Abstract
It was in 1988, against the background of intense war in Southern Angola, that diplomatic efforts yielded the agreement by Angola, Cuba, and South Africa on withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola and on implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 435. On the diplomatic front, talks between Angola and US Officials over the issue resumed in April 1987.1 They had been suspended in 1985 following the repeal of the Clark Amendment by the US Congress. In August, Angola offered a revised version of the November 1984 proposals, in which it proposed that Cuban troops below the 13th parallel withdraw over a period of two years. This plan was submitted to Chester Crocker, the US Under Secretary of State for African Affairs, who was acting as mediator. Angola maintained the same conditions as before. The United States and South Africa wanted the Cubans to withdraw within a period of one year.2
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Notes
According to Donald Rothchild, the retreat was orderly. See Rothchild, ‘Conflict Management in Angola’, TransAfrica Forum, Vol. 8, No. 1, spring 1991, p. 91.
Alan Rake, ‘Savimbi Wins Round 13, New African, No. 244, January 1988, p. 16; and Africa Research Bulletin, Political Series, No. 4, May 15, 1988, p. 8832.
Fidel Castro, ‘The Battle for Angola: Castro Speaks’, Sechaba, Vol. 22, No. 11, November 1988, p. 2.
Donald Rothchild and Caroline Hartzell, ‘The Case of Angola: Four Power Intervention and Disengagement’, in Ariel Levite, Bruce Jentleson and Larry Berman, eds, Foreign Military Intervention: the Dynamics of Protracted Conflict (New York: Columbia University Press. 1992). p. 184.
Ibid., and International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS), Military Balance, cited in Times of Zambia, 20 October 1988, p. 1.
Michael Clough, ‘From South West Africa to Namibia’, in Michael Clough, ed., Changing Realities in Southern Africa: Implications for American Policy, (Berkeley: University of California, Institute of International Studies, 1982), p. 83.
See EIU, Quarterly Economic Review: South Africa, No. 4, 1985, pp. 10–11; and South, No. 75, January 1987, pp. 32–3.
United Nations, ‘Further Report of the Secretary-General Concerning the Implementation of Security Council Resolution 435 (1978) and 430 (1987) concerning the question of Namibia’, 23 January 1989, Southern Africa Record, No. 54, 1989, pp. 40–1.
Horace Campbell, ‘The Delegitimisation of the Liberation Struggle in Africa: The Experience of Angola’, Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1993, p. 45.
RSA, ‘Statement by the South African Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Hon. R.F. Botha: 1 November 1988, in Pretoria’, Southern Africa Record, Nos. 52/53, 1988, pp. 4–5.
UN, ‘Further Report of the Secretary-General Concerning the Implementation of Security Council Resolution 435 (1978) and 430 (1978)’, Southern Africa Record, No. 54, 1989, p. 56.
UN, ‘UN Security Council Resolution 629 (16 January 1989)’, Southern Africa Record, No. 56, 1989, p. 2.
RSA, ‘Letter of South African Minister of Foreign Affairs to UN Secretary-General, dated 2 April, 1989’, Southern African Record, No. 56, 1989, pp. 6–7.
UN, ‘UN Secretary-General’s letter to South African Foreign Minister, 20 June 1980’, Southern African Record, No. 21, October 1980, pp. 1–2.
Nujoma, ‘Press Statement by Sam Nujoma, President of SWAPO, Luanda, 8 April 1989’, Southern Africa Record, No. 56, 1989, pp. 22–3.
Matthew S. Shugart, ‘Guerrillas and Elections: An Institutionalist Perspective on the Costs of Conflict and Competition’, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 2, June 1992, p. 142.
RSA, ‘The Mount Etjo Declaration’ and Annex, Southern Africa Record, No. 56, 1989, pp. 18–22.
BBC World Service radio newscast, (live) 14 April 1989; Sunday Times of Zambia, 16 April 1989, p. 1.
R.S.A., ‘Press Release by the South African Minister of Foreign Affairs on 21 April 1989’. Southern Africa Record, No. 56, 1989, p. 26.
John Hatchard and Peter Slinn, ‘Namibia: The Constitutional Path to Freedom’, International Relations, Vol. X, No. 2, November 1990, p. 144.
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© 1996 Laurent C. W. Kaela
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Kaela, L.C.W. (1996). The Independence Settlement. In: The Question of Namibia. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24996-1_7
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