Abstract
The concepts and theories covered in Chapter 4 focus on overt communication behaviour and the individual; as a result, useful though they are, the level of explanation they provide is limited. In this chapter, the factors (constructs) and processes underlying the overt behaviour of individuals and the interactions between them come into focus, to provide more explanatory power. Section 5.1 considers psychological factors and processes antecedent to individual communication; Section 5.2 examines interactionist approaches; and Section 5.3 explores facework, which cuts across all three levels — the overt and underlying behaviours of the individual and the interactions between individuals, as Figure 5.1 illustrates.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Markus, R.H. and Kitayama, S. (1994) ‘A collective fear of the collective: implications for selves and theories of selves’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20 (5): 568–79.
Farh, J.L., Dobbins, G.H. and Cheng, B. (1991) ‘Cultural relativity in action: a comparison of self-ratings made by Chinese and US workers’, Personnel Psychology, 44: 129–47.
Yu, J. and Murphy, K.R. (1993) ‘Modesty bias in self-ratings of performance: a test of the cultural relativity hypothesis’, Personnel Psychology, 46: 357–73.
Cross, S.E. and Madison, L. (1997) ‘Models of the self: self-construals and gender’, Psychological Bulletin, 122 (1): 5–37.
Roberts, T.-A. (1991) ‘Gender and the influence of evaluations on self-assessments in achievement settings’, Psychological Bulletin, 109 (2): 297–308.
Kelly, A.E., Sedlacek, W.E. and Scales, W.R. (1994) ‘How college students with and without disabilities perceive themselves and each other’, Journal of Counseling and Development, 73: 178–82.
Maslow, A.H. (1970) Motivation and Personality (2nd edn), New York: Harper & Row.
Turner, J.H. (1988) A Theory of Social Interaction, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Anderson, C.M. and Martin, M.M. (1995) ‘Communication motives of assertive and responsive communicators’, Communication Research Reports, 12: 186–91.
Mesquita, B. and Frijda, N.H. (1992) ‘Cultural variations in emotions: a review’, Psychological Bulletin, 112 (2): 179–204.
Johansson, J.K. (1994) ‘Cultural understanding as managerial skill: Japan, North America and Europe’. Presentation made at the David See-Chai Lam Centre for International Communication, Simon Fraser University at Harbour Centre: Pacific Region Forum on Business and Management Communication. Posted on the Internet: http://www.cic.sfu.ca/forum/.
Robinson, S. (1997) ‘Intercultural management: the art of resolving and avoiding conflicts between cultures’, AIESEC Global Theme Conference: Learning and Acting for a Shared Future. Posted on the Internet: http://www.eye.ch/~gtc97/intercul.html.
Kelly, G. (1955) The Psychology of Personal Constructs, New York: North.
Witkin, H.A. and Berry, J.W. (1975) ‘Psychological differentiation in cross-cultural perspective’, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 6: 4–87.
Gilligan, C. (1982) In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Schein, E.H. (1992) Organizational Culture and Leadership (2nd edn), San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Triandis, H.C. (1990) ‘Theoretical concepts that are applicable to the analysis of ethnocentrism’, in Brislin, R.W. (ed.) Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Alderfer, C.P. and Smith, K.K. (1982) ‘Studying intergroup relations embedded in organizations’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 27: 5–65.
Berger, C.R. and Zelditch, M. (1985) Status, Rewards and Influence, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Cichon, E.J. and Masterson, J.T. (1993) ‘Physician-patient communication: mutual role expectations’, Communication Quarterly, 41 (4): 477–89.
Apel, D. and Yoram, B.-T. (1996) ‘Nursing staff responses to violent events in closed psychiatric wards: a comparison between attributional and cognitive neoassocianistic analyses’, British Journal of Social Psychology, 35: 509–21.
Ajzen, L. (1991) ‘The theory of planned behaviour: some unresolved issues’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50: 179–211.
Nicol, D. (1994) ‘Trust: critical and cultural’. Posted on the Internet: http://blue.temple.edu/-eastern/nicol.html.
Buchanan, C.H. (1996) Choosing to Lead: Women and the Crisis of American Values, Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Kohn, M.L. (1969) Class and Conformity: A Study in Values, Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
Hofstede, G. (1981) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, London: HarperCollins, p. 31.
Nurmi, J. (1992) ‘Cross-cultural differences in self-serving bias: responses to the attributional style questionnaire by American and Finnish students’, Journal of Social Psychology, 132 (1): 69–76.
Chandler, T.A., Shama, D.D., Wolf, F.M and Planchard, S.K. (1981) ‘Multiattributional causality for social affiliation across five cross-national samples’, Journal of Psychology, 107: 219–29.
Kashima, Y. and Triandis, H.C. (1986) ‘The self-serving bias in attributions as a coping strategy: a cross-cultural study’, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 17 (1): 83–97.
Langer, E. (1989) Mindfulness, Reading: Addison-Wesley.
Burgoon, J. and Hale, J. (1988) ‘Nonverbal expectancy theory’, Communication Monographs, 55: 58–79.
