Skip to main content

The Evaluation of Landscape

  • Chapter
Approaches to Landscape
  • 90 Accesses

Abstract

There was a period around the start of the final quarter of this century when landscape evaluation attracted a great deal of attention. Laurie wrote that: ‘Landscape evaluation may be defined as “the comparative relationships between two or more landscapes in terms of assessments of visual quality”; in this context, assessments are the “process of recording visual quality through an observer’s aesthetic appreciation of intrinsic visual qualities or characteristics within the landscape”‘ (Laurie, 1975 p. 103). Each landscape has its own particular character and qualities and viewers will tend to evaluate landscapes according to their perceived merits, which will include aesthetic and ecological considerations as well as others, like cultural characteristics. In addition to the qualitative judgements made about landscapes in an informal context, landscape evaluation has also been practised as a deliberate exercise in assessment directed towards obtaining data that might be incorporated into planning or conservation strategies. Governmental concern with the assessment of landscape inspired an enormous amount of research into landscape evaluation during the 1970s and this area of study continues to receive considerable interest from workers engaged with the applied aspects of landscape study. Cosgrove noted that: ‘Among British geographers interest in landscape was stimulated partly by perception studies, particularly the short-lived excitement over landscape evaluation for planning purposes which surrounded the 1973 reform of local government’ (1985 p. 46).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Appleton, J. The Experience of Landscape, 2nd edn (Chichester: John Wiley, 1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blacksell, M. and Gilg, A. F. ‘Landscape evaluation in practice — the case of south-east Devon’ Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 66 (1975) pp. 135–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourassa, S. C. The Aesthetics of Landscape (London: Belhaven Press, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brancher, D.W. ‘Critique of K. D. Fines’ Regional Studies 3 (1969) pp. 91–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandon, P. F. ‘The diffusion of designed landscapes in South-east England’ in Fox, H. S. A. and Butlin, R. A. (eds), Change in the Countryside: Essays on Rural England 1500–1900, Institute of British Geographers Special Publication No. 10 (London: Institute of British Geographers, 1979) pp. 165–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cosgrove, D. ‘Place, landscape, and the dialectics of cultural geography’ Canadian Geographer 22 (1978) pp. 66–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cosgrove, D. ‘Prospect, perspective and the evolution of the landscape idea’ Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS 10 (1985) pp. 45–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Defoe, D. A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain (ed.) Rogers P. (Exeter: Webb & Bower, 1989).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, J. Original Letters (1721).

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, J. S. ‘Landscape taste as a symbol of group identity’ Geographical Review 63 (1973) pp. 334–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fines, K. D. ‘Landscape evaluation: a research project in East Sussex’ Regional Studies 2 (1968) pp. 41–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenbie, B. B. ‘The landscape of social symbols’ in Nasar, J. L. (ed.), Environmental Aesthetics, Theory, Research, and Applications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992) pp. 64–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, J. and Howard, W. A. ‘The role of meaning in the urban image’ Environment and Behaviour 3 (1972) pp. 389–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacques, D. L. ‘Landscape appraisal: the case for a subjective theory’ Journal of Environmental Management 10 (1980) pp. 107–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson H. B. and Pitzl, G. R. ‘Viewing and perceiving the rural scene: visualization in human geography’ Progress in Human Geography 5 (1981) pp. 211–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R. ‘Some methods and strategies in the prediction of preference’ in Zube, E. H., Brush, R. O. and Fabos, J. G. (eds), Landscape Assessment, Values, Perceptions and Resources (Stroudsburg, Pa: Halsted Press, 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, S. and Kaplan, R. (eds), Humanscape: Environments for People (Belmont, Calif.: Duxbury, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R. and Herbert, E. J. ‘Familiarity and preference: a cross-cultural analysis’ in Nasar, J. L. (ed.), Environmental Aesthetics: Theory, Research, and Applications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992) pp. 379–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laurie, I. C. ‘Aesthetic factors in visual evaluation’ in Zube, E. H., Brush, R. O. and Fabos, J. G. (eds) Landscape Assessment: Values, Perceptions and Resources (Stroudsburg, Pa: Halsted Press, 1975) pp. 102–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, P. F. ‘Axioms for reading the landscape’ in Meinig, D. W. (ed.), The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Linton, D. L. ‘The assessment of scenery as a natural resource’ Scottish Geographical Magazine 84 (1968) pp. 219–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Litton, R. B. ‘Aesthetic dimensions of the landscape’ in Krutilla, J. V. (ed.), Natural Environments (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972) pp. 262–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal, D. ‘The American scene’, Geographical Review 58 (1968) pp. 61–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal, D. ‘The place of the past in the American landscape’ in Lowenthal, D. and Bowden, M. J. (eds), Geographies of the Mind (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976) pp. 89–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal, D. ‘Finding valued landscapes’ Progress in Human Geography 2 (1978) pp. 373–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal, D. and Prince, H.C., ‘The English landscape’ Geographical Review 54 (1964) pp. 309–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meinig, D. W. ‘The beholding eye’ in Meinig, D. W. (ed.), The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979) pp. 33–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moir, E., The Discovery of Britain: The English Tourists 1540 to 1840 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash, R. ‘Qualitative landscape values: the historical perspective’ in Zube, E. H., Brush, R. O. and Fabos, J. G. (eds), Landscape Assessment: Values, Perceptions and Resources (Stroudsburg, Pa: Halsted Press, 1975) pp. 10–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, E. The Meaning of Beauty (London, 1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Orians, G. H. 1980 ‘Habitat selection: general theory and applications to human behaviour’ in J. Lockard (ed.), Evolution of Human Social Behaviour (New York: Elsevier, 1980) pp. 49–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orians, G. H. ‘An ecological and evolutionary approach to landscape aesthetics’ in Penning-Rowsell, E. C. and Lowenthal, D. (eds), Landscape Meaning and Values (London: Allen & Unwin, 1986) pp. 3–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orland, B. ‘Aesthetic preference for rural landscapes: some resident and visitor differences’ in Nasar, J. L. (ed.), Environmental Aesthetics: Theory, Research, and Applications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992) pp. 364–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penning-Rowsell, E. C. ‘Constraints on the application of landscape evaluations’ Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 66 (1975) pp. 149–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penning-Rowsell, E. C. ‘Fluctuating fortunes in gauging landscape value’ Progress in Human Geography 5 (1981) pp. 25–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penning-Rowsell, E.C., Gullet, G.H., Searle, G.H. and Witham, S.A. Public Evaluation of Landscape Quality (Enfield, Middlesex: Middlesex Polytechnic Planning Research Group Report No. 13, 1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabinowitz, C. B. and Coughlin, R. E., Analysis of Landscape Characteristics Relevant to Preference (Philadelphia: Regional Science Research Institute, Discussion Paper No. 38, 1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Relph, E. ‘Responsive methods, geographical imagination and the study of landscapes’ in Kobayashi, A. and Mackenzie, S. (eds), Remaking Human Geography (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989) pp. 149–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, G. ‘The cultural landscape’ Landscape Research 19 (1994) pp. 133–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uzzell, D. L. ‘Environmental psychological perspectives on landscape’ Landscape Research 16 (1991) pp. 3–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walmsley, D.J. and Lewis, G.J. People and Environment: Behavioural Approaches in Human Geography (Harlow: Longman, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wordsworth, W. Guide to the Lakes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaring, J., ‘The romantic face of Wales’ Annals of the Associations of American Geographers 67 (1977) pp. 397–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zube, E. H. ‘Themes in landscape assessment theory’ Landscape Journal 3 (1984) pp. 104–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zube, E. H., Sell, J. L. and Taylor, J. G. ‘Landscape perception: Research, application and theory’ Landscape Planning 9 (1982) pp. 1–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Copyright information

© 1999 Richard Muir

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Muir, R. (1999). The Evaluation of Landscape. In: Approaches to Landscape. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27243-3_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics