Abstract
On 10 March 1612 the Westminster Court of Burgesses assembled in the ‘town court house’ for its regular weekly session. The judges were the Dean of Westminster, the Deputy Chief Steward, the twelve Burgesses (representing the twelve Westminster wards) and their twelve Assistants. The jury, convened as necessary, comprised twelve ‘honest householders’ of the city. Their duty was to hear cases concerning nuisances, illegal inmates, scolding, slander and sexual immorality in all its forms, and as it happened the leading case that day was one of bastard-bearing. Susan Perry, who had borne an illegitimate child, had little option but to confess. Robert Watson, waterman, her alleged partner, denied the charge, but it availed him nothing. After trial by jury he was pronounced guilty, and thereupon it was
ordered by ye court that the s[ai]d Rob [er]t Watson and Susan Perry should be committed to the prison of the Gatehouse and both of them to be stripp’d naked from the wast upwards and so tyed to the carts tayle and to be whipp’d from the Gatehouse in Westm [inste]r unto Temple Barr and then and there to be pr[e] sently banished from the Citty and Libertyes and if either of them returne again and be taken within the Citty & Libertyes to be likewise whipped.1
Early versions of this paper were presented at seminars in Oxford, Cambridge and Birmingham. I am grateful to the participants for their helpful comments.
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Notes and References
For general discussions of these ideas, see P. Laslett, The World We Have Lost Further Explored (London, 1983), chs 1–3;
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27 Elizabeth I c. 31; on this court see also W. H. Manchée, The Westminster City Fathers (the Burgess Court of Westminster) 1585–1901 (London, 1924);
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T. B. Isaacs, ‘Moral Crime, Moral Reform and the State in Early Eighteenth Century England: A Study of Piety and Politics’ (unpublished University of Rochester Ph.D. thesis, 1979); Isaacs, ‘The Anglican Hierarchy and the Reformation of Manners, 1688–1738’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, vol. 33 (1982), pp. 391–411;
A. G. Craig, ‘The Movement for the Reformation of Manners, 1688–1715’ (unpublished University of Edinburgh Ph.D. thesis, 1980);
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R. B. Shoemaker, ‘Reforming the City: The Reformation of Manners Campaign in London, 1690–1738’, in L. Davison et al. (eds), Stilling the Grumbling Hive: The Response to Sodal and Economic Problems in England, 1689–1750 (Stroud, 1992), pp. 99–120;
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G. Rosser, Medieval Westminster, 1200–1540 (Oxford, 1989), p. 244;
P.J. P. Goldberg, ‘Women in Fifteenth-Century Town Life’, in J. A. F. Thomson (ed.), Towns and Townspeople in the Fifteenth Century (Gloucester, 1988), pp. 118–21.
M. K. Mcintosh, ‘Social Change and Tudor Manorial Leets’, in J. A. Guy and H. G. Beale (eds), Law and Social Change in British History (London, 1984), pp. 73–85;
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Mcintosh, ‘Finding Language for Misconduct: Jurors in Fifteenth-Century Local Courts’, in D. Wallace and B. Hanawalt (eds), Representing Fifteenth-Century England (forthcoming, Minneapolis, 1995). I am very grateful to Professor Mcintosh for the opportunity to read this paper in advance of publication.
On Canterbury diocese and other late medieval jurisdictions, see B. L. Woodcock, Medieval Ecclesiastical Courts in the Diocese of Canterbury (London, 1952), esp. pp. 79–82;
D.J. Guth, ‘Enforcing Late Medieval Law: Patterns of Litigation During Henry VII’s Reign’, in J. H. Baker (ed.), Legal Records and the Historian (London, 1978), pp. 89–91. For some proceedings, see
E. M. Elvey (ed.), The Courts of the Archdeaconry of Buckingham, 1483–1523, Buckingham Record Society 19 (Aylesbury, 1975);
K. L. Wood-Legh (ed.), Kentish Visitations of Archbishop William Warham and His Deputies, 1511–12, Kent Archaeological Society 24 (Maidstone, 1984).
R. M. Wunderli, London Church Courts and Sodety on the Eve of the Reformation (Cambridge, Mass., 1981), esp. pp. 20, 22, 142–7 and chs 3–4 passim. Commissary court books for the period 1518–29, which Wunderli believed to have disappeared, survive in Guildhall Lib. MS 9065J/1–2 (cf. Wunderli, London Church Courts, pp. 11–12, 161). I hope to discuss the issues arising from Wunderli’s interpretation at greater length on another occasion.
R. R. Sharpe (ed.), Calendar of Letter-Books … of the City of London: Letter Book L, Temp. Edward LV-Henry VII (London, 1912), p. 206;
A. H. Thomas and I. D. Thornley (eds), The Great Chronicle of London (London, 1938), p. 222, cf. R. Fabyan, The New Chronicles of England and France, ed. H. Ellis (London, 1811), pp. 613, 663; cf. Archer, Pursuit of Stability, pp. 249–50, and the references there cited; Guth, ‘Enforcing Late-Medieval Law’, pp. 92–3; CLRO Journal 8, fols. 46v-50v and Journals 6–13 passim; Portsoken Ward Presentments, 242A; [G]reater [L]ondon [R]ecord [O]ffice Acc. 518/80 (I am grateful to Faramerz Dabhoiwala for this reference); for other proceedings against moral offenders in Westminster, see Westminster Abbey Muniments 50778 and 50782 (I am grateful to Gervase Rosser for advice about Westminster).
R. M. Karras, ‘The Regulation of Brothels in Later Medieval England’, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol. 14 (1988–9), pp. 405–6, 408–11; Archer, Pursuit of Stability, ch. 6, passim.
Karras, ‘Regulation of Brothels’, 407, 411; M. Bateson et al. (eds), Leicester Borough Records, 7 vols (London, Cambridge and Leicester, 1899–1974), II, pp. 290–1;
M. D. Harris (ed.), The Coventry Leet Book: or Mayor’s Register Containing the Records of the City Court Leet or View of Frankpledge AD 1420–1555, 4 parts, Early English Text Society, original series nos 134, 135, 138, 146 (London, 1907–13), part I, pp. 219–20, part II, pp. 399, 538–9, 544–5, 552, 568.
A. Dyer, Decline and Growth in English Towns, 1400–1640 (London, 1991), pp. 70, 74; [N]ottingham [A]rchives [O]ffice CA la-47c (Borough Quarter Sessions Rolls, 1453–1556); selections printed in
W. H. Stevenson et al. (eds), Records of the Borough of Nottingham, 9 vols (London and Nottingham, 1882–1956), II—III, passim. For the abstract of the 1463 orders, see ibid., II, p. 425.
M. Ingram, ‘“Scolding Women Cucked or Washed”: A Crisis in Gender Relations in Early Modern England?’ in J. Kermode and G. Walker (eds), Women, Crime and the Courts in Early Modern England (London, 1994), pp. 48–80; Mcintosh, Autonomy and Community, p. 250;
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R. Houlbrooke, Church Courts and the People During the English Reformation, 1520–1570 (Oxford, 1979), pp. 46–7; Ingram, Church Courts, pp. 52–4.
Thomas, ‘Puritans and Adultery’, pp. 257–82 passim; Ingram, Church Courts, pp. 151–3, 338–40, but cf. S. K. Roberts, Recovery and Restoration in an English County: Devon Local Administration, 1646–1670 (Exeter, 1985), pp. 198–208. Fletcher, Reform in the Provinces, pp. 252–62 surveys evidence from a wide range of counties. For the Westminster case, see Manchée, Westminster City Fathers, p. 113.
These issues are complex and cannot be discussed in detail here. For a selection of recent viewpoints, see K. Davies, ‘Continuity and Change in Literary Advice on Marriage’, in R. B. Outhwaite (ed.), Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (London, 1981), pp. 58–80;
M. Todd, Christian Humanism and the Puritan Social Order (Cambridge, 1987), ch. 4;
L. Roper, The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg (Oxford, 1989);
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P. Crawford, Women and Religion in England, 1500–1720 (London, 1993), ch. 2.
