Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Traditional Conceptions of Intervention

  • Chapter
Book cover Foreign Political Engagement

  • 34 Accesses

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to identify the analytical tools that academic observers have traditionally used in studying external attempts to change the internal political arrangements of states. We will focus on writings in the two disciplines most closely involved, international law and international relations. In both, intervention has long been the term used to describe such efforts and scholars have produced a substantial body of literature thereon. Drawing on a large selection of their writings, it is possible to formulate a representative definition of intervention, describe its components, and sketch the national and international contexts within which intervention took place. In combination, these features constitute what could be called a conventional or traditional framework for the analysis of foreign engagement in the domestic affairs of states.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Lori F. Damrosch, ‘Politics across borders: Non-intervention and nonforcible influence over domestic affairs’, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 83(1), January 1989, p. 3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis, Routledge, London, 1992, p. 53.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. Oran R. Young, ‘Intervention and international systems’, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 22(2), 1968, p. 179.

    Google Scholar 

  4. James N. Rosenau, ‘Intervention as a scientific concept’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 13(2), 1969, p. 160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Hedley Bull, ‘Introduction’, in Bull (ed.), Intervention in World Politics, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986, p. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  6. William V. O’Brien, US Military Intervention: Law and Morality, Washington Papers 68, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, 1979, p. 15.

    Google Scholar 

  7. D.A. Graber, Crisis Diplomacy: A History of US Intervention Policies and Practices, Public Affairs Press, Washington DC, 1959, p. 15.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ian Brownlie, International Law and the Use of Force by States, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1963, pp. 44–55.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  9. Louis Henkin, Richard C. Pugh, Oscar Schachter and Hans Smit, International Law: Cases and Materials, West Publishing Co., St Paul, Minn., 1980, p. 887.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hersch Lauterpacht (ed.), L. Oppenheim, International Law: A Treatise, Vol. I — Peace, Sixth edition, Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1947, p. 272. Louis Henkin, Richard C. Pugh, Oscar Schachter and Hans Smit, p. 887, and Lori F. Damrosch, ‘Politics across borders’, p. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Werner Levi, Contemporary International Law: A Concise Introduction, Westview Press, Boulder, 1979, p. 92

    Google Scholar 

  12. A.V.W. Thomas and A.J. Thomas, quoted by H.B. Jacobini, International Law: A Text, The Dorsey Press, Homewood, 1968, pp. 261–2.

    Google Scholar 

  13. W. Friedmann, ‘Intervention and International Law I’, International Spectator, Vol. 25(1), 1971, p. 42.

    Google Scholar 

  14. For example, J.L. Brierly, The Law of Nations: An Introduction to the International Law of Peace, Sixth edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1963, p. 402

    Google Scholar 

  15. K. Skubiszewski, ‘Use of force by states. Collective security. Law of War and Neutrality’, in Max Sorensen (ed.), Manual of Public International Law, Macmillan, London, 1968, p. 757

    Google Scholar 

  16. J.G. Starke, An Introduction to International Law, Ninth edition, Butterworths, London, 1984, p. 99; Gerhard von Glahn, p. 163; and W. Friedmann, p. 40.

    Google Scholar 

  17. J.-G. Castel, International Law, Butterworths, Toronto, 1976, p. 55.

    Google Scholar 

  18. See Louis B. Sohn, ‘The International Court of Justice and the scope of the right of self-defense and the duty of non-intervention’, in Yoram Dinstein and Mala Tabory (eds), International Law at a Time of Perplexity: Essays in Honour of Shabtai Rosenne, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, 1989, p. 876. For a debate among eminent jurists on the merits of the ICJ’s decision in this case, see The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 81(1), January 1987, pp. 77–183.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Text in Edmund J. Osmanczyk, The Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Relations, Taylor and Francis, New York, 1990, p. 371.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Graham Evans and Jeffrey Newnham, The Dictionary of World Politics, Harvester Wheatsheaf, New York, 1992, p. 159.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Peter A. Toma and Robert F. Gorman, International Relations: Understanding Global Issues, Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., Pacific Grove, Calif., 1991, p. 224.

    Google Scholar 

  22. David A. Baldwin, Economic Statecraft, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1985, p. 342.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Max Beloff, ‘Reflections on intervention’, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 22(2), 1968, p. 198.

    Google Scholar 

  24. R.J. Vincent, Non-intervention and International Law, pp. 3–13. Definitions from the following selection of authors are listed from the more restrictive to the more permissive: Jack Donnelly, ‘Human rights, humanitarian intervention and American foreign policy: Law, morality and politics’, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 37(2), Winter 1984, p. 311

    Google Scholar 

  25. Ellen P. Stern, ‘Prologue’, in Stern (ed.), The Limits of Military Intervention, Sage, Beverly Hills, 1979, p. 9

    Google Scholar 

  26. D.A. Graber, p. 2; Neil Matheson, The ‘Rules of the Game’ of Superpower Military Intervention in the Third World 1975–1980, University Press of America, Washington DC, 1982, p. 6

    Google Scholar 

  27. Urs Schwarz, Confrontation and Intervention in the Modern World, Oceana Publications, Dobbs Ferry, NY, 1970, p. 84; Oran R. Young, ‘Intervention and international systems’, p. 178; Caroline Thomas, New States, Sovereignty and Intervention, Gower, Aldershot, 1985, pp. 20–1

    Google Scholar 

  28. K.J. Holsti, International Politics: A Framework for Analysis, Sixth edition, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1992, p. 208;

    Google Scholar 

  29. Graham Evans and Jeffrey Newnham, p. 160; and Peter J. Schraeder,‘Studying US intervention in the Third World’, in Schraeder (ed.), Intervention into the 1990s: US Foreign Policy in the Third World, Second edition, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1992, p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Robert C. Freysinger, ‘US military and economic intervention in an international context of low-intensity conflict’, Political Studies, No. 34, 1991, pp. 321–34; James N. Rosenau, ‘Intervention as a scientific concept’, pp. 168–169; Oran R. Young, ‘Intervention and international systems’, pp. 180–2;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. S. Neil MacFarlane, ‘Africa’s decaying security system and the rise of intervention’, International Security, Vol. 8(4), Spring 1984, p. 135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Olajide Aluko, ‘African response to external intervention in Africa since Angola’, African Affairs, Vol. 80(319), April 1981, pp. 175–7; Graham Evans and Jeffrey Newnham, pp. 159–60; Richard Little, ‘Revisiting intervention’, p. 58

    Google Scholar 

  33. John N. Moore, Law and the Indo-China War, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1972, pp. 142–63

    Google Scholar 

  34. John N. Moore, ‘Introduction’, in Moore (ed.), Law and Civil War in the Modern World, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1974, pp. xi and xii; Oran R. Young,’ systemic bases of intervention’, in John N. Moore (ed.), Law and Civil War in the Modern World, p. 114.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Evan Luard, Conflict and Peace in the Modern International System, University of London Press, London, 1970, p. 140

    Google Scholar 

  36. Bertil Duner, The Bear, the Cubs and the Eagle: Soviet Bloc Interventionism in the Third World and the US Response, Gower, Aldershot, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  37. Bertil Duner, ‘The many-pronged spear: External military intervention in civil wars in the 1970s’, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 20(1), 1983, pp. 59–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Alexis Heraclides, ‘Secessionist minorities and external involvement’, International Organization, Vol. 44(3), Summer 1990, pp. 341–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Alexis Heraclides, ‘Secession, self-determination and non-intervention’, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 45(2), Winter 1992, pp. 399–420; John N. Moore, ‘Toward an applied theory for the regulation of intervention’, in Moore (ed.), Law and Civil War in the Modern World, pp. 21–3; John N. Moore, Law and the Indo-China War, pp. 175–225; and

    Google Scholar 

  40. Richard Little, Intervention: External Involvement in Civil Wars, Martin Robertson, London, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  41. International Law, 1922, quoted by Frederick L. Schuman, International Politics: The Western State System and the World Community, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1958, p. 117.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Also see Caroline Thomas, New States, Sovereignty and Intervention, p. 48; Goronwy J. Jones, The United Nations and the Domestic Jurisdiction of States: Interpretations and Applications of the Non-Intervention Principle, University of Wales Press, Cardiff, 1979, pp. 1-13; and

    Google Scholar 

  43. Evan Luard, Basic Texts in International Relations: The Evolution of Ideas about International Society, Macmillan, London, 1992, p. 172.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Anne-Marie Slaughter Burley and Carl Kaysen, ‘Introductory note: Emerging norms of justified intervention’, in Laura W. Reed and Carl Kaysen (eds), Emerging Norms of Justified Intervention, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, Mass., 1993, p. 13.

    Google Scholar 

  45. K.J. Holsti, International Politics (1992), p. 65. Also see Werner Levi, p. 89.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Urs Schwarz, ‘Intervention: The historical development II’, in Louis G.M. Jacquet (ed.), Intervention in International Politics, Netherlands Institute of International Affairs, The Hague, 1971, p. 34, and Goronwy J.J. Jones, p. 11.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Quoted ibid. Also see Anthony Carty, ‘Intervention and the limits of international law’, in Ian Forbes and Mark Hoffman (eds), Political Theory, International Relations and the Ethics of Intervention, St Martin’s Press/Macmillan, London, 1993, pp. 32–42.

    Google Scholar 

  48. See Urs Schwarz, Confrontation and Intervention, pp. 158–9, and Louis A. Perez, Intervention, Revolution and Politics in Cuba 1913–1921, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  49. See Louis Henkin, Richard C. Pugh, Oscar Schachter and Hans Smit, pp. 922–4, and Louis Henkin, ‘The use of force: Law and U.S. policy’, in Henkin et al., Right v. Might: International Law and the Use of Force, Second edition, Council on Foreign Relations Press, New York, 1991, pp. 41–2.

    Google Scholar 

  50. See Ellery C. Stowell, Intervention in International Law, John Byrne & Co., Washington DC, 1921, pp. 321ff; Ian Brownlie, International Law, pp. 292–8 and 318–27; W. Friedmann, pp. 57–66

    Google Scholar 

  51. Burns H. Weston, Richard A. Falk and Anthony A. D’Amato, International Law and World Order: A Problem Oriented Coursebook, West Publishing Co., St Paul, Minn., 1980, pp. 301–10; J.G. Starke, 1967, p. 99; H. Lauterpacht, pp. 274–7;

    Google Scholar 

  52. Natalino Ronzitti, Rescuing Nationals Abroad through Military Coercion and Intervention on Grounds of Humanity, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, 1985, pp. xiv and xv;

    Google Scholar 

  53. Christopher C. Joyner, ‘International Law’, in Peter J. Schraeder (ed.), pp. 233–6; and Herbert K. Tillema and John R. van Wingen, ‘Law and power in military intervention’, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 26(2), June 1982, p. 227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Quoted by Marc Trachtenberg, ‘Intervention in historical perspective’, in Laura W. Reed and Carl Kaysen (eds), 1993, p. 25.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Also see Alan R. Millett, The Politics of Intervention: The Military Occupation of Cuba, 1906–1909, Ohio State University Press, place unknown, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Evan Luard, International Society, Macmillan, London, 1990, p. 213, and Ellery C. Stowell, pp. 162–80.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Anthony C. Arend and Robert J. Beck, International Law and the Use of Force: Beyond the UN Charter Paradigm, Routledge, London, 1993, pp. 113–37. For the international law debate on humanitarian intervention, see Anthony A. D’Amato, ‘The invasion of Panama was a lawful response to tyranny’, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 84(1), January 1990, pp. 516–24; Ian Brownlie, International Law, pp. 340–1; Ian Brownlie, ‘Humanitarian intervention’, pp. 217–28 and Richard B. Lillich, ‘Humanitarian intervention: A reply to Ian Brownlie and a plea for constructive alternatives’, pp. 229–51, both in John N. Moore (ed.), Law and Civil War in the Modern World;

    Google Scholar 

  58. Thomas N. Franck and Nigel S. Rodley, ‘After Bangladesh: The law of humanitarian intervention by military force’, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 67(2), April 1973, pp. 275-305;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. E. Lauterpacht (ed.), International Law: Being the Collected Papers of Hersch Lauterpacht, Vol. I (The General Works), Cambridge University Press, 1978, p. 303; Burns H. Weston, Richard A. Falk and Anthony A. D’Amato, pp. 325-40; Rosalyn Higgins, ‘Intervention and international law’, in Hedley Bull (ed.), pp. 38-40; Natalino Ronzitti, pp. xiv–xv

    Google Scholar 

  60. Tom J. Farer, ‘Human rights in law’s empire: The jurisprudence war’, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 85(1), January 1991, pp. 117–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. R.J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986, pp. 44–6

    Google Scholar 

  62. Michael J. Levitin, ‘The law of force and the force of law: Grenada, the Falklands, and humanitarian intervention’, Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 27(2), Spring 1986, pp. 621–57

    Google Scholar 

  63. Shah Alam, ‘Indian intervention in Sri Lanka and international law’, Netherlands International Law Review, Vol. 38(3), 1991, pp. 346–59; Tom J. Farer, ‘An inquiry into the legitimacy of humanitarian intervention’, pp. 185-201, Vladimir Kartashkin, ‘Human rights and humanitarian intervention’, pp. 202-11, Theodor Meron, ‘Commentary on humanitarian intervention’, pp. 212-14, and Lori F. Damrosch, ‘Commentary on collective military intervention to enforce human rights’, pp. 215-23, all four in Lori F. Damrosch and David J. Scheffer (eds), Law and Force in the New International Order, Westview Press, Boulder, 1991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Lillich and Moore, as cited in Jarat Chopra and Thomas G. Weiss, ‘Sovereignty is no longer sacrosanct: Codifying humanitarian intervention’, Ethics and International Affairs, Vol. 6, 1992, p. 113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Gerhard von Glahn, p. 169. Also see John S.D. Eisenhower, Intervention! The United States and the Mexican Revolution 1913–1917, W.W. Norton, New York, 1993, and P. Edward Haley, Revolution and Intervention: The Diplomacy of Taft and Wilson with Mexico 1910–1917, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  66. John N. Moore, ‘Toward an applied theory for the regulation of intervention’, in Moore (ed.), Law and Civil War in the Modern World, p. 19. Also see Werner Levi, pp. 92–5 and 171; Louis Henkin, ‘Use of force: Law and US policy’, in Henkin et al., Right v. Might, pp. 42-3; Carl Gershman, ‘The United Nations and the New World Order’, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 4(3), July 1993, p. 8; and Igor I. Lukashuk, ‘The United Nations and illegitimate regimes: When to intervene to protect human rights’, in Lori F. Damrosch and David J. Scheffer (eds), p. 147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. For example, Louis Henkin, ‘Use of force: Law and US policy’, in Henkin et al., Right v. Might, p. 44, and W. Michael Reisman, ‘Coercion and self-determination: Construing Charter Article 2(4)’, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 78(3), July 1984, pp. 642-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Lloyd N. Cutler, ‘The right to intervene’, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 64(1), Fall 1985, pp. 106–11. For a more elaborate set of’ standards for the appraisal of intervention’ in civil wars, see John N. Moore, ‘Toward an applied theory for the regulation of intervention’, in Moore (ed.), Law and Civil War in the Modern World, pp. 24–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. F.R. Teson, ‘Le peuple, c’est moi! The World Court and human rights’, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 81(1), January 1987, p. 175. Also see A.H. Robertson and J.G. Merrills, Human Rights in the World: An Introduction to the Study of the International Protection of Human Rights, Third edition, Manchester University Press, 1989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Hedley Bull, ‘Conclusion’, in Bull (ed.), pp. 188 and 189. Also see Stanley Hoffmann, ‘The problem of intervention’, in Hedley Bull (ed.), pp. 24–6 and Andrew M. Scott, Non-intervention and conditional intervention’, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 22(2), 1968, pp. 208–16.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, Allen Lane, place unknown, 1977, p. 86.

