Abstract
International relations absorbed the greatest amount of government attention in the states of the period. This was both traditional and understandable. Dynastic and national prestige, essential both for a sense of purpose and as a lubricant of domestic obedience, were gained principally through international success, and governments could hope to achieve tangible results in diplomacy. The international situation was both dangerous and unstable. The fate of victims could be political extinction, as in the case of Poland when partitioned, and the duchy of Lorraine when annexed. Rulers and ministers were obliged to keep an anxious eye on other powers. Thus foreign relations entailed both opportunities and threats, and much depended on diplomatic abilities and military skills. The personal nature of monarchies was never more evident than in the direct, often autocratic way in which diplomacy was intended to function: foreign policy-making was an attribute of sovereigns. A disadvantage of this, so far as the stability of the international scene was concerned, was that personal idiosyncrasies and dynastic considerations tended to predominate. They undermined attempts to systematise international relations in terms of a balance of power.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Select Bibliography
P. P. Bernard, Joseph II and Bavaria (1965).
J. M. Black, Natural and Necessary Enemies: Anglo-French Relations in the Eighteenth Century (1986).
J. M. Black, The Rise of the European Powers, 1679–1793 (1990).
J. M. Black, The Failure of a Great Power: French Foreign Policy, 1661–1815 (1999).
A. C. Carter, Neutrality or Commitment: The Evolution of Dutch Foreign Policy, 1667–1795 (1975).
J. R. Dull, A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution (1985).
A. W. Fisher, The Russian Annexation of the Crimea, 1772–1783 (1970).
H. H. Kaplan, The First Partition of Poland (1962).
H. H. Kaplan, Russia and the Outbreak of the Seven Years War (1968).
D. McKay and H. M. Scott, The Rise of the Great Powers, 1648–1815 (1983).
S. P. Oakley, War and Peace in the Baltic, 1560–1790 (1993).
H. Ragsdale (ed.), Imperial Russian Foreign Policy (1993).
K. Roider, Austria’s Eastern Question, 1700–1790 (1982).
P. W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (1994).
Copyright information
© 1999 Jeremy Black
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Black, J. (1999). International Relations. In: Eighteenth-Century Europe. History of Europe. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27768-1_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27768-1_10
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-333-77335-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-27768-1
eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)