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Politics and Society under the Bolsheviks pp 112–139Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Stalinism in Post-Soviet Historical Writing

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Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to draw attention to recent scholarly work by historians in the Russian Federation on major problems of the Stalin era. We cannot consider here writings by their counterparts in other republics of the former Soviet Union, and for practical reasons we shall confine ourselves mainly to journal articles. Where books are mentioned, difficulties of access require one to rely heavily on reviewers’ descriptions. This may be seen as a follow-up to an earlier study of Soviet historiography during the perestroika era, and as a complement to J. Baberowski’s survey of recent Western writing on the subject.1

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Notes

  1. John Keep, ‘Die sowjetische Geschichtswissenschaft der “Perestrojka”. Anfange einer Aufarbeiting der jüngsten Vergangenheit’, Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte, Vol. 42 (1992), pp. 100–116.

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  3. cf. M. Sandle, ‘New Directions, New Approaches, Old Issues: Recent Writings on Soviet History’, Historical Journal, Vol. 38 (1995), pp. 231–48.

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  4. A. Nekrich, Entsage der Angst (Frankfurt, Berlin and Vienna, 1983), pp. 251ff. (first published as Otreshis’ of strakha: vospominaniia istorika (London, 1979).

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  5. M. Confmo, ‘Present Events and the Representation of the Past: Some Current Problems in Russian Historical Writing’, Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, Vol. 35 (1994), p. 842.

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  6. J. Foitzik, ‘Zur Situation in den Moskauer Archiven’, Jahrbuch fir historische Kommunismusforschung, 1993, No. 1 p. 299.

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  7. V.A. Kozlov and S.V. Mironenko (eds), Arkhiv noveishei istorii Rossii, Tom I, ‘Osobaia papka’ I.V. Stalina. Iz materialov NKVD-MVD SSSR 1944–1953 gg. Katalog dokumentov (Moscow, 1994).

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  8. Tom II. ‘Osobaia papka’ V.M. Molotova (Moscow, 1994). Reviewed (Vol. I only) in Osteuropa, 1995, No. 4, pp. 365–8, and (both volumes) in OI, 1996, No. 1, pp. 187–9.

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  9. Rosarkhiv and Hoover Institution, Archives of the Soviet Communist Party and Soviet State. Catalogue of Finding Aids and Documents 1st edn (Moscow and Stanford, CA, 1995).

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  10. Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Ekonomiki, Putevoditel’ Tom I, Spravochnik fondov edited by W. Chase, S.V. Prasolova et al. (Moscow, 1994), announced in International Newsletter of Historical Studies on Comintern, Communism and Stalinism (Aachen), 1995, No. 1, p. 391. A guide to RTsKhIDNI has been prepared by J. Arch Getty and V.P. Kozlov.

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  11. See also M. David-Fox and D. Hoffmann, ‘The Politburo Protocols, 1919–40’, Russian Review Vol. 55 (1996), pp. 99–103.

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  12. N.B. Lebina, ‘Tenevye storony zhizni sovetskogo goroda 20–30-kh gg.’, VI, 1994, No. 2, pp. 30–42.

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  13. see also the valuable studies of supply policy by E.A. Osokina, Ierarkhiia potrebleniia: o zhizni nuclei v usloviiakh stalinskogo snabzheniia 1928–1935 gg. (Moscow, 1993); ‘Za zerkal’noi dver’iu Torgsina’, OI, 1995, No. 2, pp. 86–104. On home brewing in the village, see K.B. Litvak, in OI, 1992, No. 4, pp. 74–88.

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  15. Vsesoiuznaia perepis’ naseleniia 1939 g.: osnovnye itogi (Moscow, 1992). The memoirs of a leading statistician, M.V. Kurman, who spent thirteen years in the GULag, some of them in Kolyma, are published with an introduction by A. Vishnevskii in Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique Vol. 34 (1993), pp. 577–630.

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  18. N.A. Aralovets, ‘Poteri naseleniia sovetskogo obshchestva If 1930-e gg.: problemy, istochniki, metody izucheniia v otechestvennoi istoriografii’, OI, 1995, No. 1, pp. 135–46.

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  19. G.I. Khanin, Sovetskii ekonomicheskii rost: analiz zapadnykh otsenok (Novosibirsk, 1993).

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  20. The value of this evidence is stressed by A. Werth, ‘Une source inédite: les “svodki” de la Tchéka-OGPU’, Revue des études slaves Vol. 66 (1994), pp. 17–27.

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  21. see also his edition, with G. Moullec, of Rapports secrets soviétiques: la société russe dans les documents confidentiels, 1921–1991: recueil de pièces d’archives … (Paris, 1994).

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  22. A. Kraiushkin and N.V. Teptsov, ‘Kak snizhali tseny v kontse 40-kh-nach. 50-kh gg. i chto ob etom govoril narod’, NR, 1992, No. 2, pp. 282–96.

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  23. V.F. Zima, ‘Golod v Rossii 1946–1947 gg.’, OI, 1993, No. 1, pp. 32–52.

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  24. idem, ‘“Vtoroe raskulachivanie”: agrarnaia politika kontsa 40-kh-nach. 50-kh gg.’, OI, 1994, No. 3, pp. 109–25.

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  25. V.P. Popov (ed.), Rossiiskaia derevnia posle voiny, iiuii’ 1945-mart 1953 g.: Sbornik dokumentov (Moscow, 1993).

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  26. idem, ‘Golod i gosudarstvennaia politika, 1946–1947 gg,’, OA 1992, No. 6, pp. 36–59.

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  27. idem, ‘Prichiny sokrashcheniia chislennosti naseleniia RSFSR posle Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny’, SOI 1994, No. 10, pp. 76–94.

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  28. idem., ‘Eshche raz o poslevoennom golode’, OA 1994, No. 4, pp. 82–7 (where he shows that Stalin was well informed about the situation).

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  29. I.E. Zelenin, ‘“Revoliutsiia sverkhu”: zavershenie i tragicheskie posledstviia’, VI 1994, No. 10, pp. 28–42.

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  30. idem., ‘Politotdely MTS — prodolzhenie “chrezvychaishchiny” (1933–1934 gg.)’, OI, 1992, No. 6, pp. 42–61.

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  31. idem, ‘Kollektivizatsiia i edinolichnik: 1933-ii-I-aia polovina 1935 g.’, OI 1993, No. 1, pp. 35–55; idem, ‘Byl li kolkhoznyi neo-NEP?’, OI 1994, No. 2, pp. 105–21.

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  32. For a survey of agrarian policy, see O.M. Verbitskaia, Rossiiskoe krest’ianstvo of Stalina k Khrushchevu (Moscow, 1992).

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  33. A French edition of related documents is A. Graziosi, ‘Collectivisation, révoltes paysannes et politiques gouvernementales à travers les rapports du GPU d’Ukraine de février-mars 1930’, Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique Vol. 35 (1994), pp. 437–72 (documents, pp. 473–672).

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  34. I.E. Plotnikov, ‘O tempakh i formakh kollektivizatsii na Urale’, OI, 1994, No. 3, pp. 77–91.

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  35. idem, ‘Kak likvidirovali kulachestvo na Urale’, OI, 1993, No. 4, pp. 159–67.; idem (ed.), ‘Ssylka krest’ian na Ural v 1930-e gg.: dokumenty iz arkhivov’, OI, 1995, No. 1, pp. 160–79. For samples of protests, appeals and letters by peasant settlers, see the works by Zemskov cited in note 64 below; see also N.V. Teptsov (ed.), ‘Ssyl’nye muzhiki: pravda o spetsposelentsakh’, NR, 1992, No. 1, pp. 184–267.

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  36. idem and N.D. Nokhomovich, ‘Raskulachivali dazhe inostrantsev’, NR, 1992, No. 2, pp. 324–37.

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  37. M.V. Sedykh, ‘Tragicheskaia uchast’ krest’ian sela Kirsanovka v 30-e gody’, VI 1994, No. 9, pp. 189–90.

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  38. M.A. Smimov and S.B. Vlasov, ‘Tiumenskaia derevnia v period kollektivizatsii’, OA 1993, No. 6, pp. 75–80, print a letter to the local party secretary, dated 29 March 1930, protesting at collectivisation.

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  39. Iu.G. Murin (ed.), ‘Sholokhov i Stalin: perepiska nachala 30-kh gg.’, VI, 1994, No. 3, pp. 3–25. In the later 1930s the writer took a more resolute stance, blaming the NKVD for the arrest and maltreatment of innocent colleagues; in 1936 he was himself apparently the target of an assassination attempt; idem, ‘“Vokrug menia vse eshche pletut chemuiu pautinu …”: pis’ma M.A. Sholokhova I.V. Stalinu, 1937–1950’, Ist., 1993, No. 4, pp. 4–19.

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  40. G.N. Sevost’ianov, ‘Missiia M.M. Litvinova v Vashington v 1933: novye materialy’, NNI, 1994, No. 3, pp. 148–75.

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  41. idem, ‘Sud’ba soglasheniia Ruzvel’tLitvinov o dolgakh i kreditakh 1934–5 gg.: novye dokumenty’, NNI, 1995, No. 2, pp. 115–34; ‘M.M. Litvinov o mezhdunarodnoi situatsii i vneshnei politike SSSR posle vtoroi mirovoi voiny’, OI, 1992, No. 1, pp. 161–4.

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  42. N.I. Egorova, ‘“Iranskii krizis” 1945–1946 gg.: po rassekrechennym sekretnym dokumentam’, NNI, 1994, No. 3, pp. 24–42.

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  43. M.M. Narinskii, ‘SSSR i plan Marshalla: po materialam APRF’, NNI, 1993, No. 2, pp. 11–19.

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  44. see also idem, ‘Soviet Foreign Policy and the Origins of the Cold War’, in G. Gorodetsky (ed.), Soviet Foreign Policy 1919–1991: A Retrospective (London, 1994), pp. 105–10.

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  45. L.Ia. Gibianskii, ‘Kak voznik Kominform: po novym arkhivnym materialam’, NNI, 1993, No. 4, pp. 131–52.

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  46. G.M. Adibekov, ‘Popytka kominternizatsii Kominforma v 1950g.: po novym arkhivnykh materialam’, NNI, 1994, Nos 4–5, pp. 51–66.

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  47. On their discovery, see L. Bezymensky, ‘The Secret Protocols of 1939 as a Problem of Soviet Historiography’, in Gorodetsky (ed.), Soviet Foreign Policy, pp. 75–85. The relevant files, numbers 34 and 35, had been in the charge of the CPSU CC’s General Department since 1952 and had been opened in 1959, 1975, 1979 and 1987 for perusal by the leaders of the day–although Gorbachev denied knowledge of the contents. V.M. Osin points out (OA, 1992, No. 6, p. 70) that the documents included a hitherto unknown Soviet-German agreement dated 10 January 1941 on an exchange of Lithuanian territory for 7.5 million dollars in gold: for the Russian text, see M.I. Semiriaga (contrib.), ‘Sekretnye dokumenty iz osobykh papok’, VI, 1993, No. 1, pp. 3–22; ‘Sovetsko-germanskie dokumenty 1939–1941 gg.: iz arkhiva TsK KPSS’, NNI, 1993, No. 1, pp. 83–95.

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  48. M.I. Semiriaga, Tainy stalinskoi diplomatii, 1939–1941 gg. (Moscow, 1992); see also the review in Jahrbücher fir Geschichte Osteuropas, Vol. 42 (1994), p. 314.

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  49. Iu.V. Ivanov, ‘Osvoboditel’nyi pokhod ili agressiia?’, VIZh, 1994, No. 9, pp. 82–6.

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  50. Semiriaga, ‘Sekretnye dokumenty iz osobykh papok’, was apparently the first to reveal that the total number of victims was 21,857. Robert Conquest (Times Literary Supplement 3 March 1995) reports the recent publication of a commendable study by N. Lebedeva entitled Katyn’: prestuplenie protiv chelovechestva (Moscow). See also N.S. Raiskii, ‘II-ala mirovaia voina i sud’by pol’skikh voennoplennykh’, OI 1995, No. 4, pp. 136–44.

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  51. Iu.A. Gor’kov, ‘Uroki voiny s Finliandiei: neopublikovannyi doklad narkoma oborony SSSR K. E. Voroshilova na plenume TsK VKP(b) 28 marts 1940 g.’, NNI, 1993, No. 4, pp. 100–122.

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  52. V.A. Nevezhin, ‘Sovetskaia politika i kul’turnye sviazi s Germaniei, 1939–1941 gg.’, OI, 1993, No. 1, pp. 18–34.

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  53. idem, ‘Metamorfozy sovetskoi propagandy v 1939–1941 gg.’, VI, 1994, No. 8, pp. 164–71.

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  54. idem, ‘Rech’ Stalina 5 maia 1941 g. i apologiia nastupatel’noi voiny’, OI, 1995, No. 2, pp. 54–69.

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  55. V. Danilov, ‘Gotovil li General’nyi shtab Krasnoi Armii upreidaiushchii udar po Germanii?’, Segodnia, 28 September 1993.

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  56. Iu.A. Gor’kov, ‘Gotovil li Stalin uprezhdaiushchii udar protiv Giclera v 1941 g.?’, NNI, 1993, No. 3, pp. 29–45.

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  57. M.I. Mel’tukhov, ‘Spory vokrug 1941 g.: opyt kriticheskogo osmysleniia odnoi diskussii’, OI, 1994, No. 3, pp. 3–22.

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  58. idem, ‘Ideologicheskie dokumenty maiaiiunia 1941 g. O sobytiiakh Vtoroi mirovoi voiny’, OI, 1995, No. 2, pp. 70–85 (a commentary on the last article by Nevezhin cited in note 35 above).

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  59. General M.A. Gareev, ‘Eshche raz k voprosu: gotovil li Stalin preventivnyi udar v 1942 g.?’, NNI, 1994, No. 2, pp. 198–202.

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  60. See also, more recently, V.D. Danilov and A.A. Pechenkin’s articles in a discussion in OI, 1995, No. 3, pp. 33–58. It should be stressed that Mel’tukhov adheres to a date in 1941 for the offensive. On the general staff exercise in December 1940.

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  61. see P.N. Bobylev, ‘Repetitsiia katastrofy’, VIZh, 1993, No. 6, pp. 10–16.

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  62. A.G. Pavlov defends the achievements of the intelligence services in ‘Sovetskaia voennaia razvedka nakanune Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny’, NNI, 1995, No. 1, pp. 49–61.

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  63. See also I. Bunich, Operatsiia ‘Groza’ iii oshibka v tret’em znake: istoricheskaia khronika (St. Petersburg, 1994).

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  64. A.N. Mertsalov and L.A. Mertsalova, Stalinizm i voina: iz neprochitannykh stranits istorii, 1930-e-1990-e gg. (Moscow, 1994).

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  65. Iu. Khelemskii (ed.), ‘Rost kolichestva osuzhdennykh budet ochevidnym’, Ist., 1994, No. 5, pp. 107–12. On the situation in the rear, see an interview given by General A.V. Khrulev, presented by G.A. Kumanev in NNI, 1995, No. 2, pp. 6587; E.S. Seniayskaia, ‘Novye shtrikhi k rabote politorganov v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny’, OA, 1992, No. 1, pp. 97–106.

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  66. S.A. Mel’chin (ed.), ‘“Vygnat’ nemetskikh zakhvatchikov … na kholod v pole.” Prikaz Stavki Verkhovnogo Glavnogo Komandovaniia 17 noiabria 1941 g.’, IA 1993, No. 3, pp. 148–50; L.E. Reshin (ed.), ‘“Soiuz nemetskikh ofitserov”: tainy vtoroi mirovoi voiny’, Ist. 1993, No. 0, pp. 86–106; A.S. Orlov and V.P. Kozanov, ‘Lend-liz: vzgliad cherez polveka’, NNI 1994, No. 3, pp. 76–94; ‘Stalin, Beriia i sud’by armii Andersa v 1941–2 gg.: iz rassekrechennykh arkhivov’, NNI 1993, No. 2, pp. 59–90. According to these figures, 69,917 Polish citizens were despatched, including 41,103 military personnel; Western sources give a higher figure of about 78,000 military and 37,000 civilians.

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  67. E. Bacon, The Gulag at War: Stalin’s Forced Labour System in the Light of the Archives (Basingstoke, 1994), p. 104 makes it clear that 43,000 Poles were released from the GULag.

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  68. L.E. Reshin, ‘Kollaboratsionisty i zhertvy rezhima’, Znamia, 1994, No. 8, pp. 158–79, with a postscript by G. Vladimov, pp. 180ff.; see also L.E. Reshin and V.S. Stepanov, ‘Sud’by general’skie’, a continuing series of articles in VIZh, 1992–93; there is said to be a book on this subject by S. Kudriashev (Moscow, 1994).

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  69. Iu.A. Gor’kov, ‘I.V. Stalin i Stavka VGK’, VIZh, 1995, No. 3, pp. 20–25.

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  70. S.A. Mel’chin et al. (eds), ‘Zharkoe leto 41 g.: dokumenty GKO i Stavki perioda Smolenskogo srazheniia, iiul’-sentiabr’ 1941 g.’, IA, 1993, No. 1, pp. 45–67; P.N. Knyshevskii, ‘Gosudarstvennyi komitet oborony: metody mobilizatsii trudovykh rezervov’, VI, 1994, No. 2, pp. 43–52.

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  71. A.A. Pechenkin, ‘Gosudarstvennyi komitet oborony v 1941 g.’, OI, 1994, Nos 4–5, pp. 126–42.

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  72. General A.M. Gareev, ‘O neudachnykh nastupatel’nykh operatsiiakh Sovetskikh voisk v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine: po neopublikovannym dokumentam GKO’, NNI, 1994, No. 1, pp. 3–29.

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  73. G.F. Krivosheev et al. (eds), Gnf sekretnosti sniat: poteri vooruzhennykh sil SSSR v voinakh, boevykh deistviiakh i voennykh konfliktakh: statisticheskoe issledovanie (Moscow, 1992); see also Z. Vodop’ianova et al. (eds), ‘Sformirovalos’ mnenie, chto poteri sostavili 20 millionov chelovek’, Ist., 1994, No. 5, pp. 87–95 (on the publication of these figures after 1988).

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  74. V. Savina (ed.), ‘“Prodolzhaem prodvigat’sia v glub bezuiutnoi strany …”’, Ist., 1993, No. 3, pp. 29–44; Z. Vodop’ianova and A.A. Kumosov (eds), ‘Zapiski moskvicha, osen’ 1942 g.’, IA, 1993, No. 2, pp. 46–57; N. Gorshkov, Siloiu sveta v polsvechi: blokadnyi dnevnik, naidennyi cherez 50 let v sekretnykh arkhivov KGB (St. Petersburg, 1993).

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  75. This debate cannot be examined here. Fundamental are now Bacon, The Gulag at War and J. Arch Getty, Gabor T. Rittersporn and V.N. Zemskov, ‘Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-war Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence’, American Historical Review Vol. 98 (1993), pp. 1017–49, with correspondence in ibid., Vol. 99 (1994), pp. 1038–41; both studies were founded on a necessarily hasty somewhat hast examination of central NKVD records.

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  76. V. Tikhanova (ed.), Rasstrel’nye spiski fasc. I: Donskoe kladbishche, 1934–40 (Moscow, 1993), contains brief biographies of more than 670 persons who were executed and buried in the Moscow cemetery named in the title; the book was sponsored by the organisation ‘Memorial’.

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  77. A.P. Aref’ev, V.A. Kazakov and V.V. Smirnov (eds), Zabveniiu ne podlezhit’. O repressiiakh 30-kh-nach. 50-kh gg. v Nizhegorodskoi oblasti, Book I (Nizhnii Novgorod, 1993); see also the review by V.N. Okorokov in OA, 1993, No. 4, p. 114. The value of A.L. Litvin’s ‘Preemniki VChK, ili nesostoiayshiisia grazhdanskii mir’, Tatarstan, 1994, No. 11 and 1995, Nos 1–2, and ‘Sledstvennye dela kak istoricheskii istochnik’, Ekho vekov (Kazan’), May 1995, pp. 170–76, lies in the (annual, sometimes monthly) figures on convictions and executions by the Tatarstan OGPU/NKVD between 1929 and 1938 (some 20,000 cases, of which one-fifth of those convicted were shot). See also his edition in extenso of the proceedings against Evgeniia Ginzburg, later famous as the author of Into the Whirlwind: see Dva sledstvennykh dela Evgenii Ginzburg (Kazan’, 1994). I.N. Kuznetsov, Ziat’ i pomnit’: istoricheskoe issledovanie massovykh repressii i reabilitatsii zhertv terrora 30-kh gg. (Tomsk, 1993), contains material on the repressions, a study of the role in them played by the local party organisation, and a selection of documents. N. Werth cites (in Revue des études slaves, 1994, pp. 1728) a two-volume work by V.P. Danilov, Spetspereselentsy v Zapadnoi Sibiri (Novosibirsk, 1993).

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  78. V.I. Buganov et al. (eds), Akademicheskoe delo 1929–1931 gg., fasc. I: Delo po obvineniiu akad. S.F. Platonova (St. Petersburg, 1993); see also A.I. Alatortsev (ed.), ‘Nachalo “dela” Akademii nauk: stenogramma zasedaniia Osoboi komissii Narkomata RKI SSSR 1929 g.’, IA, 1993, No. 1, pp. 79–109.

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  79. V.S. Brachev, ‘Sergei Fedorovich Platonov’, OI, 1993, No. 1, pp. 111–28.

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  80. O.V. Khlevniuk, author of Stalin i Ordzhonikidze: konflikty v Politbiuro v 30-e gody (Moscow, 1993), has written an article in English that gives the best introduction to the politics of the purge. Khlevniuk, author of Stalin i Ordzhonikidze: konflikty v Politbiuro v 30-e gody (Moscow, 1993), has written an article in English that gives the best introduction to the politics of the purge: ‘The Objectives of the Great Terror’, in Julian Cooper, Maureen Perrie and E.A. Rees (eds), Soviet History, 1917–53: Essays in Honour of R.W. Davies (Basingstoke, 1995).

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  81. N. Zen’kovich, Tainy kremlevskikh smertei (Moscow, 1994) seems to be a journalistic compilation. It contains an article by the son of Kuibyshev, in which he supports the (familiar) theory that his father was poisoned.

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  82. V. Ivanov, ‘Zagadka poslednykh dnei Gor’kogo’, Zvezda, 1993, No. 1, pp. 141–63, comes to a similar conclusion about the death of Gorky. There is, however, as yet no conclusive evidence of Stalin’s responsibility for Kirov’s murder (as distinct from the repressions that followed it). For circumstantial evidence that exonerates him.

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  83. see A. Azol’skii, ‘Kto ubil Kirova? Opyt domashnego rassledovaniia’, Kontinent, No. 82 (1995), pp. 179–205; A curious role in the murder was played by the NKVD’s secret agent M.N. Volkova: see Z. Vodop’ianova et al. (eds), ‘“Ia znala, chto predstoit ubiistvo Kirova”: versiia sekretnogo sotrudnika OGPU-NKVD’, Ist., 1994, No. 2, pp. 58–70.

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  84. Iu.G. Murin, ‘Kak fal’sifirovalos’ “delo Bukharina”’, NNI 1995, No. 1, pp. 61–76; see also his ‘“Vsiudu i vezde budu dokazyvat’ svoiu nevinnost”: pis’ma Bukharina Stalinu i chlenam Politbiuro, avgust-dekabr’ 1936’, Ist. 1993, No. 2, pp. 4–18.

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  85. Murin’s compilation, Iosif Stalin v obiatiiakh sem’i: iz lichnogo arkhiva (Berlin, Chicago, Tokyo and Moscow, 1993), has little of value. Stalin’s guards’ register of individuals whom he received in his office has been published in IA 1994, No. 6 et seq.

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  1. John Keep
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  1. Department of History, Sheffield Hallam University, UK

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Keep, J. (1999). Stalinism in Post-Soviet Historical Writing. In: McDermott, K., Morison, J. (eds) Politics and Society under the Bolsheviks. International Council for Central and East European Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27717-9_8

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