    Google Scholar 

  72. The requirements under the former are a competent or lawful authority to wage war, a just cause, war must be a last resort, war must have a reasonable chance of success, and it must have the right intention. The second set of rules requires compliance with the principle of proportion between political ends and military means, the war must be discriminate in who is attacked, genocide is prohibited, and the positive laws of war have to be obeyed — William V. O’Brien, p. 38; Hugh Beach, Just Intervention, The Council for Arms Control at the Centre for Defence Studies, King’s College, London, 1993, p. 1;

    Google Scholar 

  73. Hugh Miall, The Peacemakers: Peaceful Settlement of Disputes since 1945, Macmillan, London, 1992, p. 32; and David J. Scheffer, ‘Use of force after the Cold War: Panama, Iraq, and the New World Order’, in Louis Henkin et al., Right v. Might, pp. 134–41. For an eminent theologian’s views on the ‘ethics of (military) intervention’, see Paul Ramsey, The Just War: Force and Political Responsibility, Littlefield, Adams Quality Paperbacks, Savage, Maryland, 1983, pp. 19–41.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Stanley Hoffmann, Duties beyond Borders: On the Limits and Possibilities of Ethical International Politics, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 1981, pp. 129–31.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Charles R. Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1979, p. 92.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Gordon Graham, ‘The justice of intervention’, Review of International Studies, no. 13, 1987, p. 142. Also see J.E. Hare and Carey B. Joynt, Ethics and International Affairs, Macmillan, London, 1982, pp. 159–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Items in the three categories are, unless indicated otherwise, taken from the following sources: Evan Luard, International Society, p. 219; Howard Wriggens, ‘Political outcomes of foreign assistance: Influence, involvement, or intervention?’, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 22(2), 1968, pp. 225–30; Peter J. Schraeder, ‘Paramilitary intervention’, in Schraeder (ed.), p. 131; Herbert K. Tillema and John R. van Wingen, p. 224; R.J. Vincent, Non-intervention and International Law, p. 9; K.J. Holsti, p. 222; David A. Baldwin, Economic Statecraft, pp. 41-2; Doug Bandow, ‘Economic and military aid’, in Peter J. Schraeder (ed.), pp. 85-95; Urs Schwarz, pp. 96-8; Richard A. Falk, ‘Intervention and national liberation’, in Bull (ed.), pp. 119-33.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Richard J. Barnet, Intervention and Revolution: The United States in the Third World, MacGibbon & Kee, London, 1970, pp. 13, 258–9, and Urs Schwarz, pp. 86–7.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Quoted by C. Neale Ronning, ‘Introduction’, in Ronning (ed.), Intervention in Latin America, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1970, p. 8.

    Google Scholar 

  80. F.H. Hinsley, Power and the Pursuit of Peace, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1967, p. 359.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Quoted by John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War 1941–1947, Columbia University Press, New York, 1972, p. 351.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Quoted by W. Friedmann, ‘Intervention and International Law I’, in Louis G.M. Jacquet (ed.), p. 46. Also see John N. Moore and Robert F. Turner, International Law and the Brezhnev Doctrine, University Press of America, Lanham, 1987; Urs Schwarz, pp. 146–51, and Philip Windsor, ‘Superpower intervention’ in Hedley Bull (ed.), pp. 54–8.

    Google Scholar 

  83. James H. Wyllie, The Influence of British Arms: An Analysis of British Military Intervention since 1956, George Allen & Unwin, 1984, p. 19.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Herbert K. Tillema, ‘Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age: A clarification’, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 26(4), 1989, p. 420, and Marita Kaw, ‘Predicting Soviet military intervention’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 33(3), September 1989, p. 419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. See Herbert K. Tillema and John R. van Wingen, p. 224; R.J. Vincent, Nonintervention and International Law, p. 9; K.J. Holsti, pp. 212–13; Alvin Z. Rubinstein, ‘Soviet intervention in the Third World’, in John H. Maurer and Richard H. Porth (eds), Military Intervention in the Third World, Praeger, New York, 1984, p. 20

    Google Scholar 

  86. Bertil Duner, ‘The many-pronged spear’, pp. 59–61; Alex P. Schmid, Soviet Military Interventions since 1945, Transaction Books, New Brunswick, 1985, pp. 133–58; Howard Wriggens, pp. 225–30; Evan Luard, Conflict and Peace, p. 145; and Ted Galen Carpenter, ‘Direct military intervention’, in Peter J. Schraeder (ed.), p. 153.

