Abstract
On the evening of 10 April 1629, the Friday after Easter, the pastor at the cathedral church in Lübeck, Bernhard Blume, M.A., received an unexpected visitor at his home. One of his parishioners, David Frese, a humble citizen of Lübeck, had already called at four o’clock when the minister was out, but now he was finally able to tell of his experience at lunchtime. He had been on his way back from Grönau. On coming to the heath where the border between the territories of Lübeck and Sachsen-Lauenburg was located, near the white stone that had fallen down, he became full of fear and thought about returning when he heard somebody say, ‘Listen, I want to tell you something!’ Then he saw an old grey man, dressed in white, sitting on the fallen stone. Two white doves were perched on his right shoulder, and one on his left. All three doves where drenched all over, and tears were flowing from their eyes. The old man began to speak and asked why it was that the dead in Lübeck were not allowed to rest? The church of St George should remain standing. Enough sin had already been committed by tearing down another church earlier. On the contrary, every week two days of prayer should be celebrated at St George’s; if this was not done, they would see what was going to befall them.
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Notes and References
The only source for this apparition story is preserved in AHL, Geistl. Ministerium, Tomus IV (1628–1642) fols 83r-83v: letter from the clergy to the town council (11 April 1629); fols 84r-84v: report by Pastor Blume (10 April 1629); fols 85v-89r: theological judgement (misbound). The case has been retold before by C. H. Starck, Lubeca Lutherano-Evangelica, das ist, der… Hanse- und Handel-Stadt Lübeck Kirchen-Historie… (Hamburg: Felginer, 1724) pp. 773–4. All later references to the case appear to be based on Starck’s account: J. R. Becker, Umständliche Geschichte der … Stadt Lübeck, vol. 2 (Lübeck: Green, 1784) p. 382; Neue Lübeckische Blätter, 4 (1838) p. 207; E. Deecke, Lübische Geschichten und Sagen (Lübeck, 1852) p. 370 (rewritten as a folk narrative (Volkssage) ‘nach Privataufzeichnung’); A. Benda, ‘Wolfsrachen. Berichtigung und Nachtrag’, MLGA, 4 (1889–90) pp. 191–2;
H. Weimann, Der 30 jährige Krieg im lübschen Raum zwischen Elbe und Fehmarn. Volkstümlich erzählt (Türme, Masten, Schlote, H. 4) (Lübeck, 1954) pp. 34–6. There has been no attempt to put the case into its wider context.
W. Jannasch, Geschichte des lutherischen Gottesdienstes in Lübeck. Von den Anfängen der Reformation bis zum Ende des Niedersächsischen als gottesdienstlicher Sprache (1522–1633) (Gotha, 1928) pp. 137–54;
W. Heinsohn, Das Eindringen der neuhochdeutschen Schriftsprache in Lübeck während des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts (= Veröffentlichungen zur Geschichte der Freien und Hansestadt Lübeck, vol. 12) (Lübeck, 1933) pp. 149–60 and 180–3.
The word ‘prophet’ perhaps arouses associations with Mohammed or the prophets of the Old Testament, but even contemporaries called some of these figures ‘New Prophets’. See, for example, the title of a 1585 broadsheet in W. L. Strauss, The German Single-Leaf Woodcut 1550–1600 (New York, 1975) p. 941 and Newe Prophetin. Von Schönebeche… Aus dem Latein ins Deutsche bracht, Durch M. Simonem Musœaejnium, Luchouianum … (Eisleben: Petri, 1580) (reprint [Lübeck:] Balhorn, 1580); the Latin original of this pamphlet bears the title Nova de Sibylla Mar chica … 1580).
A number of prophets made their appearance during the English Civil War but they belonged to sects and not to the state church. Only rarely did they claim to have angelic apparitions (P. Mack, ‘The Prophet and Her Audience: Gender and Knowledge in The World Turned Upside Down’, in G. Eley and W. Hunt (eds), Reviving the English Revolution. Reflections and Elaborations on the Work of Christopher Hill (London and New York, 1988) pp. 139–52).
Only one case from France has come to my knowledge (Apparition merveillevse de trois phantosmes dans la forest de Montargis, a vn bourgois de la mesme ville (Paris 1649) (BN); for the preceding period, no comparable title is mentioned in J.-P. Seguin, L’information en France avant le périodique. 517 canards imprimés entre 1529 et 1631 (Paris, 1964).
Later, however, there were the well-known Camisard prophets (bibliography in B. Plongeron and P. Lerou (eds), La piété populaire en France. Répertoire bibliographique, vol. 5 (Turnhout, 1988) pp. 156–8).
The Italian prophets date from before 1530 (O. Niccoli, Profeti e popolo nell’ Italia del rinascimento (= Biblioteca di Cultura Moderna, Bd. 947) (Bari, 1987)). In the Netherlands, though, some pamphlets on comparable prophets were published, for example Een Vvarachtighe geschiedenisse van eenen stomme / ghenaemt Michiel Saeckes …de welche wonder-lijcke teeckenen heeft beschreven / die hem geopenbaert syn … 1609) (Royal Library, The Hague).
