Abstract
Of almost any object a representative artifact intended solely and exclusively for decorative purposes, can be made. But not if that object be a man, still less if God be the object of the purported representation. At any soi-disant portrayal of God Jewish tolerance of the image stops absolutely short; and at any portrayal of the human being, relatively short. In each case the argument is similar; it is also grounded in such inter-dependent terms as to disclose ethical relevance to an apparent matter of aesthetics. Here, and more so than in any other context, artistic autonomy is circumscribed; the artist would otherwise, like Medusa, turn to stone whatever his gaze alights on. In Jewish terms, Medusa removes the distinction between man and inert nature.
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Notes
Z. Levy, ‘Erkhei ha-estetika ve-ha-masoret ha-yehudit’, in T. Dreyfus and Y. Elstein (ed.), Tarbut Yehudit be-Yomeinu, Bar Ilan UP, 1983, pp.25-35, here p.29. The early ethno-psychologist Moritz Lazarus (1824–1903) made the same comparison — see S. Schwarzschild, ‘The legal foundation of Jewish aesthetics’, Journal of Aesthetic Education, IX, No.1, Jan. 1975, pp.29–42
For a discussion of this point see J. M. Miller, ‘In the “image” and “likeness” of God’, Journal of Biblical Literature, vol.91, no.2, 1972, pp.289–304.
E. Saltman, ‘The “forbidden image” in Jewish art’, Journal of Jewish Art, viii, 1981, pp.42–59
A. Grotte, ‘Die Kunst im Judentum und das 2. mosaische Gebot’, Der Morgen, IV (June, 1928), No.2, p.178.
M. Carmilly-Weinberger, Fear of art, New York/London, Bowker, 1986, pp.7–8
see also M. Metzger, La Haggada Enluminée, Leiden, Brill, 1973, p.307.
See W. Schubert, ‘The continuation of ancient Jewish art in the middle ages’, in C. Moore (ed.), The visual dimension, San Francisco-Oxford, Westview, 1993, p.43.
M. Azarvahu, ‘War memorials in Israel, 1948–56’, Studies in Zionism, vol.13, No.1 (Spr. 1992), pp.57–77
Sefer Ha-Hinukh, ed. Rabbi H.D. Chavel, Jerusalem, Mossad ha-Rav Kuk, 1977, No.39.
MR Leviticus, 34:3; cf. also B. L. Sherwin, ‘The human body and the image of God’, in D. Cohn-Sherbok (ed.), A traditional quest, Sheffield, JSOT Press 1991, pp.75–85
TB Sota 14a; cf. also Pirkei Avot, III, 13; and the material assembled in A. J. Heschel, Torah min ha-Shamayim, 2 vols., London/New York, Soncino Press, 1962, I, 220–3.
M. Idel, Golem, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1990, p. xxvii.
See A. Altmann, ‘Homo Imago Dei in Jewish and Christian theology’, Journal of Religion, Vol.48, No.3, 1968, pp.235–259.
H.-G. Gadamer, Gesammelte Werke, I, Tübingen, Mohr, 1990, p.145.
E. H. Gombrich, Meditations on a hobby-horse, London, Phaidon, 1963, p.10.
For a discussion of the resulting paradox, See Luc Ferry, Homo Aestheticus, Paris, Grasset, 1990, pp.186 ff.
This would be a fortiori the case where the statue purportedly depicts an aspect of the Godhead. This is the reason why the neo-Kantians, Ludwig Steinheim and Hermann Cohen, looked on Christianity as a religion of pantheism; see L. Kochan, ‘Steinheim und der Bilderdienst im Judentum’, in J. H. Schoeps (ed.), Studien zu S. L. Steinheim, Zurich/New York, Olms, 1993, pp.135–141
M. Mendelssohn, Morgenstunden, in Schriften zur Metaphysik und Ethik, I, ed. M. Brasch, Leipzig, Voss, 1880, pp.324–5
E. Lévinas, ‘Reality and its shadow’, in S. Hand (ed.), The Lévinas Reader, Engl. trans., Oxford, Blackwells, 1989, pp.129–143
see also L. Flam, ‘L’esthétique et le sacré’, in H. Dethier and E. Willems (eds), The cultural hermeneutics of modern art, Amsterdam/ Atlanta, Editions Rodopi, 1981, pp.151–2.
See H. Bergson, Creative evolution, Engl. trans., London, Macmillan, 1911, chap.4, esp. pp. 351 ff.
M. Proust, A la Recherche du Temps Perdu, III, Paris, Gallimard, 1919, p.79.
R. Wollheim (ed.), The image inform: selected writings of Adrian Stokes, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1972, p.73.
A very similar particular concern with the three-dimensional marks the writings and actions of Byzantine iconoclasts, Lollards and Reformation image-breakers; see E. Kitzinger, ‘The cult of images before iconoclasm’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 8, 1954, p.131
Only in recent years is modern French thought beginning to catch up with this rapprochement, see A. Benjamin (ed.), The Lyotard reader, Oxford, Blackwells, 1989, pp.203–4
J. Dérrida, La Vérité en peinture, Paris, Flammarion, 1978, p.153.
See for example J. Wohlgemuth, ‘Grundgedanken der Religionsphilosophie Max Schelers in jüdischer Beleuchtung’, in Festschrift für J. Rosenheim, Frankfurt am Main, J. Kauffmann Verlag, 1931, pp.42–3
A. Broadie, ‘Maimonides and Aquinas on the names of God’, Religious Studies, 23 (1987), pp.157–170
D. Freedberg, Iconoclasts and their motives, Maarssen (The Netherlands), Schwartz, 1985, p.35.
Quoted in J. Halpérin and G. Lévitte (eds.), Idoles — Données et Débats, Paris, Denoël, 1985, p.71.
This is echoed in the somewhat nebulous terminology of Lévinas: ‘the other is not the incarnation of God, but precisely through his face, where he is disincarnated, the manifestation of the height where God reveals himself’ (E. Lévinas, Totalité et Infini, Paris, Kluwer Academic, 1990, p.77
see also C. Chalier, ‘En attente du visage’, Les Nouveaux Cahiers, Spring 1991, No. 104, p.76).
G. Simmel, Essays on Sociology, Philosophy and Aesthetics, ed. K. Wolff, New York, Harper and Row, 1965, p.276
See above, page 118; and R. Draï, Identité juive, identité humaine, Paris, Armand Colin, 1995, pp.46–7.
Jacob Leveen, op. cit., pp.94-5; see also the grotesque figures reproduced in E. Cohn-Wiener, Die jüdische Kunst, Berlin, Wasservogel Verlag, 1929, plate 135, and p.202
A. Schönberg, Schöpferische Konfessionen, ed. W. Reich, Zürich, Verlag der Arche, 1964, P1.2
See F. Landsberger, ‘The origin of the decorated mezuzah’, Hebrew Union College Annual, 31, 1960, p.163
Perhaps also from certain sculptors, such as Michelangelo and Rodin, who left large numbers of their works in a fragmentary state: see the articles by H. von Einem and J. A. Schmoll gen. Eisenwerth in the symposium, Das Unvollendete als künstlerische Form, Bern/Munich, Francke, 1959, pp.69-82, 117–139; also the critical discussion of these articles in E. Wind, Kunst und Anarchie, Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1979, pp.158 ff.
The analogy with certain notions in Zen Buddhism is also striking and makes Kant’s reference to the English garden as one model of irregularity all the more apposite, for in garden design can be embedded, deliberately and with philosophic emphasis, the Zen notion of ‘the teasing charm of incompleteness — the suggestion that the onlooker finish his own idea according to his own imagination’ (L. Warner, ‘Gardens’, in N. W. Ross (ed.), The world of Zen, London, Collins, 1962, p.103
See also I. Murdoch, The fire and the sun, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1977, p.71
See G. Smith, Annonce auf ein Lebenswerk, in P. Schäfer and G. Smith (eds), Gerschom Scholem zwischen den Disziplinen, Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp Verlag, 1995, pp.282 ff.
E. H. Gombrich, Meditations on a hobby-horse, London, Plaidon, 1963, p.10.
J. Sabil, ‘Les juifs dans la peinture française moderne’, in E.-J. Finbert, Aspects du génie d’Israël, Paris, Cahiers du Sud, 1950, pp.274–286
H. Bergmann, ‘Die Heiligung des Namens’, in Vom Judentum, Leipzig, Kurt Wolff Verlag, 1913, pp.32–43
see also E. Fromm, You shall be as gods, New York, Fawcett Publication, 1966, p.27.
Midrash Tehillim, ed. S. Baber, repr. Jerusalem, 1966, p.201 (Hebrew pagination); see also E. Bloch, Das Prinzip Hoffnung, Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 1959, pp.1458–9
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© 1997 Lionel Kochan
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Kochan, L. (1997). Man in His Image. In: Beyond the Graven Image. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25545-0_7
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