    Google Scholar 

  87. In addition to sources already cited, case studies of US intervention can also be found in Maurice Waters, ‘The invasion of Grenada, 1983 and the collapse of legal norms’, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 23(3), 1986, pp. 229–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. V. Shiv Kumar, US Interventionism in Latin America: Dominican Crisis and the OAS, Radiant Publishers, New Delhi, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  89. Herbert S. Dinerstein, Intervention against Communism, Studies in International Affairs 1, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1967

    Google Scholar 

  90. William C. Gilmore, The Grenada Intervention: Analysis and Docrmrentation, Mansell Publishing, London, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  91. Abraham F. Lowenthal, The Dominican Intervention, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1972

    Google Scholar 

  92. Bruce Palmer, Intervention in the Caribbean: The Dominican Crisis of 1965, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  93. Jerome Slater, Intervention and Negotiation: The United States and the Dominican Revolution, Praeger, New York, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  94. Charles E. Martin, ‘The policy of the United States as regards intervention’, Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, Vol. 93(2), 1921 (Columbia University, New York)

    Google Scholar 

  95. Michael T. Klare, Beyond the ‘Vietnam Syndrome’: US Interventionism in the 1980s, Institute for Policy Studies, Washington DC, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  96. Edwin C. Hoyt, Law and Force in American Foreign Policy, University Press of America, Lanham, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  97. Robin Higham (ed.), Intervention or Abstention: The Dilemma of American Foreign Policy, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  98. Townsend Hoopes, The Limits of Intervention: An Inside Account of how the Johnson Policy of Escalation in Vietnam was reversed, David McKay Co., New York, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  99. Armando Uribe, The Black Book of American Intervention in Chile, Beacon Press, Boston, 1975; Douglas J. Macdonald, ‘Anti-interventionism and the study of American foreign policy in the Third World’, and Jerome Slater, ‘Reassessing Third World interventionism: A response to Macdonald’, both in Security Studies, Vol. 2(2), Winter 1992, pp. 225-46 and 247-59, respectively

    Google Scholar 

  100. Stephen Van Evera, ‘American intervention in the Third World: Less would be better’, Security Studies, Vol. 1(1), Autumn 1991, pp. 1–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. John Quigley, The Ruses for War: American Interventionism since the Second World War, Prometheus Books, Buffalo, NY, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  102. Peter J. Schraeder (ed.). Additional studies of Soviet intervention include I. William Zartman, Czechoslovakia: Intervention and Impact, New York University Press, New York, 1970; Alvin Z. Rubinstein,’ soviet intervention in the Third World’, pp. 19-35, and Gordon H. McCormick, ‘Proxies, small wars, and Soviet foreign policy’, pp. 37-62, both in John H. Maurer and Richard H. Porth (eds). Among numerous other case studies not yet mentioned, are Richard Ullman, Intervention and the War, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1961

    Google Scholar 

  103. Richard Ullman, Britain and the Russian Civil War November 1918-February 1920, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  104. John Bradley, Allied Intervention in Russia, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  105. Morris Janowitz and Jacques van Doom (eds), On Military Intervention, Rotterdam University Press, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  106. Colin Legum, I. William Zartman, Steven Langdon and Lynn K. Mytelka, Africa in the 1980s: A Continent in Crisis, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979, pp. 45–58

    Google Scholar 

  107. Herbert Ekwe-Ekwe, Conflict and Intervention in Africa: Nigeria, Angola, Zaire, Macmillan, London, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  108. Dominique Moisi, ‘Intervention in French foreign policy’, in Hedley Bull (ed.), 1986, pp. 67-77;