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F.J. Furnivall (ed.), Phillip Stubbes’s Anatomy of the Abuses in England in Shakspere’s Youth, AD 1583, 2 parts in 3, New Shakspere Society, series 6, nos 4, 6, 12 (London, 1877–82), pt. I, p. x;
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P. Collinson, The Birthpangs of Protestant England: Religious and Cultural Change in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (London, 1988), pp. 112–15.
Stubbes’s Anatomy of Abuses, I, pp. 27–88, 114–29: J. Eyre (ed.), The Sermons of Edwin Sandys, Parker Society (Cambridge, 1841), pp. 49–50; G. R. Owst, Literature and the Pulpit in Medieval England: A Neglected Chapter in the History of English Letters and of the English People (Cambridge, 1933), pp. 404–11; Greaves, Society and Religion, pp. 502–20, 596–611 and chs 13–14 passim.
11 Edward III c. 4; 37 Edward III cc. 8–14; 3 Edward IV c. 5, 22 Edward IV c. 1, 1 Henry VIII c. 14, 6 Henry VIII c.l, 7 Henry VIII c.6, 24 Henry VIII c. 13, 1 and 2 Philip and Mary c. 2 (for quotations, see Statutes of the Realm, 11 vols. (London, 1810–24), II, pp. 401, 470, III, p. 430; cf. Stubbes’s Anatomy of Abuses, I, pp. 27–8); P. F. Hughes and J. F. Larkin (eds), Tudor Royal Proclamations, 3 vols (London, 1964–9), II, pp. 187–95, 202–3, 278–83, 381–6, 454–62, III, pp. 3–8, 174–9. More generally, see N. B. Harte, ‘State Control of Dress and Social Change in Pre-Industrial England’, in D. C. Coleman and A. H. John (eds), Trade, Government and Economy in Pre-Industrial England: Essays Presented to F. J. Fisher (London, 1976), pp. 132–65.
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A. Allan, ‘Royal Propaganda and the Proclamations of Edward IV’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, vol. 59 (1986), pp. 146–54;
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Cf. Todd, Christian Humanism, pp. 3, 7, 16, 18, 33, 178, 193, 203–4; L. Hutson, Thomas Nashe in Context (Oxford, 1989), pp. 23–5.
SR, II, p. 542 (4 Henry VII c. 19); A. E. Bland et al. (eds), English Economic History: Select Documents (London, 1914), p. 274.
SR, II, pp. 57, 163, 462–3 (12 Richard II c. 6; 11 Henry IV c. 4; 17 Edward IV c. 3), III, pp. 25–6, 123–4, 837–41 (3 Henry VIII c. 3; 6 Henry VIII c. 2; 33 Henry VIII c. 9); Hughes and Larkin (eds), Tudor Royal Proclamations, I, pp. 88–92, 113, 152–3, 174, 177–80, 206, 239–40, 266–8, 515, II, pp. 359–62, 517; Whetstone, A Mirour for Magestrates, sig. A4 and passim; cf. J. W. Cunliffe (ed.), The Complete Works of George Gascoigne, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1907–10), I, p. 4;
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R. H. Tavvncy and E. Power (eds), Tudor Economic Documents, Vol I: Agriculture and Industry (London, 1924), pp. 360, 363. See also the contribution of Paul Griffiths to this volume, Chapter 5 below.
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Wrightson, English Society, pp. 222–4; M. Ingram, ‘Religion, Communities and Moral Discipline in Late Sixteenth- and Early Seventeenth-Century England: Case Studies’, in K. von Greyerz (ed.), Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe, 1500–1800 (London, 1984), pp. 177–93;
P. Slack, Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England (London, 1988), pp. 149–52, quoting (on Gloucester)
P. Clark, ‘“The Ramoth-Gilead of the Good”: Urban Change and Political Radicalism at Gloucester, 1540–1640’, in P. Clark et al. (eds), The English Commonwealth, 1547–1640: Essays in Politics and Society (New York, 1979), p. 176; Mcintosh, Autonomy and Community, pp. 261–2 and ch. 6 passim; Goldberg, ‘Women in Fifteenth-Century Town Life’, p.121; Shoemaker, ‘Reforming the City’, pp. 99–101 and passim.
R. von Friedeberg, ‘Reformation of Manners and the Social Composition of Offenders in an East Anglian Cloth Village: Earls Colne, Essex, 1531–1642’, Journal of British Studies, 29 (1990), pp. 372–3; Craig, ‘Movement for the Reformation of Manners’, p. 21;
D. Underdown, Fire From Heaven: The Life of an English Town in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1992), pp. 79–84.
Wrightson, English Society, p. 167, and see also K. Wrightson, ‘Alehouses, Order and Reformation in Rural England’, in E. and S. Yeo (eds), Popular Culture and Class Conflict, 1590–1914 (Brighton, 1981), pp. 1–27; and, more generally,
P. Clark, The English Alehouse: A Social History, 1200–1830 (London, 1983), chs 1–9;
S. A. Peyton (ed.), The Churchwardens ‘ Presentments in the Oxfordshire Peculiars of Dorchester, Thame and Banbury, Oxfordshire Record Society 10 (Oxford, 1928), p. 294.
F. D. Price, ‘Gloucester Diocese Under Bishop Hooper, 1551–53’, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, vol. 60 (1938), pp. 51–151; Archer, Pursuit of Stability, ch. 6, esp. pp. 248–54; BL Harley MS 2150, fol. 128v (I am grateful to Paul Slack for this reference);
A. G. Dickens, Tudor Treatises, Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series 125 (Wakefield, 1959), pp. 90, 133–4; [R. Broughton], An Apologicall Epistle: Directed to the Right Honourable Lords, and Others of Her Majesties Privie Counsell (Antwerp, 1601), pp. 5, 8–9; Tawney and Power (eds), Tudor Economic Documents, Vol. I, p. 325.
G. Hakewill, An Apologie of the Power and Providence of God in the Government of the World (Oxford, 1627), p. 433; K. Parker, The English Sabbath: A Study of Doctrine and Discipline From the Reformation to the Civil War (Cambridge, 1988) (though his stress on consensus and continuity, especially in the doctrinal sphere, is exaggerated);
W. H. Hale (ed.), A Series of Precedents and Proceedings in Criminal Causes From 1475 to 1640 (London, 1847), pp. lii–liii; Isaacs, ‘Moral Crime’, pp. 47–50, 252, 259.
C. Rose, ‘Providence, Protestant Union and Godly Reformation in the 1690s’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series 3 (1993), pp. 151–69;
T. Hitchcock, ‘“In True Imitation of Christ”; The Tradition of Mystical Communitarianism in Early Eighteenth-Century England’, in M. Gidley with K. Bowles (eds), Locating the Shakers: Cultural Origins and Legacies of an American Religious Movement (Exeter, 1990), pp. 13–22; Wrightson, ‘Puritan Reformation of Manners’, pp. 10–11; Collinson, Birth-pangs, ch. 1;
J. W. Blench, Preaching in England in the Late Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Oxford, 1964), pp. 228–32.
On Bury, see BL Lansdowne MS 27/70, fols. 154–5; E. Rose, Cases of Conscience: Alternatives Open to Recusants and Puritans Under Elizabeth I and James I (Cambridge, 1975), pp. 158–68; Collinson, Religion of Protestants, pp. 157–9. For Dorchester, see Dorset Record Office DC/DOB 8/1 (Dorchester Borough Records, Offenders Book, 1629–37), passim; Under-down, Fire From Heaven. On prosecutions for swearing by the Societies for the Reformation of Manners, see Shoemaker, ‘Reforming the City’, pp. 104–5.
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Ingram, M. (1996). Reformation of Manners in Early Modern England. In: Griffiths, P., Fox, A., Hindle, S. (eds) The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England. Themes in Focus. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24834-6_3
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