Skip to main content
  • 10 Accesses

Abstract

After its long agitation, the Factory Movement did not achieve all of its aims. But the 60 hours’ week, worked in set periods, greatly benefited thousands of workers. Some modern historians, engaged in disproving exaggerated accounts of the social effects of the Industrial Revolution, have perhaps unduly minimised the brutal conditions of early factory life, and thus ‘reduced’ the apparent importance of the Factory Acts. But the discovery that the Movement’s case was sometimes buttressed by over-painted or even untrue allegations, and that some reformers’ motives were more subtly complicated than their purely humanitarian professions indicated, should not be allowed to conceal the fact that before the reforms work was often fantastically long and discipline harsh.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. P. A. Whittle: Blackburn As It Is (Preston, 1852), 32.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Croft, 140; D. Jamie: J. Hope. Philanthropist and Reformer (Edinburgh, 1907), 68;

    Google Scholar 

  3. T. Smith: Memoir of J. Begg (Edinburgh, 1885), II, 96, 201, 230;

    Google Scholar 

  4. O. Smeaton: T. Guthrie (Edinburgh, 1900), 152;

    Google Scholar 

  5. cf. S. Mechie: The Church and Scottish Social Development (1960), 135.

    Google Scholar 

  6. H. de B. Gibbins: English Social Reformers (1892), 145; Grant, 160.

    Google Scholar 

  7. R. Oastler: Convocation, The Church and the People (1860), passim.

    Google Scholar 

  8. F. Boase: Modern English Biography (Truro, 1892), 1, 1039–40;

    Google Scholar 

  9. R. V. Taylor: Biographia Eboracensis (MS. in LRL), II; Boase, IV (Truro, 1908), 537; Gentleman’s Magazine, Nov. 1865.

    Google Scholar 

  10. KN, 9 Apr. 1870; C. F. Forshaw: Poets of Keighley … (1893), 192–3;

    Google Scholar 

  11. A. Holdroyd: A. Wildman. A Memoir (Keighley, 1870).

    Google Scholar 

  12. G. T. Garratt: Lord Brougham (1935), 327;

    Google Scholar 

  13. cf. A. Aspinall: Lord Brougham and the Whig Party (Manchester, 1927), 228–9.

    Google Scholar 

  14. A. Marshall: Industry and Trade (1921 ed.), 763–6, Principles of Economics (1930 ed.), 47, 763 n.;

    Google Scholar 

  15. K. O. Walker: ‘The Classical Economists and the Factory Acts’ (Jour. of Econ, Hist., I, Nov. 1941);

    Google Scholar 

  16. J. B. Brebner: ‘Laisser Faire and State Intervention in 19th Century Britain’ (ib. Supp. VIII, 1948);

    Google Scholar 

  17. L. R. Sorenson: ‘Some Classical Economists, Laisser Faire and the Factory Acts’ (ib. XII, 3, Summer, 1952).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Sorenson, art. cit.; see E. R. A. Seligman: ‘On Some Neglected British Economists’ (Econ. Jour., XIII, Sept. 1903),

    Google Scholar 

  19. S. A. Meenai: ‘R. Torrens, 1780–1864’ (Economica, n.s., XXIII, 1: Feb. 1956),

    Google Scholar 

  20. M. Bowley: N. Senior and Classical Economics (1937), 257 n., 269 seq.

    Google Scholar 

  21. H. Fawcett: Lectures on Social and Political Subjects (1872), 36. See Lord Robbins: The Theory of Economic Policy in English Classical Political Economy (1952), 101–3,

    Google Scholar 

  22. and, for an excellent survey, M. Blaug: ‘The Classical Economists and the Factory Acts: A Re-Examination’ (Quarterly Jour. of Economics, LXXIII, 2: May 1958).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Sir G. Douglas, Sir G. D. Ramsay: The Panmure Papers (1908), 15.

    Google Scholar 

  24. See Trevelyan, Bright, 74, 154–9, English Social History (1956), 542; Morley, Cobden, 301; Court, 238; Halevy, III, 340; Gregg, 125; Hutchins and Harrison, 61–2, 87; E. L. Woodward: The Age of Reform (Oxford, 1949 ed.), 148;

    Google Scholar 

  25. A. D. Gayer, W. W. Rostow, A. J. Schwarz: The Growth and Fluctuation of the British Economy, 1790–1850 (Oxford, 1953), I, 340.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Marx alleged that Anglican clergy joined the agitation in 1853, ‘to undermine the cotton lords’. His other account is in Capital (1954 ed.), I, 278–97, etc. In 1848 Engels doubted the value of an Act which impeded the class war (Rothstein, 76–7); cf. R. Groves: But We Shall Rise Again (1938), 156,

    Google Scholar 

  27. and N. Stewart: The Fight for the Charter (1937), 197–8.

    Google Scholar 

  28. A. V. Dicey: Law and Public Opinion in England (1948 ed.), 224.

    Google Scholar 

  29. See R. G. Cowherd: The Humanitarians and the TH Movement in England (Boston, Mass., 1956), passim.

    Google Scholar 

  30. See Rostow, ch. 5, 6; Gayer, Rostow, Schwarz, passim; R. C. O. Matthews: A Study in Trade-Cycle History (Cambridge, 1954), ch. 9, 152–5;

    Google Scholar 

  31. E. J. Hobsbawm: ‘Economic Fluctuations and Some Social Movements since 1800’ (EcHR, 2 ser., V, 1: 1952).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Greg, Factory Question, 129. See D. H. Blelloch: ‘A Historical Survey of Factory Inspection in Great Britain’ (International Labour Rev., Nov. 1938), T. J. Djang: Factory Inspection in Great Britain (1942) and, especially, Thomas, op. cit.

    Google Scholar 

  33. 37 and 38 Vict. c. 44; 41 and 42 Vict. c. 16; Balme Coll.; Campaign Guide (Edinburgh, 1895), 46–52;

    Google Scholar 

  34. C. E. Bellairs: Conservative Social and Industrial Reform (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Wilkinson, 162–3; Hansard, CXIX, 1463; cf. B. C. Roberts: The Trades Union Congress (1958), 108;

    Google Scholar 

  36. H. J. Hanham: Elections and Party Management (1959), 106, 314–21;

    Google Scholar 

  37. H. Pelling: Origins of the Labour Party (1954), 6, 14 n.

    Google Scholar 

  38. YP, 2 Nov. 1925, 1 Sept. 1913, etc.; B. Turner: About Myself (1930), 88–90;

    Google Scholar 

  39. E. P. Thompson: ‘Homage to Tom Maguire’, in A. Briggs, J. Saville: Essays in Labour History (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Contemporary Rev., XLV (Feb. 1884); see C. Coote: ‘Conservatism and Liberalism’ (Political Quarterly, XXIV, 2: 1953); Holyoake, Stephens, ch. 19, Sixty Years, 104–5; Rothstein, 53–6;

    Google Scholar 

  41. K. Mannheim: Essays in Sociology and Social Psychology (1953), 90–1;

    Google Scholar 

  42. K. Feiling: Sketches in 19th Century Biography (1930), 77–8, 92–3.

    Google Scholar 

  43. F. Baker: The Moral Tone of the Factory System Defended (1850). Baker had been a Ten Hours supporter (BC, 7 Mar. 1846, 30 Jan. 1847).

    Google Scholar 

  44. H. Watts: The Weavers’ THB (Huddersfield, 1865), 20.

    Google Scholar 

  45. G. Smeaton: Memoir of A. Thompson (Edinburgh, 1869); on Lewis, Scott, V, 326–7, Ewing, I, 207,

    Google Scholar 

  46. L. J. Saundars: Scottish Democracy (Edinburgh, 1950), 143.

    Google Scholar 

  47. M. B. Reckitt: The Church and the World (1940), III, 63–4.;

    Google Scholar 

  48. Church of England QR, XXVII, 2 (Apr. 1850), 330–66. For various treatments, see M. B. Reckitt: Maurice to Temple (1947), 16;

    Google Scholar 

  49. Reckitt and J. V. L. Casserley: The Vocation of England (1941), 17–19;

    Google Scholar 

  50. C. Waterman: The Three Spheres of Society (1946), 216–17, 222;

    Google Scholar 

  51. V. A. Demant: Religion and the Decline of Capitalism (1952), ch. 2;

    Google Scholar 

  52. P. Mairet (ed.): The National Church and the Social Order (1956), 79–80;

    Google Scholar 

  53. G. S. R. Kitson Clark: The English Inheritance (1950), 153–5; Gill, passim.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Copyright information

© 1962 J. T. Ward

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ward, J.T. (1962). The Aftermath. In: The Factory Movement, 1830–1855. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-81759-7_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-81759-7_16

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-81761-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-349-81759-7

  • eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics