Skip to main content

Blood and Sacrifice: Politics Versus Culture in the Construction of Nationalism

  • Chapter
Nationalisms Old and New

Part of the book series: Explorations in Sociology ((EIS))

Abstract

From being a topic which existed on the margins of a number of disciplines and which seemed to be of declining importance in the contemporary world, nationalism is now at the centre of a number of debates and the literature on the subject continues to grow at an alarming rate. The collapse of state socialism in Eastern Europe and the furious ethnic and nationalist conflicts unleashed in and among the post-communist states is one reason for this resurgence of interest in nationalism. Academic arguments rage on the future direction of nationalism and on the explanation of its genesis and continuing appeal.1 Our concern, in this chapter, is to advance the understanding of these contemporary variants of nationalist conflicts and movements through a critical examination of some of the ideas of politics and culture which have been used in the explanation of nationalism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  • Anderson, B. (1991) Imagined Communities (London: Verso).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, P. (1975) Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthias, F. and Yuval-Davis, N. (1992) Racialised Boundaries — Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti-Racist Struggle (London: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Archard, D. (1995) ‘Myths, lies and historical truth: a defence of nationalism’, Political Studies, XLIII: 472–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balakrishnan, G. (1995) ‘The national imagination’, New Left Review, 211: 56–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, M. (1981) The New Racism (London: Junction Books).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barth, F. (1969) Ethnic Groups and Boundaries (Boston: Little, Brown).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauman, Z. (1992) ‘Soil, blood, and identity’, Sociological Review, 40(4): 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhabha, H. (1990) ‘Introduction: narrating the nation’, in Bhabha, H. (ed.), Nation and Narration (London: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Billig, M. (1995) Banal Nationalism (London: Sage).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, R. (1993) ‘The Break-up of Yugoslavia and the Fate of Bosnia’, New Left Review, 199: 100–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bocock, R. (1992) ‘The cultural formations of modern society’, in Hall, S. and Gieben, B. (eds), Formations of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolger, J. (1996)’ serb exodus exposes Nato’s failure’, The Guardian, 20 March.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, G. (1994) ‘Ethnic violence and the phantasy of the antagonist: the mobilisation of national identity in former Yugoslavia’, Polish Sociological Review, 2, 133–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breuilly, J. (1993) Nationalism and the State, 2nd edn (Manchester: Manchester University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brockmann, S. (1991) ‘The reunification debate’, New German Critique, 52, Winter, Special Issue on German Unification: 3–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brubaker, R. (1994) ‘Nationhood and the nationalities question in the Soviet Union and post-Soviet Eurasia: an institutionalist account’, Theory and Society, 23: 47–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, C. (1995) ‘Civic nationalism, civil society, civil religion’, in Hall, J. (ed.) Civil Society — Theory, History, Comparison (Cambridge: Polity Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Calhoun, C. (1993) ‘Nationalism and Ethnicity’, Annual Review of Sociology, 19: 211–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castles, S. (1993) ‘Migrations and minorities’, in Wrench, J. and Solomos, J. (eds), Racism and Migration in Western Europe (Oxford: Berg).

    Google Scholar 

  • Castles, S. and Miller, M. (1993) The Age of Migrations: International Population Movements in the Modern World (London: Macmillan).

    Google Scholar 

  • Colley, L. (1992) Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Comaroff, J. (1991) ‘Humanity, ethnicity, nationality: conceptual and comparative perspectives on the USSR’, Theory and Society, 20: 661–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connerton, P. (1989) How Societies Remember (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Denitch, B. (1994) ‘Dismembering Yugoslavia — nationalist ideologies and the symbolic revival of genocide’, American Ethnologist, 21(2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Donia, R. and Fine, J. (1994) Bosnia-Herzegovina: A Tradition Betrayed (London: Hurst).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunlop, J. (1985) ‘The new Russian nationalism’, Washington Papers, No. 116 (New York: Praeger).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagleton, T. (1983) Literary Theory (Oxford: Blackwell).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eller, J. and Coughlin, R. (1993) ‘The poverty of primordialism — the demystification of ethnic attachments’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 16(2): 183–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elshtain, J. (1993) ‘Sovereignty, identity, and sacrifice’, in M. Lerner and A. Ringrose (eds), Reimagining the Nation (Milton Keynes: Open University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen, T. (1991) ‘Ethnicity versus nationalism’, Journal of Peace Research, 28(3): 7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen, T. (1993) Ethnicity and Nationalism (London: Pluto).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gellner, E. (1983) Nations and Nationalism (Oxford: Blackwell).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gellner, E. (1992) ‘Nationalism in the vacuum’, in A. Motyl (ed.), Thinking Theoretically about Soviet Nationalities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gellner, E. (1994) Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and Its Rivals (London: Hamish Hamilton).