Levinson, S.C. (1983) Pragmatics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Banks, S.P. (1989) ‘Pronouns and the language of intercultural understanding’, in Ting-Toomey, S. and Korzenny, F. Language, Communication and Culture: Current Directions, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Bateson, G. (1958) Naven, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Rogers, E. and Kincaid, D.L. (1981) Communication Networks: Toward a New Paradigm for Research, New York: Free Press.
Homans, G.C. (1958) ‘Social behavior as exchange’, American Journal of Sociology, 63: 597–606.
Turner, R.H. (1987) ‘Articulating self and social structure’, in Yardley, K. and Honess, T. (eds) Self and Society, Chichester: Wiley.
Brewer, M. (1991) ‘The social self’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17: 475–82.
Blumer, H. (1969) Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Ting-Toomey, S. (1988) ‘A face negotiation theory’, in Kim, Y.Y. and Gudykunst, W. (eds) Theories in Intercultural Communication, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Goffman, E. (1959) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Garden City, NY: Doubleday, p. 3.
Ting-Toomey (1988) op. cit.
Ting-Toomey, S. (1986) ‘Interpersonal ties in intergroup communication’, in Gudykunst, W.B. (ed.) Intergroup Communication, London: Edward Arnold.
Katriel, T. (1991) Communal Webs: Communication and Culture in Contemporary Israel, Albany: SUNY Press.
Ting-Toomey, S. (1988) ‘Inter-cultural conflict styles: A face-negotiation theory’, in Kim,Y. and Gudykunst, W. (eds) Theories in Inter-cultural Communication, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Ting-Toomey, S., Gao, G., Trubisky, P., Yang, Z., Kim, H., Lin, S.L. and Nishida, T. (1991) ‘Culture, face maintenance, and styles of handling interpersonal conflict: a study in five cultures’, The International Journal of Conflict Management, 2: 275–96.
Khoo, G.P.S. (1994) ‘The role of assumptions in intercultural research and consulting: examining the interplay of culture and conflict at work’. Paper given at the David See-Chai Lam Centre for Internation Communication, Simon Fraser University at Harbour Centre: Pacific Region Forum on Business and Management Communication. Posted on the Internet: http://www.cic.sfu.ca/forum/.
Lebra, T. (1971) ‘The social mechanism of guilt and shame: the Japanese case’, Anthropological Quarterly, 44 (4): 241–55.
Brown, P. and Levinson, S. (1978) ‘Universals in language usage: politeness phenomena’, in Goody, E.N. (ed.) Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 56–289.
Wood, L.A. and Kroger, R.O. (1991) ‘Politeness and forms of address’, Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 10 (3): 145–68.
Holtgrave, T. (1992) ‘Linguistic realisation of face management: implications for language production and comprehension, person perception and cross-cultural communication’, Social Psychology Quarterly, 55 (2): 141–59.
Colwill, N. and Sztaba, T.I. (1986) ‘Organizational genderlect: the problem of two different languages’, Business Quarterly, 3: 64–6.
Kim, M.-S. and Bresnahan, M. (1996) ‘Cognitive basis of gender communication: a cross-cultural investigation of perceived constraints in requesting’, Communication Quarterly, 44: 53–69.
Brown, P. (1990) ‘Gender, politeness, and confrontation in Tenejapa’, Discourse Processes, 13 (1): 123–41.
Ambady, N., Koo, J., Lee, F and Rosenthal R. (1996) ‘More than words: linguistic and nonlinguistic politeness in two cultures’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70: 996–1011.
Yum, J.O. (1982) ‘Communication diversity and information acquisition among Korean immigrants in Hawaii’, Human Communication Research, 8: 154–69.
Giles, H. (1977) Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations, London: Academic Press.
Beebe, L.M. and Giles, H. (1984) ‘Speech accommodation theories: a discussion in terms of second-language acquisition’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 46: 5–32.
Gallois, C., Giles, H., Jones, E., Cargile, A.C. and Ota, H. (1995) ‘Accommodating intercultural encounters: elaborations and extensions’, Intercultural Communication Theory (International and Intercultural Communication Annual) XIX, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 115–46.
Kim, Y.Y. (1988) Communication and Cross-cultural Adaptation, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Kim, M.-S., Hunter, J.E., Miyahara, A., Horvath, A., Bresnahan, M. and Yoon, H. (1996) ‘Individual- vs. culture-level dimensions of individualism and collectivism: effects on preferred conversational styles’, Communication Monographs, 63: 29–49.
Kim, M.-S. and Bresnahan, M. (1996) ‘Cognitive basis of gender communication: a cross-cultural investigation of perceived constraints in requesting’, Communication Quarterly, 44: 53–69.
Copyright information
© 1999 Maureen Guirdham
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Guirdham, M. (1999). (Sub)Cultural Communication at Work — 2. In: Communicating Across Cultures. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27462-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27462-8_5
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-333-75410-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-27462-8
eBook Packages: Palgrave Social & Cultural Studies CollectionSocial Sciences (R0)