    Google Scholar 

  109. Ramses Amer, The United Nations and Foreign Military Interventions, Report 33, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 1992; Christopher Coker (ed.), The United States, Western Europe and Military Intervention Overseas, Macmillan Press, London, 1987; Christopher Coker, Western Intervention in the Third World, Security Policy Library 10/1993, The Norwegian Atlantic Committee, Oslo, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  110. Michael G. Schatzberg, ‘Military intervention and the myth of collective security: The case of Zaire’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 27(2), 1989, pp. 324–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. S. Neil MacFarlane, ‘Intervention and Security in Africa’, International Affairs, Vol. 60(1), Winter 1983/4, pp. 53–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Oye Ogunbadejo, ‘Qaddafi and Africa’s international relations’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 24(1), 1986, pp. 33–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Colin Legum, ‘Foreign intervention in Africa (I)’, The Year Book of World Affairs, Vol. 34, 1980, pp. 76–94

    Google Scholar 

  114. Colin Legum, ‘Foreign intervention in Africa (II)’, The Year Book of World Affairs, Vol. 35, 1981, pp. 28–36.

    Google Scholar 

  115. K.J. Holsti, International Politics (1992), pp. 211–12.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Harry Howe Ransom, ‘Covert intervention’ in Peter J. Schraeder (ed.), pp. 112–29. Also see Gregory F. Treverton, Covert Action: The CIA and American Intervention in the Postwar World, IB Taurus & Co., London, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  117. J.-G. Castel, pp. 55–6 and Lee C. Buchheit, ‘The use of nonviolent coercion: A study of legality under article 2(4) of the Charter of the United Nations’, in Richard B. Lillich (ed.), Economic Coercion and the New International Economic Order, The Michie Company, Charlottesville, 1976, p. 48.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Andrew M. Scott, p. 209. Also see Richard W. Cottam, Competitive Interference and Twentieth Century Diplomacy, Pittsburgh, 1967, pp. 27ff, and Urs Schwarz, pp. 204–5.

    Google Scholar 

  119. K.J. Holsti, International Politics (1992), pp. 214–22. Also see J.E. Hare and Carey B. Joynt, pp. 154–5.

    Google Scholar 

  120. See E. Lauterpacht (ed.), International Law, pp. 403–4; Gerhard von Glahn, pp. 173–6; K. Skubiszewski in M. Sorensen (ed.), pp. 759–60; Loch K. Johnson, ‘On drawing a bright line for covert operations’, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 86(2), April 1992, pp. 284–6, and J.G. Starke, p. 98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. David A. Baldwin, Economic Statecraft, pp. 41–2. Also see Baldwin’s earlier study, ‘Foreign aid, intervention, and influence’, World Politics, Vol. 21(3), April 1969, pp. 425–47: Derek Heater and G.R. Berridge, Introduction to International Politics, Harvester Wheatsheaf, New York, 1993, pp. 76–8; Doug Bandow, ‘Economic and military aid’, pp. 75–96 and Kimberly A. Elliott, ‘Economic sanctions’, pp. 96–112, both in Peter J. Schraeder (ed.); Urs Schwarz, p. 203

    Google Scholar 

  122. Richard A. Falk, ‘Recycling interventionism’, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 29(2), May 1992, p. 134; Lee C. Buchheit in Richard B. Lillich (ed.), pp. 46–9; and W. Friedmann in Louis G.M. Jacquet (ed.), pp. 49–55.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Quoted by John Loxley, ‘Alternative approaches to stabilization in Africa’, in Gerald K. Helleiner (ed.), Africa and the International Monetary Fund, IMF, Washington DC, 1986, p. 119.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Deon Geldenhuys (Professor of Political Studies)

Authors
  1. Deon Geldenhuys
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Copyright information

© 1998 Deon Geldenhuys

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Geldenhuys, D. (1998). Traditional Conceptions of Intervention. In: Foreign Political Engagement. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26758-3_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation