Abstract
The concept of’ security’ has been used analytically in an ambiguous way’ thus creating a problem of homonymy; the same word is used for different meanings. According to Barry Buzan, security has been ‘a weakly conceptualized but politically powerful concept’. Politically, it has been used to legitimate very different external and internal policies depending on the internal structure of the state and its international position. This has fuelled controversies and made security, in Buzan’s view, an ‘essentially contested concept’.1
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Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear. An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf 1991, pp. 5 and 7.
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Arnold Wolfers, ‘National Security as an Ambiguous Symbol’, in his Discord and Collaboration, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962, p. 153 (first published in 1952).
Hanns W. Maull, ‘Wirtschaftliche Dimension der Sicherheit. Entwicklungslinien in den letzten drei Jahrzenhten’, Europa-Archiv, vol. 44, no. 5, 1989, pp. 135–44
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E.g. Patricia Mische, ‘Ecological Security in a New World Order: Some Linkages Between Ecology, Peace and Global Security’, in Non-Military Aspects of International Security, Paris; UNESCO, 1995, pp. 155–95.
These distinctions are made by Lothar Brock, ‘Peace Through Parts: The Environment on the Peace Research Agenda’, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 28, no. 4, 1991, pp. 407–23
Lothar Brock, ‘Security Through Defending the Environment: An Illusion’, in Elise Boulding (ed.), New Agendas for Peace Research. Conflict and Security Re-examined, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1993, pp. 79–102.
Stephen Dycus, National Defense and the Environment, Hanover, NH. University Press of New England, 1996, ch. 4.
Marc A. Levy, ‘Is the Environment a National Security Issue?’, International Security, vol. 20, no. 2, 1995, pp. 35–62 (the quotation is on p. 46).
The view that environment should not be’ securitized’ is gaining increased support; see Daniel Deudney, ‘The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security’, Millennium, vol. 19, no. 3, 1990, pp. 461–76
Barry Buzan, Ole Waever & Jaap de Wilde, ‘Environmental, Economic and Societal Security’, Working Papers No. 10, Copenhagen: Centre for Peace and Conflict Research, 1995.
A similar approach has been advocated by Nina Graeger, ‘Environmental Security’, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 33, no. 1, 1996, pp. 109–16.
These and related issues are discussed by Cynthia Enloe, 1994, The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Marysia Zalewski, ‘Well, What is the Feminist Perspective on Bosnia?’, International Affairs, vol. 71, no. 2, 1995, pp. 339–56.
Maria B. Olujic, ‘The Croation War Experience’, in Carolyn Nordstrom and Antonius CG M Robben (eds), Fieldwork Under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Survival, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995, pp. 186–204 (the quotation is on p. 197).
J. Ann Tickner, ‘Re-visioning Security’, in Ken Booth and Steve Smith (eds), International Relations Theory Today, Oxford: Polity Press, 1995, pp. 185–97, esp. pp. 190–3.
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Ted Robert Gurr, Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts, Washington: The United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993, pp. 89–122.
See Simon Dalby, ‘Security Modernity, Ecology: The Dilemmas of Post-Cold War Security Discourse’, Alternatives, vol. 17, no. 1, 1992, pp. 95–134
Ken Booth, ‘Security and Emancipation’, Review of International Studies, vol. 17, no. 3, 1991, pp. 313–26.
See Robert Mandel, The Changing Face of National Security: A Conceptual Analysis, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 1994.
Joseph J. Romm, Defining National Security: The Non-Military Aspects, New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press 1993.
This perspective is stressed by Mohammed Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament, State Making, Regional Conflict, and the Inter-national System, Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995.
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Harold Müller, ‘Maintaining Non-Nuclear Weapons Status’, in Regina Cowen Karp (ed.), Security With Nuclear Weapons? Different Perspectives on National Security, Oxford: Oxford University Press/SIPRI, 1991, pp. 301–39.
For a more detailed presentation of this approach, see John Jacob Nutter, ‘Unpacking Threat: A Conceptual and Formal Analysis’, in Norman A. Graham (ed.), The Impact of Military Spending and Arms Transfers, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994, pp. 29–51.
A detailed classification along these lines has been developed by Dietrich Fischer, Non-Military Aspects of Security: A Systems Approach, Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1993, ch. 2.
For a more detailed discussion of the indirect effects of environmental factors on violence, see Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, ‘Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases’, International Security, vol. 19, no. 1, 1994, pp. 5–40.
Terry Nardin, ‘Ethical Traditions in International Affairs’, in Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (eds), Traditions of International Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 14–18.
The relevance of stalemate is stressed especially by I. William Zartman, ‘Negotiations and Pre-negotiations in Ethnic Conflict: The Beginning, the Middle, and the Ends’, in Joseph V. Monrville (ed.), Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies, New York: Lexington Books, 1991, pp. 515–16.
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Different aspects of collective security are discussed in, for example, Inis, Claude Jr., Swords into Plowshares: Problems and Progress of International Organization, New York: Random House (4th ed.), 1971 pp. 245–85
Andrew Bennett and Joseph Lepgold, 1993, ‘Reinventing Collective Security After the Cold War and the Gulf Conflict’, Political Science Quarterly, vol. 108, no. 2, 1993, pp. 213–38.
For an extended criticism of collective security, see John Mearsheimer, ‘The False Promise of International Institutions’, International Security, vol. 19, no. 3, 1995, pp. 26–37.
George W. Downs and Keisuke Iida, ‘Assessing the Theoretical Case Against Collective Security’, in George W. Downs (ed.), Collective Security Beyond the Cold War, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1994, pp. 17–39.
Marvin Soroos, ‘Global Change, Environmental Security, and the Prisoner’s Dilemma’, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 31, no. 3, 1994, pp. 321–5.
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Charles Lipson, ‘Why Are Some International Agreements Informal’, International Organization, vol. 45, no. 4, 1991, pp. 495–538.
Björn Möller, Common Security and Nonoffensive Defense: A Neorealist Perspective, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1992.
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Väyrynen, R. (1999). Multilateral Security: Common, Cooperative or Collective?. In: Schechter, M.G. (eds) Future Multilateralism. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27153-5_3
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