Abstract
Several recent studies have demonstrated concern in one way or another with the issue of democratizing, or pluralizing, global governance.1 The main issue being addressed is the extent to which existing, largely state-centric, multilateral institutions are willing to accommodate the interests and demands of individuals and groups that make up a recently empowered civil society which is apparently now being reconstituted along global lines.
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Among them are Yoshikazu Sakamoto, ‘Democratization, Social Movements and World Order’, in Björn Hettne (ed.), International Political Economy: Understanding Global Disorder (Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 1995), pp. 129–43
Leon Gordenker and Thomas Weiss; Eric Fawcett & Hanna Newcomber (eds), United Nations Reform: Looking Ahead after Fifty Years (Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd., 1995)
The Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995)
For an expansion of the concept of ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ multilateralism, see W. Andy Knight, ‘Multilateralisme ascendant ou descedant: deux voies dans la quete d’une gouverne globale’, Etudes internationales, numero special Multilateralisme et Securite Regionale, sous la direction de Michel Fortmann et Stephane Roussel, vol. xxvi, no. 4 (Decembre 1995), pp. 685–710.
M.J. Peterson, ‘Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, vol. 21, no. 3 (1992), p. 376.
Richard A. Falk, ‘Democratizing, Internationalizing and Globalizing’, in Yoshikazu Sakamoto (ed.), Global Transformation: Challenges to the State System (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1994), p. 477.
See Mihaly Simai, The Future of Global Governance: Managing Risk and Change in the International System (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1994).
See James N. Rosenau, ‘Governance, Order, and Change in World Politics’, in James N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel (eds), Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 4–5
For an excellent discussion of the question of the practical unattainability of this ideal see Inis Claude, Jr, Swords into Plowshares: The Problems and Progress of International Organization, (New York: Random House, 1984), pp. 414–20.
See W. Andy Knight, ‘Multilateral Evolution and Change in the United Nations System: The Quest for Global Governance’, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation (Toronto: York University, 1995).
Robert W. Cox, ‘Multilateralism and World Order’, Review of International Studies, vol. 18, no. 2 (April 1992), pp. 161 and 167.
Keith Krause and W. Andy Knight, State Society, and the UN System: Changing Perspectives on Multilateralism (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1995), pp. 8–11.
See Robert W. Cox, ‘Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory’, in Robert O. Keohane (ed.), Neorealism and its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986).
See Claus Offe, ‘New Social Movements: Challenging the Boundaries of Institutional Politics’, Social Research, vol. 52, no. 4 (Winter 1985), p. 827.
Andre C. Drainville, ‘Resisting Integration in the Americas: Internationalism in One Country’? Paper presented at the International Studies Association Annual Conference, San Diego (April 1996), p. 14.
On this issue see Robert W. Cox, ‘On Thinking about Future World Order’, in Robert W. Cox with Timothy Sinclair, Approaches to World Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 77.
Also see Charles Pentland, ‘Integration, Interdependence, and Institutions: Approaches to International Order’, in David Haglund and Michael Hawes (eds), World Politics: Power, Interdependence and Dependence (Toronto: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1960), p. 175.
See J.M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London: Macmillan, 1919).
L. Woolf, International Government (2nd edition, London: Allen & Unwin, 1916)
W. Andy Knight, ‘Multilateralisme ascendant ou descendant: deux voies dans la quête d’une gouverne globale’, Etudes Internationale, numero special, vol. xxvi, no. 4 (Decembre 1995), pp. 685–710.
Robert W. Cox, Programme on Multilateralism and the United Nations System (MUNS), final report (Tokyo: The United Nations University Press, March 1996), p. 3.
For a depiction of the dominant forces see Susan Strange, ‘Territory, State, Authority and Economy: A New Realist Ontology of Global Political Economy’, in Robert W. Cox (ed.), The New Realism: Perspectives on Multilateralism and World Order (London: Macmillan for the United Nations University Press/Macmillan, 1997)
See Stephen Gill, ‘Global Structural Change and Multilateralism’, in Stephen Gill (ed.), Globalisation, Democratisation, and Multilateralism (London: Macmillan for the United Nations University Press 1997), p. 4.
In trying to understand the global impact of the Islamic revolution movement in Iran, Huizer adopts the view of ‘globalization from below’, that is, of ‘linking people’s movements rooted in their own local cultures’. Drawing on Esteva, Huizer explains that ‘Grassroots movements can “regenerate people’s space” by forming “hammocks”’. He places the struggle against apartheid in South Africa in this category. See Gerrit Huizer, ‘Social Movements in the Underdevelopment of Development Dialectic: A View from Below’, in Sing C. Chew & Robert A. Denemark (eds), The Underdevelopment of Development, (London: Sage Publications Ltd, 1996), p. 308.
For a discussion of this see W. Andy Knight, ‘Foreign Policy: Coping with a Post-Cold War Environment’, in Andrew Johnson and Andy Stritch (eds), Global Imperatives, National Interest and Public Policy in Canada (Toronto: Copp Clark, Ltd., 1996).