W. A. Christian, Apparitions in Late Medieval and Renaissance Spain (Princeton, 1981);
R. Habermas, Wallfahrt und Aufruhr. Zur Geschichte des Wunderglaubens in der frühen Neuzeit (= Historische Studien, vol. 5) (Frankfurt a. M and New York, 1991).
A general study of Lutheran popular prophets in Germany, Scandinavia, and the Baltic states will be presented in my Ph.D. thesis. Some aspects have been treated in J. Beyer, ‘Lutherske folkelige profeter som åndelige autoriteter’, in B. P. McGuire (ed.), Autoritet i Middelalderen (Copenhagen, 1991) pp. 157–81; Beyer, ‘Lutherische Propheten in Deutschland und Skandinavien im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert Entstehung und Ausbreitung eines Kulturmusters zwischen Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit’, in Europa in Scandinavia. Kulturelle Dialoge während der frühen Neuzeit. 1520–1720 (working title) (= Studia Septentrionalia, vol. 2) (Frankfurt a. M.),
and Beyer , ‘Hellige kvinder og mænd i de lutherske lande, ca. 1550 til 1700’, Chaos. Dansk-norsk tidskrift for religionshistoriske studier, 20 (1993) pp. 101–13. These prophets have so far received scant attention in historical research.
The most important studies on German prophets are: K. Kayser, ‘Hannoversche Enthusiasten des siebzehnten Jahrhunderts’, Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für niedersächsische Kirchengeschichte, 10 (1905) pp. 1–72; W. -E. Peuckert, articles in HDA, vol. 7 (1935–6) pp. 338–66; vol. 9, 1 (1938–41) pp. 358–87; vol. 9, 2 (1941) pp. 66–100;
D. W. Sabean, ‘A prophet in the Thirty Years’ War: Penance as a social metaphor’, in his Power in the Blood. Popular Culture and Village Discourse in Early Modern Germany (Cambridge, 1984) pp. 61–93 (cf. also the comment on this article by N. Haag, ‘Frömmigkeit und sozialer Protest: Hans Keil, der Prophet von Gerlingen’, Zeitschrift für Württembergische Landesgeschichte, 48 (1989) pp. 127–41).
For example, Nova de Sibylla Marchica, fol. A2r; H. F. Rørdam (ed.), ‘Mestermanden i Viborg som Profet’, Kirkehistoriske Samlinger, 6 (1867–8) pp. 181–90, here p. 186 (the main document is in German, the prophet being a German soldier who stayed at Viborg after the war in Jutland was over. He worked as a hangman at the time of his apparitions in 1630. The edition by Rørdam is not always to be trusted; for the original of the German text see: Rigsarkivet Copenhagen, K. U., 12.01.15, no. 3–3–573).
For background reading on Lübeck see Graßmann ‘Lübeck im 17. Jahrhundert’; W.-D. Hauschild, Kirchengeschichte Lübecks (Lübeck, 1981).
On the Thirty Years’ War see T. Hach, ‘Nachrichten zur Geschichte Lübecks im 30jähr. Kriege …’, MLGA, 7 (1895–6) pp. 122–5; Weimann, Der 30jährige Krieg
J. O. Opel, Der niedersächsisch-dänische Krieg, vol. 3 (Magdeburg, 1894) pp. 195 and 475–83.
E. Wilmanns, Der Lübecker Friede 1629 (diss. Bonn) (Bonn, 1904) pp. 37–48 and 64–70; Abdruck dessen / Was zu Lübeck / so wol zwischen den Käyserl… Commissarijs / als auch denen Königl. Dennemarchkischen … Commissarijs newlich abgehandelt … worden … 1629). The last document is dated 21 March 1629.
AHL, Ratsprotokolle bis 1813, I. Serie, 1629 (Friedr. Pöpping) fol. 57v; [H. Lebermann], Die Beglückte und Geschmückte Stadt Lübeck … (Lübeck: Krüger, 1697) p. 29; J. Hilmers, Die von Gott gewürdigte Lob-Eck … (Lübeck: Böckmann and Ratzeburg: Hartz, 1716) p. 101–2; O. Pelc (ed.), Gründliche Nachricht des St Annen Armen- und Werck-Hauses in Lübeck von 1735 (= Kleine Hefte zur Stadtgeschichte, hg. v. AHL, H. 7) (Lübeck, 1990) p. 20;
W. Brehmer, ‘Die Befestigungswerke Lübecks’, ZLGA, 7 (1898) pp. 341–488, here pp. 423–4; BKHL, vol. 4 (1928) 389–93 (p. 392 a reproduction of a painting of 1597 showing the church and the Mühlentor); BKHL, vol. 1, 1 (1939) p. 85.
