Abstract
China’s relations with Southeast Asia, traditionally called Nanyang (or ‘South Seas’) by the Chinese, are extensive and deep-rooted on account of history, geography, and past migration in the region. China’s early contact with the individual societies of Southeast Asia can be traced back to truly ancient times, even though ‘China’s intercourse overland with the countries on its southern border is of much greater order of antiquity than its contacts by sea.’1 By the Sung dynasty (960–1280) Imperial China had established tributary relations with many states in Southeast Asia, and the tribute-bearing missions were, as noted by the eminent Harvard historian, John K. Fairbank, often a convenient ‘cloak for trade’.2 Fairbank has long stressed the importance of the Chinese maritime activities along the mainland coast and in Nanyang even prior to the famous expeditions by Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho) in the fifteenth century. Indeed, when European adventurers and traders eventually reached Southeast Asia in the sixteenth century, they found Chinese merchants already active in all the ports and on the main trade routes. Much of this commercial activity on the part of Chinese merchants stemmed directly or indirectly from the traditional tribute system, which was the principal means by which Imperial China conducted foreign relations with its neighbouring states.3
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Notes and References
Victor Purcell, The Chinese in Southeast Asia 2nd edn (Oxford University Press, 1965) p. 8.
John King Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1953) p. 32.
For a detailed discussion of the ‘Chinese world order’, see John K. Fairbank (ed.), The Chinese World Order (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968).
Hu Yaobang, Report to the Twelfth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, 1 September 1982 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1982).
For a succinct discussion of the main features of the ASEAN economies, see John Wong, ASEAN Economies in Perspective: A Comparative Study of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand (London: Macmillan, 1979).
The World Bank’s World Development Report 1981 contains various social indicators for China as well as for ASEAN. For a further discussion of Chinese performance in these areas, see Thomas Rawski, Economic Growth and Employment in China (New York: OUP, 1979);
Keith Griffin, ‘Efficiency, Equality and Accumulation in Rural China: Notes on the Chinese System of Incentives’ World Development, no. 6 (1978);
and A. R. Khan, ‘The Distribution of Income in Rural China’, ILO World Employment Programme Working Paper (Geneva, July 1976).
Also Neville Maxwell (ed.), China’s Road to Development (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1975).
Dwight Perkins, ‘Meeting Basic Needs in the People’s Republic of China’, World Development (May 1978) p. 561.
Alexander Eckstein, China’s Economic Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1977) p. 233.
See John Wong, ‘Southeast Asia’s Growing Trade Relations with Socialist Economies’, Asian Survey, vol. 17, no. 4 (1977).
Zhou Enlai, ‘Report on the Work of the Government’, Peking Review (now called Beijing Review), no. 4 (1975) p. 23.
Hua Guo-feng, ‘Unite and Strive to Build a Modern Powerful Socialist Country’, Peking Review, no. 10 (1978) pp. 7–10.
For a succinct discussion of the 10-Year Plan, see Nicholas R. Lardy, ‘Recent Chinese Economic Performance and Prospects for the Ten-Year Plan’, in US Congress Joint Economic Committee, Chinese Economy Post-Mao (Washington, D. C., 1978).
Zhao Ziyang, ‘The Present Economic Situation and the Principles for Future Economic Construction’, Beijing Review, (no. 51 (1981).
For a discussion of China’s energy relations with ASEAN, see Kim Woodard, The International Energy Relations of China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1980).
See John Wong, ‘Rice Exports: A New Dimension in China’s Economic Relations with Southeast Asia’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, vol. X, no. 2 (September 1979).
International Tin Council, Tin Statistics 1969–79 (London, 1980).
See Zdenek Drabek, ‘The Natural Resource Product Absorption in Centrally-planned Economies’, University of British Columbia, Department of Economics’ Discussion Paper 80–28, (July 1980).
For further discussion of this subject, see Colin Bradford, Jr, ‘ADC’s Manufactured Export Growth and OECD Adjustment’, in Wontack Hong and Lawrence B. Krause (eds), Trade and Growth of the Advanced Developing Countries in the Pacific Basin (Korean Development Institute, Seoul, Korea, 1981).
Ross Gamaut and Kym Anderson, ‘ASEAN Export Specialization and the Evolution of Comparative Advantage in the Western Pacific Region’, in Ross Garnaut (ed.), ASEAN in a Changing Pacific and World Economy (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1980) p. 403.
See Ippei Yamazawa, ‘Renewal of Textile Industry in Developed Countries and World Textile Trade’, in Hitotsubashi University, Research Unit in Economic and Econometric Working Paper, (No. 82–6) July 1982.
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© 1984 John Wong
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Wong, J. (1984). China’s Economic Relations with Southeast Asia: Changing Dimensions. In: The Political Economy of China’s Changing Relations with Southeast Asia. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27929-6_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27929-6_1
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