Abstract
Larger political units began to develop on the Italian peninsula after the Middle Ages, until then the home of city-states, republics, duchies, principalities, and so on.1 Several of these units were under the influence or direct rule of foreign powers for longer periods-Spain, Austria, and France in particular. After the turmoil of the Napoleonic wars, the Congress of Vienna left the Italian territory fragmented and strengthened the foreign influence on the peninsula.2
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© 2000 Daniele Caramani
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Caramani, D. (2000). Italy. In: Elections in Western Europe since 1815. The Societies of Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-65508-3_14
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-65508-3_14
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-333-77111-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-65508-3
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