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenny, M. (1990) The Rebirth of History: Eastern Europe in the Age of Democracy (Harmondsworth: Penguin).

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenny, M. (1992) The Fall of Yugoslavia (Harmondsworth: Penguin).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gotovska-Popova, T. (1993) ‘Nationalism and politics in post-Communist Eastern Europe’, East European Quarterly, 27(2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield, L. (1992) Nationalism — Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J. (1991) The New Conservatism: Cultural Criticism and the Historians’ Debate (Cambridge: Polity Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J. (1994) ‘After the fall: an analysis of postcommunism’, British Journal of Sociology, 45(4): 7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J. (1996) ‘How homogenous need we be? reflections on nationalism and liberty’, Sociology, 30(1): 7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S. (1992) ‘The question of cultural identity’, in S. Hall, D. Held and T. McGrew (eds), Modernity and its Futures (Oxford: Polity Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoare, Q. and Nowell-Smith, G. (eds) (1971) Selection from the Prison Notebooks (London: Lawrence & Wishart).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobsbawm, E. J. (1990) Nations and Nationalism since 1789 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobsbawm, E. J. (1992) ‘Ethnicity and nationalism in Europe Today’, Anthropology Today 8(1): 3–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobsbawm, E. J. (1994) Age of Extremes: the Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 (London: Michael Joseph).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobsbawm, E. J. and Ranger, T. (eds) (1983) The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodson, R., Sekulic, D. and Massey, G. (1994) ‘National tolerance in the former Yugoslavia’, American Journal of Sociology, 99(6): 7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hroch, M. (1993) ‘From National Movement to the Fully-formed Nation’, New Left Review, 198: 3–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Husbands, C. (1994) ‘Crises of national identity as the “new moral panics”: political agenda setting about definitions of nationhood’, New Community, 20(2): 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, J. (1994) Modern Nationalism (London: Fontana).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ignatieff, M. (1994) Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism (London: Vintage).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagarlitsky, B. (1990) ‘Perestroika and the nationalism of Soviet minorities’, Critique, 22: 105–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karakasidou, A. (1993) ‘Politicizing culture: negating ethnic identity in Greek Macedonia’, Journal of Modern Greek Studies, 11(1): 7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karakasidou, A. (1994) ‘Sacred scholars, profane advocates: intellectuals moulding national consciousness in Greece’, Identities, 1(1): 7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lijphart, A. (1980) Democracy in Plural Societies: a Comparative Exploration (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Llobera, J. (1994) The God of Modernity: the Development of Nationalism in Western Europe (Oxford: Berg).

    Google Scholar 

  • Luxemburg, R. (1970) ‘The Junius pamphlet’, in Rosa Luxemburg Speaks (New York: Pathfinder Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Magas, B. (1983) The Destruction of Yugoslavia — Tracking the Break-Up 1980–92 (London: Verso).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maier, C. (1988) The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Malcolm, N. (1994) Bosnia: A Short History (London: Papermac).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, A. (1990) Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? The ‘Final Solution’ in History (London: Verso).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miliband, R. (1994) ‘Ethnicity and nationalism — a view from the left’, Socialist Alternatives, 3(1): 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Motyl, A. (ed.) (1992) The Post-Soviet Nation and the Demise of the USSR (New York: Columbia University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mouffe, C. (1994) The Return of the Political (London: Verso).