Graßmann, ‘Lübeck im 17. Jahrhundert’, p. 467; J. P. Wieseigren, ‘Itinerarium Danicum. Lübeck im Reisebericht zweier Dominikaner von 1622’, ZLGA, 42 (1962) pp. 115–17, at p. 117; Starck, Lubeca Lutherano-Evangelica, pp. 766–7.
For Lübeck, see Deecke, Lübische Geschichten und Sagen, pp. 174–6, and also O. Mensing, Schleswig-Holsteinisches Wörterbuch, vol. 5 (Neumünster, 1935) pp. 329–31.
A. Angelus, WiderNatur vnd Wunderbuch … (Frankfurt a. M.: Collitz/Brachfeld, 1597) pp. 206-[210] (HAB); this case is dealt with by H. C. E. Midelfort, ‘The Devil and the German People: Reflections on the Popularity of Demon Possession in Sixteenth-Century Germany’, in S. Ozment (ed.), Religion and Culture in the Renaissance and Reformation (= Sixteenth-Century Essays and Studies, vol. 11) (Kirksville, 1989) pp. 99–119, here pp. 99–100. Two similar cases from Lutheran Iceland in 1638 are described by
Gìsli Oddsson, ‘De mirabilibus Islandiae’, ed. by H. Hermannsson, Islandica, 10 (1917) pp. 31–84, here pp. 75–6.
C.-M. Edsman, A Swedish Female Folk Healer from the Beginning of the 18th Century (= Skrifter utg. av religionshistoriska institutionen i Uppsala (hum. fak.), vol. 4) (Uppsala, 1967) p. 85; the translation from the German is partly adapted from Edsman’s paraphrase (p. 122–3).
O. Tschirch, ‘Ein Niederlausitzer Geisterseher’, Niederlausitzer Mitteilungen, 4 (1895) pp. 150–67, here pp. 159 and 166; Ein new wunder Gesicht: Welchs im Ertzstifft Magdeburgk / hart bei Wolmerstedt … einem Megdlein von achzehen fahren am hellen liechten Tage erschienen ist … (Magdeburg: Francke [1596]) fol. A2V (StBL); there is also a shortened Low German translation: Ein Nye Wunder Gesicht… 1597) fol. A2r, cf. also n. 12.
BKHL, vol. 3 (1919–20) p. 151; other Lübeck examples pp. 406, 493, and BKHL, vol. 4 (1928) p. 120; cf. also G. Spiekerkötter, Die Darstellung des Weltgerichtes von 1500–1800 in Deutschland (diss. Berlin) (Düsseldorf, 1939) pp. 32–3, 61, 74.
These legends are known from many places. The Schleswig-Holsteinian legend about the destruction of Rungholt can be traced back to at least 1623 (O. Hartz, ‘Die Rungholtsage bei den nordfriesischen Chronisten’, Jahrbuch des Nordfriesischen Vereins für Heimatkunde und Heimatliebe, 20 (1933) pp. 80–6); see also
W.-E. Peuckert, ‘Sodom und Gomorrah’, in HDA, vol. 8 (1936–7) pp. 21–5.
C.-M. Edsman, ‘Stones’, in The Encyclopedia of Religion, vol. 14 (New York and London, 1987) pp. 49–53, quote p. 50; see also R. Hünnerkopf, Stein II., in HDA, vol. 8 (1936–7) pp. 390–401, and W. Müller-Bergström, Grenze, Rain; Grenzstein, in HDA, vol. 3 (1930–31) pp. 1137–57.
See two broadsheets of 1629 and 1631 in D. Alexander and W. L. Strauss, The German Single-Leaf Woodcut 1600–1700 (New York, 1977) pp. 176 and 709. In A. Belbeza, Warhaffiige Wundergeschicht… Erstlichen Getruckt zu Prag in Böhem 1619. Jahr., fols A2v-A3r (BL), a child of twelve weeks predicts calamities.
E. Holländer, Wunder, Wundergeburt und Wundergestalt in Einblattdrucken … (Stuttgart, 1921) pp. 329–36.
E. Hach, ‘Aus den älteren Lübecker Kirchenbüchern’, MLGA, 7 (1895–6) pp. 129–34, here p. 129.
Sept. Ao. 1632’, Wanderer im Riesengebirge (March 1903) p. 35; Hans Engelbrecht (cf. H. Relier in Neue deutsche Biographie, vol. 4 (Berlin, 1959) p. 511); Johann Warner/Werner (cf. R. Haase, Das Problem des Chiliasmus und der Dreißigjährige Krieg (diss. Leipzig) (Leipzig, 1933) pp. 70–8).
A typical example is Alardus, Zeichen vnd Wunder-Predigt, see also W. Brückner, ‘Protestantische Exempelsammlungen’, in Enzyklopädie des Märchens, vol. 4 (Berlin and New York, 1982–4) pp. 604–9.
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© 1996 Jürgen Beyer
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Beyer, J. (1996). A Lübeck Prophet in Local and Lutheran Context. In: Scribner, B., Johnson, T. (eds) Popular Religion in Germany and Central Europe, 1400–1800. Themes in Focus. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24836-0_9
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