Abstract
In this short chapter I wish to point out a problem and pose a question rather than reach for a conclusion. In his credo, ‘What I Believe’, written in 1939, E. M. Forster made a characteristically blunt, neat and straightforward separation between the moral duties one owes to individuals and those one owes to wider communities and abstract ideas: ‘I hate the idea of causes, and if I had to choose between betraying my country and betraying my friend, I hope I should have the guts to betray my country…. Love and loyalty can run counter to the claims of the State. When they do — down with the State, say I, which means that the State would down me.’1 Strong words, especially in 1939, but they conflate and confuse a number of issues in order to create the illusion of a simple choice which casts the author as a courageous moral hero standing up to the encroaching tyranny of state power, not least, in equating the notion of a ‘cause’ with the bullying intrusion of the nation. Reviewing David Miller’s recent book On Nationality, a defence of the need to preserve national identity from the Scylla and Charybdis of ‘virulent ethno-nationalism’ and ‘sanitised globalism’, Charles King pointed out the problems of Forster’s position: ‘Ethics … cannot afford to be nation-blind, for national boundaries play a special role in structuring morality.’2
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Notes
E. M. Forster, ‘What I Believe’, in Two Cheers for Democracy (London: Arnold, 1951) 77–85; 78. My thanks to Clive Meachen for advice on this essay.
Charles King, ‘Fellow-feelings’ (review of David Miller, On Nationality [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996]) Times Literary Supplement, 10 May 1996, 4–5.
Cited in Malcolm Bradbury, Saul Bellow (London: Methuen, 1982) 15.
Michael K. Glenday, Saul Bellow and the Decline of Humanism (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1990) 2; Saul Bellow, ‘Foreword’, in Alan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind: How Higher Education Has Failed Democracy and Impoverished the Souls of Today’s Students (New York: Penguin, 1988, rpt. of 1987) 11–18; 18.
Daniel Fuchs, Saul Bellow: Vision and Revision (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1984) 25, 34–6.
Tony Tanner, Saul Bellow (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1965) 27.
Saul Bellow, The Victim (New York: Signet, 1965, rpt. of 1947) 13. All subsequent references to this edition in parentheses.
As Maxwell Geismar argues, Allbee might be said to be more Jewish than Leventhal in terms of his knowledge of Judaism; ‘Saul Bellow: Novelist of the Intellectuals’, in Irving Malin, ed., Saul Bellow and the Critics (New York University Press, 1967) 10–24; 16.
Glenday, Saul Bellow and the Decline of Humanism, 30. See also Ralph Freedman, ‘Saul Bellow: The Illusion of Environment’, in Malin, ed., Saul Bellow and the Critics, 51–68; 57.
See Gabriel Josipovici, ‘Herzog: Freedom and Wit’, in The World and the Book: A Study of Modern Fiction (London: Macmillan, 1971), Ch. 9.
L. H. Goldman, ‘Saul Bellow and the Philosophy of Judaism’, Studies in the Literary Imagination 17, 2 (1984) 81–96.
Judie Newman, Saul Bellow and History (London: Macmillan, 1984).
Edward W. Said and Christopher Hitchens, eds, Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question (London: Verso, 1988).
Saul Bellow, To Jerusalem and Back (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978, rpt. of 1976) 26. All subsequent references to this edition in parentheses.
Jacques Derrida, ‘Racism’s Last Word’, in Henry Louis Gates, Jr, ed., ‘Race’, Writing and Difference (University of Chicago Press, 1986) 329–38.
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Hadfield, A. (1999). ‘Ethics cannot afford to be nation-blind’: Saul Bellow and the Problem of the Victim. In: Hadfield, A., Rainsford, D., Woods, T. (eds) The Ethics in Literature. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27361-4_3
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