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, I. (1993) ‘Russia as Central Europe’s constituting other’, East European Politics and Society, 7(2): 7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Observer (1995) ‘New Balkan plan for war and death’, 13 August.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penrose, J. (1995) ‘Essential constructions? The “cultural bases” of nationalist movements’, Nations and Nationalism, 1(3): 7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pryke, S. (1995) ‘Nationalism and Culturalism — a critique’, Politics, 15, 1: 63–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pusic, V. (1994) ‘Dictatorships with democratic legitimacy’, East European Politics and Society, 8(3): 7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ree, J. (1992) ‘Internationality’, Radical Philosophy, 60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rieff, D. (1995) Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West (London: Vintage).

    Google Scholar 

  • Salecl, R. (1994) ‘The crisis of identity and the struggle for hegemony in the former Yugoslavia’, in E. Laclau (ed.), The Making of Political Identities (London: Verso).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schopflin, G. (1994) Politics In Eastern Europe (Oxford: Basil Blackwell).

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidel, G. (1986) ‘Culture, nation, and race in the British and French New Right’, in R. Levitas (ed.), The Ideology of the New Right (Cambridge: Polity Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Silber, L. and Little, A. (1995) The Death of Yugoslavia (Harmondsworth: Penguin).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. (1991) National Identity (Harmondsworth: Penguin).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. (1995) ‘Gastronomy or geology? The role of nationalism in the reconstruction of nations’, Nations and Nationalism, 1(1): 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, P. and Wollman, H. (1995) Nationalism, Politics and Democracy in Post-Communist Societies, paper presented to conference on Ethnicity and Nationalism in the New Europe, University of Central Lancashire, September; reprinted as European Research Centre Discussion Paper, Kingston University, 1996 (forthcoming).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stepan, A. (1994) ‘When democracy and the nation-state are competing logics: reflections on Estonia’, European Journal of Sociology 35, 1: 127–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stubbs, P. (1995) ‘Nationalisms, globalisation and civil society in Croatia and Slovenia’, paper presented to Second European Conference of Sociology, Budapest, 30 August to 2 September (unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabo, M. (1993) ‘Nation, nation state and prospects of democratisation in Eastern Europe’, in J. Iivonen (ed.), The Future of the Nation State in Europe (Hampshire: Edward Elgar).

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabo, M. (1994) ‘Nation state, nationalism and the prospects for démocratisation in East central Europe’, Communist and Post-Communist Political Studies, 27(4): 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szelenyi, I. and S. (1995) ‘The circulation and reproduction of elites during the postcommunist transformation of Eastern Europe’, Theory and Society 24/5, October: 615–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamir, Y. (1993) Liberal Nationalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamir, Y. (1995) ‘The enigma of nationalism’, World Politics 47: 429–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tudjman, F. (1981) Nationalism in Contemporary Europe (Boulder, Colo.: Boulder East European Monographs).

    Google Scholar 

  • Verdery, K. (1991) National Ideology Under Socialism: Identity and Cultural Politics in Ceausescu’s Romania (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Verdery, K. (1992) ‘Hobsbawm in the East’, Anthropology Today, 8(1): 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M. (1978) Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Berkeley: University of California Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilpert, C. (1993) ‘The ideological and institutional foundations of racism in the Federal Republic of Germany’, in J. Wrench and J. Solomos (eds), Racism and Migration in Western Europe (Oxford: Berg).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, P. (1992) ‘The end of the Velvet Revolution’, New York Review of Books, August: 57–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolchik, S. (1994) ‘The politics of ethnicity in post-Communist Czechoslovakia’, East European Politics and Society, 8(1), Fall: 153–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeatman, A (1994) ‘Multiculturalism, globalisation, and rethinking the social’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 30(3): 7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaslavsky, V. (1992) ‘Nationalism and democratic transition in post-communist societies’, Daedalus, 121/2: 97–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zijeck, S. (1990) ‘Republics of Gilead’, New Left Review, 183: 50–62.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 1999 British Sociological Association

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Spencer, P., Wollman, H. (1999). Blood and Sacrifice: Politics Versus Culture in the Construction of Nationalism. In: Brehony, K.J., Rassool, N. (eds) Nationalisms Old and New. Explorations in Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27627-1_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics