Abstract
This book argues that English royal justice evolved in the course of the fourteenth century to meet the changing needs of government and society. The resulting developments were shaped partly by the exogenous shocks of war, natural disaster and constitutional crisis, but also grew endogenously, from within, as the judicial system adapted to reflect longer-term changes in the society that it served. In Chapter 1, we repudiated the notion that evolution implies a process of advancement, and in subsequent chapters we have demonstrated how the primarily reactive nature of medieval law makes it unnecessary, as well as improbable, to say that the judicial system was any ‘better’ in 1390 than it had been in 1290. What we have not so far addressed is the question of why so many contemporaries seem to have thought that it had become ‘worse’ by the end of the fourteenth century. By way of conclusion to this study, the present chapter seeks to explore that issue by focusing on attitudes to justice. It begins with an analysis of the ways in which people spoke of, and complained about, the law in fourteenth-century England, and ends with a broader discussion of the nature, meaning and implications of these traditions of criticism.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
For another attempt to classify similar material, see J. Coleman, English Literature in History, 1350–1400: Medieval Readers and Writers (London: Hutchinson, 1981), pp. 60, 65–7.
For what follows, see R. E Green, Poets and Princepleasers: Literature and the English Court in the Late Middle Ages (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980), pp. 135–67.
J. Watts, Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 13–80.
L. Coote, ‘A Language of Power: Prophecy and Public Affairs in Later Medieval England’, in B. Taithe and T. Thornton (eds), Prophecy (Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1997), pp. 18–30.
G. R. Owst, Literature and Pulpit in Medieval England, 2nd edn (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1961).
J. H. Fisher, John Cower (New York: New York University Press, 1964), pp. 154–9.
J. Kail (ed.), Twenty-Six Political and Other Poems (Digby 102), Early English Texts Society, Original Series, 124 (London, 1904), discussed by Coleman, English Literature, pp. 98–111.
See also the manuals compiled for the instruction of justices of the peace in the fifteenth century: B. H. Putnam, Early Treatises on the Practice of the Justices of the Peace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, Oxford Studies in Social and Legal History 7 (Oxford, 1924), pp. 60–107.
R. W. Kaeuper, ‘Law and Order in Fourteenth-Century England: The Evidence of Special Commissions of Oyer and Terminer’, Speculum 54 (1979), pp. 735–6 and n. 11.
T. A. Green, ‘Societal Concepts of Criminal Liability for Homicide in Medieval England’, Speculum, 47 (1972), p. 672.
B. A. Hanawalt, ‘Violent Death in Fourteenth- and Early Fifteenth-Century England’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 18 (1976), pp. 298–9.
For comment, see J. G. Bellamy, Crime and Public Order in England in the Later Middle Ages (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973), pp. 4–5.
See H. Summerson, ‘The Enforcement of the Statute of Winchester, 1285–1327’, Journal of Legal History, 13 (1992), pp. 234–5.
J. R. Maddicott, ‘The County Community and the Making of Public Opinion in Fourteenth-Century England’, TRHS, 5th series, 28 (1978), pp. 27–43.
E. C. Furber (ed.), Essex Sessions of the Peace 1351, 1377–1379, Essex Archaeological Society Occasional Publications 3 (Colchester, 1953), pp. 30–1.
For further discussion, see M. K. McIntosh, ‘Finding Language for Misconduct: Jurors in Fifteenth-Century Local Courts’, in B. A. Hanawalt and D. Wallace (eds), Bodies and Disciplines (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), pp. 87–122.
P. R. Coss (ed.), Thomas Wright’s Political Songs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
T. Wright (ed.), Political Poems and Songs, RS 14 (London, 1859–61).
J. R. Maddicott, ‘Poems of Social Protest in Early Fourteenth-Century England’, in W. M. Ormrod (ed.), England in the Fourteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1985 Harlaxton Symposium (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1986), pp. 130–44.
T. Turville-Petre, England the Nation: Language, Literature and National Identity, 1290–1340 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), pp. 181–217.
J. Mann, Chaucer and Medieval Estates Satire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), pp. 187–202.
For what follows, see J. A. Yunck, The Lineage of Lady Meed: The Development of Medieval Venality Satire (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1963).
A. G. Rigg, A History of Anglo-Latin Literature, 1066–1422 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 304.
T.Turville-Petre (ed.), Alliterative Poetry of the Later Middle Ages: An Anthology (London: Routledge, 1979), p. 49, 11. 149–55 and n. to 1. 149.
For dating of Winner and Waster, see E. Salter, English and International: Studies in the Literature, Art and Patronage of Medieval England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 180–98.
For popular attitudes towards the ‘green wax’, see N. Brooks, ‘The Organization and Achievements of the Peasants of Kent and Essex in 1381’, in H. Mayr-Harting and R. I. Moore (eds), Studies in Medieval History Presented to R. H. C. Davis (London: Hambledon Press, 1985), p. 260.
L. D. Benson (ed.), The Riverside Chaucer, new edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 28, 11. 309–30.
S. H. Rigby, Chaucer in Context (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996), pp. 44–5.
For what follows, see R. B. Dobson and J. Taylor, Rymes of Robyn Hood: An Introduction to the English Outlaw (London: Heinemann, 1976).
J. C. Holt, Robin Hood (London: Thames & Hudson, 1982).
R. W. Kaeuper, ‘An Historian’s Reading of The Tale of Gamelyn’, Medium Aevum, 52 (1983), pp. 51–62.
J. Scattergood, ‘The Tale of Gamelyn: The Noble Robber as Provincial Hero’, in C. M. Meale (ed.), Readings in Medieval English Romance (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1994), pp. 159–94.
M. Keen, The Outlaws of Medieval Legend rev. edn (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977), pp. 9–10.
William Langland, The Vision of Piers Plowman: A Complete Edition of the B-Text ed. A. V. C. Schmidt, new edn (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1987), p. 243 (Passus XIX, 1. 248).
I. S. T. Aspin (ed.), Anglo-Norman Political Songs Anglo-Norman Texts 9 (Oxford, 1953), pp. 67–78.
N. Saul, ‘Conflict and Consensus in English Local Society’, in J. Taylor and W. Childs (eds), Politics and Crisis in Fourteenth-Century England (Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1990), pp. 38–54.
P. C. Maddern, Violence and Social Order: East Anglia 1422–1442 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), pp. 1–26.
R. H. Hilton (ed.), Peasants, Knights and Heretics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), pp. 221–72.
C. Carpenter, ‘Law, Justice and Landowners in Late Medieval England’, Law and History Review, 1 (1983), p. 231.
A. P. Baldwin, The Theme of Government in Piers Plowman (Cambridge: Brewer, 1981).
F. R. H. Du Boulay, The England of Piers Plowman: William Langland and his Vision of the Fourteenth Century (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1991).
C. M. Barron, ‘William Langland: A London Poet’, in B. A. Hanawalt (ed.), Chaucer’s England: Literature in Historical Context (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1992), pp. 91–109.
D. Aers, Justice and Wage-Labor after the Black Death: Some Perplexities for William Langland’, in A. J. Frantzen and D. Moffat (eds), The Work of Work: Servitude, Slavery and Labor in Medieval England (Glasgow: Cruithne Press, 1994), pp. 169–90.
S. Justice, Writing and Rebellion: England in 1381 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1994), pp. 67–139.
G. H. Martin (ed.), Knighton’s Chronicle, 1337–1396 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), pp. 221–2 (slightly modified).
R. F. Green, ‘John Ball’s Letters: Literary History and Historical Literature’, in Hanawalt (ed.), Chaucer’s England pp. 183–4; Justice, Writing and Rebellion pp. 133–4.
R. B. Dobson (ed.), The Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 2nd edn (London: Macmillan, 1983), p. 124.
H. Barr (ed.), The Piers Plowman Tradition (London: J. M. Dent, 1993).
M. Hicks, Bastard Feudalism (Harlow: Longman, 1995), pp. 119–24.
R. W. Kaeuper, War, Justice, and Public Order: England and France in the Later Middle Ages (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), pp. 174–83, 386.
G. L. Harriss, King, Parliament and Public Finance in Medieval England to 1369 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975), pp. 354–5, 516–17.
R. H. Hilton, Class Conflict and the Crisis of Feudalism rev. edn (London: Verso, 1990), pp. 49–65, 173–9.
R. Faith, ‘The “Great Rumour” of 1377 and Peasant Ideology’, in R. H. Hilton and T. H. Aston (eds), The English Rising of 1381 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), pp. 43–73.
Palmer, English Law. See also S. H. Rigby, English Society in the Later Middle Ages (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995), pp. 104–44.
D. W. Sutherland (ed.), The Eyre of Northamptonshire, 1329–1330 SS 97–98 (London, 1983), vol. 1, pp. xxii, 5–6.
SC 8/64/3156; SC 8/65/3205, printed in C. M. Fraser (ed.), Ancient Petitions Relating to Northumberland Surtees Society 176 (Durham, 1966), pp. 115–16.
P. Brand, The Making of the Common Law (London: Hambledon Press, 1992), pp. 98–101.
E. Clark, ‘Medieval Labor Law and English Local Courts’, American Journal of Legal History, 27 (1983), pp. 333–5.
B. A. Hanawalt, Crime and Conflict in English Communities, 1300–1348 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), pp. 114–83.
B. A. Hanawalt, ‘Fur Collar Crime: The Pattern of Crime among the Fourteenth-Century English Nobility’, Journal of Social History 8 (1973), pp. 1–17.
G. L. Harriss, ‘Introduction’, in K. B. McFarlane, England in the Fifteenth Century (London: Hambledon Press, 1981), pp. xix–xxiii.
J. R. Maddicott, Law and Lordship: Royal Justices as Retainers in Thirteenth- and Fourteenth-Century England, P & P Supplement 4 (Cambridge, 1978), pp. 40–51.
R. B. Goheen, ‘Peasant Politics? Village Communities and the Crown in Fifteenth-Century England’, American Historical Review, 96 (1991), pp. 42–62.
E. Powell, ‘After “After McFarlane”: The Poverty of Patronage and the Case for Constitutional History’, in D. J. Clayton, R. G. Davies and P. McNiven (eds), Trade, Devotion and Governance (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1994), pp. 11–12.
For this and the next three paragraphs, see P. Brand, The Origins of the English Legal Profession (London: Blackwell, 1992), pp. 120–37.
For this and the next paragraph, see A. Harding, ‘The Origins of the Crime of Conspiracy’, TRHS 5th series, 33 (1983), pp. 89–108, esp. pp. 98–100, 104–7.
M. Bowden, A Commentary on the General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, 2nd edn (New York and London: Macmillan, 1967), pp. 168–9.
B. R. McRee, ‘Religious Gilds and the Regulation of Behavior in Late Medieval Towns’, in J. Rosenthal and C. Richmond (eds), People, Politics and Community in the Later Middle Ages (Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1987), pp. 108–22.
For a recent discussion, see J. G. Bellamy, Bastard Feudalism and the Law (Portland, OR: Areopagitica Press, 1989), pp. 25–30.
R. L. Storey, The End of the House of Lancaster, rev. edn (Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1986), pp. 1–28.
R. C. Palmer, The Whilton Dispute, 1264–1380: A Socio-legal Study of Dispute Settlement in Medieval England (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), pp. 10–11.
T. A. Green, Verdict According to Conscience (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1985), pp. 28–102.
A. Musson, ‘Twelve Good Men and True? The Character of Early Fourteenth-Century Juries’, Law and History Review, 15 (1997), pp. 132–4.
E. Powell, ‘Law and Justice’, in R. Horrox (ed.), Fifteenth-Century Attitudes: Perceptions of Society in Late Medieval England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 38.
Benson (ed.), Riverside Chaucer, pp. 28–9, 11. 309–60. The quotations that follow are as rendered in N. Coghill (trans.), Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales, rev. edn (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975), pp. 27–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1999 Anthony Musson and W. M. Ormrod
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Musson, A., Ormrod, W.M. (1999). Conclusion: Attitudes to Justice. In: The Evolution of English Justice. British Studies Series. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27004-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27004-0_6
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-333-67671-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-27004-0
eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)