For a brief discussion of the debate see M.J. Peterson, ‘Transnational Activity, International Society and World Politics’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, vol. 21, no. 3 (1992), pp. 374–6.
See for instance, Paul J. Nelson, The World Bank and Non-Governmental Organizations: The Limits of a Political Development (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995)
Timothy Shaw & Fahimul Quadir, ‘Towards Global Governance: (I)NGOs and the UN System in the Next Millennium’, paper prepared for presentation to the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Academic Council on the United Nations System, New York (19–21 June 1995)
Alejandro Col, ‘The Promises of International Civil Society’, paper presented at the International Studies Association Annual meeting, San Diego, California (16–20 April 1996).
Andre Drainville, ‘Resisting Integration in the Americas: Internationalism in One Country?’ Paper presented at the International Studies Association Annual Conference, San Diego, California (16–20 April 1996), pp. 10–11.
Underlying all of these attempts at defining civil society are three persistent debates. The first is an old controversy within the field of democratic theory between defenders of elite versus participatory democratic models. The second is a primarily Anglo-American debate between ‘right-oriented liberalism’ and ‘communitarianism’. The third debate is one that pits neo-conservative advocates of the free market against defenders of the welfare state. For a full discussion of these debates see the Introduction to Jean L. Cohen and Andrew Arato, Civil Society and Political Theory (Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 1992).
Doug J. Porter and Patrick Kilby, ‘Strengthening the Role of Civil Society in Development? A Precariously Balanced Answer’, in Australian Journal of International Affairs, vol. 50, no. 1 (1996), p. 34.
See Lawrence Krader, Dialectic of Civil Society (Amsterdam: Van Goreum, 1976), pp. 7–8.
Chadwick Alger, ‘Citizens and the UN System in a Changing World’, in Yoshikazu Sakamoto (ed.), Global Transformation: Challenges to the State System (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1994), pp. 304–5.
T. Patrick Killough, ‘A Peace Made on Main Street: Private Americans Help Create the 1945 United Nations Charter’, Address to the Southeastern World Affairs Institute, Black Mountain, N.C. (26 July 1991).
Leon Gordenker and Thomas G. Weiss, ‘Pluralising Global Governance: Analytical Approaches and Dimensions’, Third World Quarterly, vol. 16, no. 3 (1995), p. 360.
Antonio Donini, ‘The Bureaucracy and the Free Spirits: Stagnation and Innovation in the Relationship between the UN and NGOs’, Third World Quarterly, vol. 16, no. 3 (1995), p. 431.
See Andrew S. Natios, ‘NGOs and the UN System in Complex Humanitarian Emergencies: Conflict or Cooperation?’, Third World Quarterly, vol. 16, no. 3 (1995), pp. 405–19
Peter Uvin, ‘Scaling up the Grass Roots and Scaling Down the Summit: The Relations between Third World Non-Governmental Organisations and the United Nations’, Third World Quarterly, vol. 16, no. 3 (1995), p. 501.
See Alain Touraine, ‘An Introduction to the Study of Social Movements’, Social Research, vol. 52, no. 4 (Winter 1985), pp. 774–82
Joseph A. Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Hants: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 1992), p. 207.
Erskine Childres and Brian Urquhart, Renewing the United Nations System (Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, 1994), p. 172.
See Richard J. Barnett and John Cavanagh, Global Dreams: Imperial Corporations and the New World Order, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994).
To use a term coined by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition (Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1977), see especially chapter 2.
James N. Rosenau, ‘Distant Proximities: The Dynamics and Dialectics of Globalization’, in International Political Economy: Understanding Global Disorder ed., Björn Hettne (London: Zed, 1995), p. 65
See, for example, Rachel Brett, ‘The Role and Limits of Human Rights NGOs at the United Nations’, Political Studies, vol. XLIII (1995), p. 96.
James N. Rosenau, ‘Patterned Chaos in Global Life: Structure and Process in the Two Worlds of World Politics’, International Political Science Review, vol. 9, no. 4 (October 1988), pp. 334–5.
Jonas Zoninsein, ‘Implications of the Evolving Global Structure for the UN System: A View from the South’, in Michael G. Schechter (ed.), Innovation in Multilateralism (London: Macmillan for the United Nations University Press, 1998).
Robert W. Cox, Programme on Multilateralism and the United Nations System, 1990–1995, 2nd Interim Report (Tokyo: United Nations University, September 1993), p. 2.
Robert Cox, Perspectives on Multilateralism, Programme on Multilateralism and the United Nations System (MUNS) (Tokyo: United Nations University, April 1991), p. 2.
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Knight, W.A. (1999). Engineering Space in Global Governance: the Emergence of Civil Society in Evolving ‘New’ Multilateralism. In: Schechter, M.G. (eds) Future Multilateralism. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27153-5_10
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