Abstract
There is a certain charm now found in the reading of Ho Chi Minh’s later reflections on his early revolutionary career. This future leader of Vietnamese resistance, first to the French and then to the Americans, and the first president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, much earlier found himself in France, where he initially remained removed from international affairs. Arriving in Paris in 1917, Ho was something of an apprentice in two new arts: a photographer’s assistant where he retouched prints and a painter of sorts in what was to become a new worldwide industry: manufacture of folk art in places where it did not originate. In Ho’s own words, he was ‘a painter of “Chinese antiquities” (made in France!)’.1
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Notes
Quoted in Jean Lacouture, Ho Chi Minh: A Political Biography (New York, 1968), p. 30.
For his own assessment of the development, see Habib Bourguiba, La Tunisie et la France: Vingt-cinq ans de la lutte pour la coopération libre (Paris, 1954).
On négritude, see René Depestre, Bonjour et adieu à la négritude (Paris, 1980);
Thomas Melone, De la négritude dans la littérature négro-africaine (Paris, 1962);
Irving L. Markowitz, Léopold Sédar Senghor and the Politics of’ Négritude (New York, 1969).
Léopold Sédar Senghor, ‘A New York’, in Léopold Sédar Senghor, Poèmes (Paris, 1964), p. 117.
Aimé Césaire, Return to My Native Land (Paris, 1968), p. 101.
On social and economic conditions in Indochina, see William J. Duiker, The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941 (Ithaca, 1976);
David G. Marr, Vietnamese Anticolonialism, 1885–1925 (Berkeley, 1971);
Martin J. Murray, The Development of Capitalism in Colonial Indochina (1870–1940) (Berkeley, 1980).
See Charles Mangin, La force noire (Paris, 1909).
On Diagne and the issue of recruitment, see G. Wesley Johnson, The Emergence of Black Politics in Senegal (Stanford, 1971), notably pp. 183–95;
Marc Michel, ‘La genèse du recrutement de 1918 en Afrique noire française’, Revue française d’histoire d’outre-mer, 58: 433–50 (1977).
Abbas cited in Alf Andrew Heggoy, Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency in Algeria (Bloomington, 1972), p. 14.
Senghor formed part of an interesting group of authors who in 1943 wrote a supportive testimony to empire, a work only published at the end of World War II. Léopold Sédar Senghor, Robert Lemaignen and Prince Sisowath Youtevong, La communauté impériale française (Paris, 1945).
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© 1991 Raymond F. Betts
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Betts, R.F. (1991). The Changing Scene in the Colonial World. In: France and Decolonisation 1900–1960. The Making of 20th Century. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27933-3_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27933-3_4
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