Abstract
Democratic transition in Taiwan began in 1986 when the ruling party embraced political reform while the opposition took the risk of forming a political party. The first popular presidential election on 23 March 1996 marks the end of this process. Since the causes and preconditions for democratic changes in Taiwan have been well-documented, this chapter focuses on the trajectory and results of democratization.1
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Notes
See Hung-mao Tien, The Great Transition: Political and Social Change in the Republic of China (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1989); Tun-jen Cheng, ‘Democratizing the Quasi-Leninist Regime in Taiwan,’ World Politics, July 1989;
Tun-jen Cheng and Stephan Haggard (eds), Political Change in Taiwan (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1992);
Yun-han Chu, Crafting Democracy in Taiwan (Taipei: Institute for National Policy Research, 1992);
Hung-mao Tien (ed.), Taiwan’s Electoral Politics and Democratic Transition: Riding the Third Wave (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996).
Philippe C. Schmitter, The Consolidation of Political Democracies: Processes, Rhythms, Sequences and Types (Department of Political Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, October 1991). Few scholars see utility in periodizing democratic transition and consolidation: see, for example, Donald Share, ‘Transition to Democracy and Transition through Transaction’, Comparative Political Studies 19 (January 1987), 525–48. However, many attempt to make an analytical distinction between these two tasks: see, for example,
Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead (eds), Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), especially Volume 4;
Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O’Donnell and J. Samuel Valenzeula (eds), Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992);
Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave, Democratization in the late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
John Higley and Richard Gunther (eds), Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
For an excellent summary of historical evolution and recent change of the 1947 constitution, see Jau-yuan Huang, ‘Constitutional Change in Democratic Taiwan,’ dissertation, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA, 1995.
See Democratic Progressive Party, Jen-min-chih-hsien-hui-yi shih-lu (Proceedings of Popular Constitutional Convention), 1991.
For an opinion survey on constitutional change, see Hungdah Chiu, ‘Constitutional Development in the Republic of China on Taiwan,’ in Steve Tsang (ed.), In the Shadow of China: Political Development in Taiwan Since 1949 (London: Hurst, 1993), 17–47 and
Shao-chuan Leng and Cheng-yi Lin, ‘Political Change in Taiwan: Transition to Democracy?’ China Quarterly 136, December 1993, 808. For details about the NAC, see Chapter 9, this volume, pp. 148–9.
Michael Stainton, Taiwanese Lambada, Revising the Constitution of the Republic of China (Toronto: University of Toronto/York University Joint Centre for Asian Pacific Studies, Working Paper Series, No. 60, 1993); Chu, ‘The Process of Democratic Consolidation in Taiwan: Social Cleavage, Electoral Competition and the Emerging Party System,’ in Tien, (ed.), Taiwan’s Electoral Politics; Leng and Lin, ‘Political Change in Taiwan: Transition to Democracy?’, 40–1.
Arend Lijphart, ‘Democratization and Constitutional Choices in Czecho-Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland, 1989–1991’, Journal of Theoretical Politics, vol. 4, no. 2 (April 1992), 207–23.
Liang-wen Chai, ‘Wen-kuan kao hsuen kung neng chih tiao-cheng yu chu-hsing fang hsiang’ (Recruitments of civil servants through examination: functional adjustment and implementation), in Chyuan-jenq Shiau (ed.), Chung chien wen-kuan ti-chih (Reform of the civil service system) (Taipei: Institute for National Policy Research, 1994), 96.
Chin-chiang Su, ‘Chun-tui kuo-chia hua yu kuo-chun cheng-chan chih-tu’ (Non-partisan armed forces and the system of political warfare) in Chin-chiang Su, Tai hai an chuan yu kuo fang kai ke (Security in the Taiwan straits and modification of defence policy) (Taipei: Institute for National Policy Research, 1995), 5–8.
Yu-kou, Lee Teng-hui te yi chien tien (Lee Teng-hui’s one thousand days) (Taipei: Mai-tien, 1993), 163–84.
Hung-mao Tien and Yun-han Chu, ‘Taiwan’s Domestic Political Reforms: Institutional Change and Power Realignment’, in Gary Klintworth (ed.), Taiwan in the Asia-Pacific in the 1990s (St Leonards: Allen & Unwin, 1994), 14.
Alfred Stepan, Rethinking Military Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988).
Tun-jen Cheng, ‘Taiwan in Democratic Transition’, in James W. Morley (ed.), Driven by Growth: Political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993).
Ming-tong Chen, Pai hsi cheng chih yu Taiwan cheng chih pien ch (Taipei: Yuedan Publishers, 1995).
Chia-lung Lin, ‘Wai-lai cheng-chuan ben-tu she-hui hseung-chu hu-tung’ (The interactions between the alien regime and indigenous society in Taiwan’s elections), paper presented at a Taiwan studies conference at Yale University, 2–4 June, 1995, 11.
Tun-jen Cheng and Chi Schive, ‘What Has Democratization Done to Taiwan’s Economy?’ paper presented at a conference on Democratization in Taiwan, Reflections and Prospects, the Sigur Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 23–24 April, 1996.
Ching-hsi Chang et al., Jie-kou tang-kuo chi-peng chu-i (Deconstructing Party-State Capitalism) (Taipei: Taipei Society, 1992).
Gary Cox, ‘SNTV and d’Hondt are “Equivalent”’, Electoral Studies, vol. 10, no. 2 (1991), 118–32.
Chih-heng Yang, Yu-suang cheng-chih hsueh ti kou-chou (The Structure of Budgetary Politics) (Taipei: Institute of National Policy Research, 1991), especially Chapter 4.
Shong-san Chen, Kuo-hui chih-tu jie-tu (Understanding Congressional System in Taiwan) (Taipei: Yueh-tan, 1994), Chapters 4 and 6.
Tun-jen Cheng and Stephan Haggard, ‘Budget-making in newly Democratized Taiwan’, paper presented at a conference on budget-making in third world democracies, San Diego, June 1996.
Tien, The Great Transition, 43–6; Edwin Winckler, ‘Taiwan in Transition,’ and Hsin-huang Michael Hsiao, ‘The Rise of Social Movements and Civil Protests’ in Cheng and Haggard, Political Change in Taiwan, 241; Jonathan Unger and Anita Chan, ‘China, Corporatism, and the East Asian Model’, Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 33 (January 1995), 31; Linda Gail Arrigo, ‘The Environmental Nightmare of the Economic Miracle: Land Abuse and Land Struggles in Taiwan’, Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 26 (January–June 1994), 23; Chu, Crafting Democracy in Taiwan, 134.
Terry Moe, The Organization of Interests (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1980).
Peter Katzenstein and T.J. Pempel, ‘Japanese Foreign Economic Policy: The Domestic Bases for International Behavior’, in Peter Katzenstein (ed.), Between Power and Plenty (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978).
Lany Diamond, Juan Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset, ‘Introduction: What Makes for Democracy?’ , in Diamond, Linz and Lipset (eds), Politics in Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences with Democracy, 2nd edn (Boulder, Co: Lynne Rienner, 1995).
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© 1999 Hung-mao Tien and Tun-jen Cheng
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Hung-mao, T., Tun-jen, C. (1999). Crafting Democratic Institutions. In: Tsang, S., Hung-mao, T. (eds) Democratization in Taiwan. St Antony’s. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27279-2_2
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