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Secondary Cosmic Rays Underground and in the Atmosphere

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Cosmic Rays in the Earth’s Atmosphere and Underground

Part of the book series: Astrophysics and Space Science Library ((ASSL,volume 303))

Abstract

Primary CR of galactic and solar origin (mostly protons and nuclei of different Z) undergo nuclear interactions with air atoms and generate a lot of secondary particles (secondary CR). As will be shown in Chapter 11, secondary relativistic positrons and electrons are responsible for lightning between clouds and ground, and between two clouds, as well as for discharges at great altitudes between clouds and the ionosphere (sprites). Primary CR (mostly protons, alpha—particles and heavier nuclei) and some part of secondary CR (nuclear active particles, mostly protons and neutrons) are important for the generation of stable and unstable cosmogenic nuclides in the atmosphere, in the oceans and underground (Chapters 10 and 17). Charged secondary particles such as protons, positive and negative pions, positive and negative muons, positrons and electrons (including re-entrant and splash albedo particles, see below Section 2.12) are important for the ionization of air and chemical processes in the atmosphere (particularly, formation of nitrates and influence on ozone layer — see Chapter 13). Ionization of air by primary and secondary charged CR particles is responsible for the effects of CR on ionosphere and radio wave propagation, for disruptions in radio communications during great solar flare events (Chapter 12). The ionization of air at altitudes higher than a few km caused by primary and secondary charged CR particles affects cloud formation as well, leading to long-term variation in global cloudiness, and consequently to global climate changes (Chapter 14).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Israel Cosmic Ray Center, Space Weather Center, and Emilio Segrè Observatory, Tel Aviv University, Israel Space Agency, and Technion, Qazrin, Israel

    Lev I. Dorman

  2. Cosmic Ray Department of IZMIRAN, Russian Academy of Science, Troitsk, Russia

    Lev I. Dorman

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  1. Lev I. Dorman
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© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York

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Dorman, L.I. (2004). Secondary Cosmic Rays Underground and in the Atmosphere. In: Cosmic Rays in the Earth’s Atmosphere and Underground. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 303. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2113-8_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2113-8_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-015-6987-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-2113-8

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