK, Wright J, Raftery EB. (1989) Disturbances of insulin and its action in British Asian and White male survivors of myocardial infarction. Br Med J 299: 1345 – 50

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulley SB, Rosenman RH, Bawol RD, Brand RJ. (1980): Epidemiology as a guide to clinical decisions. The association between triglyceride and coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 302: 1383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imari Y, Koga S, Ibayashi H. (1988) Phenotypes of apolipoprotein E and abnormalities in lipid metabolism in patients with non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 12: 1134 – 38

    Google Scholar 

  • Islam N, Khan M, Latif ZA. (1983): Hypertension in the rural population of Bangladesh: A preliminary survey. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 9: 11 – 14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jha P, Enas EA, Yusuf S. (1993) Coronary artery disease in Asian Indians: prevalence and risk factors. Asian Am Pac Islander J Health 1: 161 – 75

    Google Scholar 

  • Joos SK, Mueller WH, Hanis CL, Schull WJ. (1984): Diabetes alert study: Weight history and upper body obesity in diabetic and non diabetic Mexican adults. Ann Hum Biol1 1: 167 – 71

    Google Scholar 

  • Keil JE, Britt RP, Weinrich MC, Hollis Y, Keil BW. (1980): Hypertension in Punjabi females: A comparison between migrants to London and natives in India. Hum Biol 52: 423 – 33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keys A. Seven countries: a multivariate analysis of death and coronary heart disease. Mass: Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge: 1980

    Google Scholar 

  • Kissebah AH, Vydelingum N,Murray R. (1982): Relationship of body fat distribution to metabolic complications of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54: 254 – 60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kondapi C. (1951) Indian Overseas 1838-1949. Indian Council of World Affairs; New Delhi, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krotkiewski M, Bjorntop P, Sjogtrom L, Smith U. (1983): Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women: Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution J Clin Invest 72: 1150 – 62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lomas GB. (1974) Census 1971: The Coloured Population of Great Britain. Runnymede Trust: London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maciejko JJ, Holmes DR, Kottke PA, Zinsmeister AR, Danh D, Mao SJT (1983): Apolipoprotein A: As a marker of angiographically assessed coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 309: 385 – 89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marine N, Vinik AL, Edelstein I, Jackson WPU.(1969)Diabetes, hyperglycemia and glycosuria among Indians, Malays and Africans (Bantu) in Cape Town, South Africa. Diabetes 18: 840 – 57

    Google Scholar 

  • Marmot MG, Adelstein AM, Bulusu L (1984). Immigrant mortality in England and Wales 1970-1978. HMSO. OPCS Studies of Medical and Population Subjects No 47, London: 1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin MJ, Hullery SB, Browner WS, Kuller EH, Wentworth D. (1986) Serum cholesterol, blood pressure and mortality: implications from a cohort of 361662 men. Lancet; 11: 933 – 36

    Google Scholar 

  • McCay D, Banerjee RBSC, Ghosal LM, Dutta M, Roy C. (1916) Observations on the sugar of the blood and the sugar in the urine in varying conditions of health in Bengal. Ind J Med Res 4: 1 – 27

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKeigue PM, Marmot MG. (1988) Mortality from coronary heart disease in Asian communities in London. Br Med J 197: 903

    Google Scholar 

  • McKeigue PM, Marmot MT, Adelstein AM et al. (1985) Diet and risk factors for coronary heart disease in Asians in North-West London. Lancet 2: 1086 – 90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKeigue PM, Marmot MG, Syndercome Court YD, Rahman S, Riemersa RA. (1988) Diabetes, hyperinsulinemia and coronary risk factors in Bangladeshis in East London. Br Heart J 60: 390 – 96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKeigue PM, Shah B, Marmot MG. (1991): Relationship of central obesity and insulin resistance with high diabetes prevalence and cardiovascular risk in South Asians. Lancet 337: 382 – 86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKeigue PM, Miller GJ, Marmot MG. (1989): Coronary Heart Disease in South Asians Overseas: A review. J Clin Epidemiol 42 (7): 597 – 609

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLean JW, Tomlinson JE, Kuang WJ, Eaton DL, Chen EY, Fless GM (1987) cDNA sequence of human apolipoprotein (a) is homologous to plasminogen. Nature 300: 132

    Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra SL. (1967) Epidemiology of ischaemic heart disease in India with special reference to causation. Br Heart J 29: 895 – 905

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews JH, Wood JK, (1987): Megoblastic anaemia in vegetarian Asians. Clin Lab Haematol 6: 1 – 7

    Google Scholar 

  • Menzel HJ, Kladetzky RG, Assmann G. (1983) Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and coronary artery disease. Arteriosclerosis 3: 310 – 15

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller GJ, Beckles GLA, Byam BTA, Kirkwood BR, Carson DC. (1985): Blood pressure, ethnic group and all cause mortality in urban Trinidad. W Ind Med J 34 (suppl): 42

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller GJ, Kotecha S, Wilkinson WH, Wilkes H, Stirling Y, Sanders TAB et al. (1988) Dietary and other characteristics relevant for coronary heart disease in men of Indian, West Indian and European descent in London. Atherosclerosis 70: 63 – 72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller GJ, Beckles GLA, Byam NTA, Price SGL, Carson DC, Kirkwood BR et al. (1984): Serum lipoprotein concentrations in relation to ethnic composition and urbanisation in men and women of Trinidad, West Indies. Int J Epidemiol 13: 413 – 21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller GJ, Miller NE. (1975): Plasma high density lipoprotein concentration and development of ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 1: 16 – 19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller NE, Hammett F, Saltissi S et al (1981): Relation of geographically defined coronary artery disease to plasma lipoprotein subfractions and apolipoproteins. Br Med J 282: 1741 – 44

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montel MLR. (1913) Un question sur le diabete. In Comptes Rendus de Travaux due Troisieme Congres Biennial tenu a saigon. Saigon: Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine 522 – 23

    Google Scholar 

  • Mather HM, Keen H.(1985)The Southall Diabetes Survey: Prevalence of known diabetes in Asians and Europeans. Br Med J 291: 1080 – 84

    Google Scholar 

  • Mookherjee S, Potts JL, Hill NE, Warner R, Raheja KL, Patel DG et al. (1984): Lack of relationship between plasma insulin and glucagon levels and angiographically documented coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 53: 99 – 109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee AB, Sen S, Dey P. (1973) Epidemiological survey of diabetes mellitus in a mixed population of Calcutta. J India Med Assoc 63: 17 – 22

    Google Scholar 

  • Olefsky JM, Faquhar JW, Reaven GM. (1974): Reappraisal of the role of insulin hypertriglyceridaemia. Am J Med 57: 551 – 60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olefsky JM. (1976): The insulin receptor. Its role in insulin resistance of obesity and diabetes. Diabetes 25: 1154 – 62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Omar MAK, Seedat MA, Dyer RB, Rajput MC, Motala AA, Joubert SM. (1985) The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a large group of South African Indians. South Afr Med J 67: 924 – 26

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrander LD, Bradt RL, Kjelsbert MO, Epstein FH. (1965) Electrocardiographic findings among the population of a total natural community: Tecumseh, Michigan. Circulation 31: 888 – 93

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pais P, Pogue J, Gerstein H, Zachariach E, Savitha D, Jayaprakash S et al. (1996) Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in Indias: A case control study. Lancet 348: 358 – 63

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelkonen R, Nikkila EA, Koskinen S, Penttiden K, Sarna S. (1977): Association of serum lipids and obesity with cardiovascular mortality. Br Med J 2: 1185 – 87

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson B, Trell E, Hood B. (1984): Premature death and associated risk factors in urban middle aged men. Am J Med 77: 418 – 26

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyorla K. (1979) Relationship of glucose tolerance and plasma insulin to the incidence of coronary heart disease: Results from two population studies in Finland Diabetes Care 2: 131 – 41

    Google Scholar 

  • Randle PJ, Garland PB, Hales CN, Newsholme EA. (1963): The glucose fatty-acid cycle. Its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1: 785 – 89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reardon MF, Nestel PJ, Craig IH, Harper RW. (1985) Lipoprotein predictors of the severity of coronary atery disease in men and women. Circulation 71: 881 – 88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reaven GM, Mejean L, Viallaume C, Drouin P, Debry G (1983):.Plasma glucose and insulin response to oral glucose in non-obese subjects and patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridaemia. Metabolism 32: 447

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy KS. (1993): Cardiovascular disease in India. World Health Stat Q 46: 101 – 07

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy MN, Krishnaiah KV, Shehadri B. (1984): Total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and its subfractions (HDL-2 and HDL 3) and triglyceride (TG) levels in people of Asian Indian origin. Clin Chem 30: 991

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhoads GG, Dahlen GH, Berg K, Morton NE, Dannenberg AL (1986). Lp(a) as a risk factor for myocardial infarction. JAMA 256: 2540

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose EJB. (1969) Colour and Citizenship. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saha N. (1987): Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I, A-II and B levels in Singapore ethnic groups. Atherosclerosis 68: 117 – 21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandholzer C, Halman DM, Saha N, Sigurdsson G, Csaszar A. (1991) Effect of apolipoprotein (a) polymorphism on the lipoprotein (a) concentration in seven ethnic groups. Hum Genet 86: 607 – 14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarvotham SG, Berry JN. 1968 ) Prevalence of coronary heart disease in an urban population in northern India. Circulation 37: 393 – 453

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaad JDG, Terpstra J, Oemrawsingh I, Nieuwenhuizen Kruseman AC, Bouwhuishoogerwerf MI. (1985) Diabetes prevalence in the three main ethnic groups in Surinam (South America): a population survey. Neth T Med 28: 17 – 22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schimdt SB, Wasserman SG, Muesing RA, Schelesselman SE, Larosa JC, Ross AM. (1985): Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels in angiographically defined coronary atherosclerosis. AM J Cardiol 55: 1459 – 62

    Google Scholar 

  • Seedat YK, Seeda MA. An inter-racial study of the prevalence of hypertension in an urban South African population. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1982; 76: 62 – 71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sicree RA, Tuomilehto J, Zimmet P et al. (1988) Electrocardiographic abnormalities amongst Melanesian and Indian men of Fiji: prevalence and associated factors. Int J Cardio 19: 27 – 38

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons D, Williams DRR, Powell MJ. (1989) Prevalence of diabetes in a predominantly Asian community: Preliminary findings of the Coventry diabetes study. Br Med J 298: 18 – 21

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaper AG, Pocock SJ, Walker M, Phillips AN, Whitehead TP, Macfarlane PW. (1985): Risk factors for ischaemic heart disease: The prospective phase of the British Regional Heart study. J Epidemiol Community Health 39: 197 – 209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sniderman A, Shapiro S, Marpole D, Skinner B, Peng P, Franklin FA et al. (1982) Association of hyperapobetalipoproteinaemia with indigenous hypertriglyceridaemia and atherosclerosis. Ann Intern Med 97: 833 – 39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg WJ, Balfe DL, Kustner HG. (1988) Decline in ischaemic heart disease mortality rates of South Africans, 1968-85, S Afr Med J 74: 547 – 50

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern MP, Gaskill SM, Allen CR, Garza V, Gonzales JL, Waldrop RH (1981) Cardiovascular risk factors in Mexican Americans in Laredo, Texas I. Prevalence of overweight and diabetes and distributions of serum lipids. AmJ Epidemiol 113: 546 – 55

    Google Scholar 

  • Stout RW. (1977) The relationship of abnormal circulating insulin levels to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 27: 1 – 13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stout RW (1979):. Diabetes and atherosclerosis–the role of insulin. Diabetologica 16:141-50

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stout RW. (1981) Blood glucose and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis. 1: 227 – 34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas I, Gupta S, Sempos C, Copper R. (1986): Serum lipids of Indian physicians living in the US compared to US born physicians. Atherosclerosis 61: 99 – 106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson G. (1984): Apoproteins: Determinants of lipoprotein metabolism and indices of coronary risk. Br Heart J 51: 585 – 88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tinker H. (1974) A New System of Slavery. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunstall-Pedoe H. (1975) Coronary heart attack in East London. Lancet 11: 833 – 38

    Google Scholar 

  • Utermann G. (1995) lipoprotein (a). In Scriver DR, Deaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D (Eds. The metabolic and molecular basis of inherited disease. New York: McGraw Hill Inc. pp 1887 – 1912.

    Google Scholar 

  • Utermann G, Vogelberg KH, Steinmetz A et al. (1979) Polymorphism of apolipoprotein E. II genetics of hyperlipoproteinemia type III. Clin.Genet 15: 37 – 62

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Utermann G. Apolipoprotein Emutants, hyperlipidaemia and arteriosclerosis. (1985) Adv Exp Med Biol 183: 173 – 83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welborn TA, Wearne K. (1979) Coronary heart disease incidence and cardiovascular mortality in Busselton with reference to glucose and insulin concentrations. Diabetes Care 2: 154 – 60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson PW, Garrison RJ, Kannel WB. (1980) Prevalence of CAD in the Framingham offspring study. Role of Lipoprotein Cholesterol. Am J Cardiol 46: 649

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woo J, Lau E, Lam CWK et al. (1986) Hypertension, lipoprotein (a) and apolipoprotein A-I as a risk factor for myocardial infarction. JAMA 256: 2354 – 540

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organisation Expert Committee. (1982) Prevention of coronary heart disease. WHO Tech Rep Ser 678: 1 – 53

    Google Scholar 

  • Yach D,Townsend GS. (1988) Smoking and health in South Africa. S Afr Med J 73: 391 – 99

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamamura T, Tajima S, Miyake Y, Nomura S, Yamamoto A, Haze K et al. (1990): Hyperlipoproteinemia as a risk factor for ischaemic heart disease. Japanese Circulation J 54: 448 – 55

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmet P, Taylor R, Ram P, King H. Sloman G, Raper LR et al. (1983) Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in the biracial (Melanesian and Indian) population of Fiji: A rural-urban comparison. Am J Epidemiol 118: 673 – 88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dhawan, J. (2004). Coronary Heart Disease and Related Diseases. In: Kumar, D. (eds) Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2231-9_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2231-9_22

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6262-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-2231-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics