Abstract
After decades of focusing on nuclear threats, the post-Cold War era has seen a new awareness of conventional weapons, and in particular light weapons. Allowing for the fact that intra-state wars have prevailed more than inter-state ones since 1945, South Asia illustrates the high levels of internal violence that characterize contemporary conflict. As a region it is increasingly weapons rich, both in terms of small arms as well as hi-tech systems.1
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Notes
See Jasjit Singh (ed.), Light Weapons and International Security (New Delhi: Pugwash India/BASIC, 1995);
Ayesha Siddiqa-Agha, ‘Light Weapon Proliferation and Arms Control in South Asia: The Three Dimensions’ (London: BASIC Research Paper, 1996). Katherine Joseph at BASIC and Chris Smith at the Centre for Defence Studies, London, are continuing to research small arms proliferation in Central Asia and South Asia respectively.
See E.J. Hobsbawm, Bandits (London: Pelican, 1972).
Paul Rich and Richard Stubbs (eds), The Counter-Insurgent State: Guerrilla Warfare and State-building in the Twentieth Century (London: Macmillan, 1997).
See Bahgat Korany, ‘Strategic Studies and the Third World: A Critical Evaluation’, International Social Science Journal, vol. 8, no. 110, 1986, pp. 547–62.
See John Rothgeb, Foreign Investment and Political Conflict in Developing Countries (New York: Praeger, 1996).
A fluent account of this is provided by Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, Freedom at Midnight (London: Book Club Associates, 1975).
Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear, 2nd edn (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991) p. 122.
I have drawn on Victoria Schofield, Kashmir in the Crossfire (London: I.B. Tauris, 1996);
and Alastair Lamb, Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy 1846–1990 (Hertingfordbury: Roxford Books, 1991).
M.J. Akbar, India: The Siege Within (Penguin, 1985) p. 237.
For the best account of the Indian position, see Prem Shankar Jha, Kashmir 1947: Rival Versions of History (Delhi: OUP, 1996).
The Pakistani perspective is best put in Alastair Lamb, Kashmir: Birth of a Tragedy (Hertingfordbury: Roxford Books, 1994). Both of these books are favoured by the relevant lobbyists, who give away free copies to advance their claims.
See Sumit Ganguly The Origins of War in South Asia: Indo-Pakistani Conflicts since 1947, 2nd edn (Boulder, Westview, 1994) for one of the best general history of the Indo-Pakistan conflict.
See Prem Nath Bazaz, Democracy through Intimidation and Terror (New Delhi: Heritage, 1978).
See Victoria Schofield, Kashmir in the Crossfire (London: I.B. Tauris, 1996), pp. 183–5.
Sumit Ganguly, The Crisis in Kashmir (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 35–7.
The best Kashmiri account is Balraj Puri, Towards Insurgency (New Delhi: Sangam Books, 1993);
while a convincing academic explanation is provided by Sumit Ganguly, ‘Explaining the Kashmir Insurgency: Political Mobilisation and Institutional Decay’, International Security, vol. 21, no. 2, 1996, pp. 76–107.
However, self-determination comes in many flavours, and does not always mean better or more responsive government. Sumantra Bose, The Challenge in Kashmir (Sage: New Delhi, 1997) is an account of the current problem that somewhat uncritically approaches it from a self-determination perspective.
Ajit Bhattarcharjea, Kashmir: The Wounded Valley (New Delhi: UBSPD, 1994) pp. 255–6.
Gerard Chaliand, Terrorism: From Popular Struggle to Media Spectacle (London: Saqi Books, 1988), p. 107.
Rajesh Kadian, The Kashmir Tangle (published 1982) pp. 28–32.
US Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 1993, April 1994, p. 4.
Tariq Jan (ed.), Foreign Policy Debate (Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies, 1993), p. 97.
Based on various sources, including Afsir Karim, Kashmir: The Troubled Frontiers (New Delhi: Lancer, 1994), pp. 312–3.
Brian Crozier, The Rebels (London: Chatto & Windus, 1960), pp. 195, 208–15.
Sumit Ganguly, The Crisis in Kashmir (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 117.
See Amnesty International, ‘An Unnatural Fate’ — ‘Disappearances’ and Impunity in the Indian States of Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab (1993); Asiawatch, Rape in Kashmir: A Crime of War (1993),
Zahir-ud-Din, Did they Vanish in Thin Air? (Srinagar: Sabha Publications, 1995). There is also the Response of the Government of India to Report of Amnesty International (c. 1994).
K. Warikoo, Afghanistan Factor in Central and South Asian Politics (New Delhi: Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation, 1994), p. 67.
Some idea of how serious leakage from weapons pipelines can be is evident in Chris Smith, The diffusion of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Pakistan and Northern India (London: Centre for Defence Studies 1993).
M. Ward, D. Davis, M. Penubarti, S. Rajmaira and M. Cochran, ‘Country Survey I: Military Spending in India’, Defence Economics, vol. 3, 1991, p. 41.
Ron Matthews, ‘Country Survey IV: Pakistan’, Defence and Peace Economics, vol. 5, no. 4, 1994, p. 315.
See for example Mushtaqur Rahman, Divided Kashmir: Old Problems, New Opportunities for India, Pakistan and the Kashmiri People (London: Lynne Rienner, 1996), pp. 147–8.
K.R. Singh, ‘Intra-Regional Interventions in South Asia’, USI Paper No. 10 (New Delhi: United Services Institute, c. 1989).
A point made in an earlier article, Alexander Evans, ‘Subverting the State: Intervention, Insurgency and Terror in South Asia’, War Studies Journal, (vol. 2, no. 1, 1996), pp. 17–29.
Ajay Durshan Behera, ‘Separatist Insurgencies in Pakistan’ Strategic Analyses, New Delhi, vol. xix, no. 2, 1996, pp. 259–70.
Sandy Gordon, ‘Resources and Instability in South Asia’, Survival, vol. 35, no. 2, Summer 1993, p. 77.
See Ved Marwah, Uncivil Wars: Pathology of Terrorism in India (India: Harper Collins, 1995), pp. 224–316 for an introduction to the problems in the north-east.
See Tahir Amin, Mass Resistance in Kashmir (Islamabad: Institute for Policy Studies, 1995), p. 91.
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Evans, A. (1999). Warlordism and Political Violence in Jammu and Kashmir, 1988–97: Gun Rule?. In: Rich, P.B. (eds) Warlords in International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27688-2_8
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