Abstract
Modern theories of nation-building and nationalism have usually looked to the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries as the starting point for the formation of the nation, without taking into account expressions of pre-modern national identity and nationhood. Hans Kohn’s distinction between a democratic — hence a ‘good Western’ — nation-building process modelled on the French Revolution, on the one hand, and a ‘negative Eastern’, romantic and xenophobic cultural nationalism, on the other hand, is typical for this approach.1 Research on the myths of origin of early modern nations, such as the Batavian myth of sixteenth-century Dutch historians and the Swedo-Gothic myths in the reign of Gustavus Adolphus in the seventeenth century, however, has demonstrated that a sense of national belonging and political identity existed long before 1789. The extent to which theories of modern nation-building limited the definition of a nation has rightly been criticized by John Elliott:
The apparent uncertainty of modern historians when faced with the question of nationalism in early modern Europe stands in marked contrast to the increasingly confident use in the sixteenth century of the words patria and patrie.2
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Notes
Hans Kohn, Prelude to Nation States: The French and German Experience, 1789–1815 Princeton, NJ, 1967, passim.
John Elliott, ‘Revolution and Continuity in Early Modern Europe’ in Geoffrey Parker and Lesley M. Smith (eds), The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century, London and Boston, MA, 1978, p. 121.
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Kazimierz Maliszewski, `Ksztaltowanie siq stereotypu Niemca i obrazu krajôw niemieckich w potocznej §wiadomosci sarmackiej od XVI do polowy XVIII wieku’ in Kazimierz Wajda (ed.), Polacy i Niemcy: Z badan nad ksztaltowaniem heterostereotypôw etnicznych. Zbidr studiôw, Torud, 1991, p. 13.
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See A.S. Kaminski, ‘ The Szlachta of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Their Government’ in I. Banac and P. Bushkovitch (eds), The Nobility in Russia and Eastern Europe, New Haven, CT, 1983, pp. 17–45.
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See Michael Burleigh, Germany Turns Eastward: A Study of Ostforschung in the Third Reich, Cambridge, 1988.
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In Erich Keyser, Geschicht der Stadt Danzig Göttingen, 1951, Preface.
See, for example, S. Aszkenazy, Gdansk a Polska, Warsaw, 1937.
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See Michael Müller, ‘Zweite Reformation und Städtische Autonomie im Königlichen Preußen: Danzig, Elbing und Thorn in der Epoche der Konfessionalisierung, 1557–1660’, Habilitation, Freie Universität Berlin, 1993.
Hans-Jürgen Bömelburg, Zwischen polnischer Ständegesellschaft und preußischem Obrigkeitsstaat: Vom königlichen Preußen zu Westpreußen 1756–1806 Munich, 1995.
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For a more detailed analysis of this identity, see Karin Friedrich, ‘The Other Prussia: A Study of National, Political and Historical Identity of Burghers in Early Modern Royal Prussia’, PhD thesis, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 1995.
Franz Hipler, ‘Die Ermländische Bischofswahl vom Jahre 1549’, Zeitschrift des Westpreußischen Geschichtsvereins, 11, 1897, pp. 78–9.
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Heinz Lemke,Die Brüder Zaluski und ihre Beziehungen zu Gelehrten in Deutschland und Danzig, Berlin, 1958, p. 144.
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Friedrich, K. (1999). Cives Patriae: ‘German’ Burghers in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In: Bartlett, R., Schönwälder, K. (eds) The German Lands and Eastern Europe. Studies in Russia and East Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27094-1_3
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