Skip to main content

Conceptual Innovations

  • Chapter
Book cover Mental Health in Europe

Part of the book series: Issues in Mental Health ((IMH))

  • 5 Accesses

Abstract

The concepts of dehospitalisation, deinstitutionalisation and demarginalisation that underlie the policies outlined in Chapter 1 were initially developed in the United States and Western Europe during the 1960s. New concepts and theoretical frameworks that have emerged since the beginning of the 1980s in the countries discussed below include:

  • continued care clients;

  • normalisation and social role valorisation;

  • deconstruction of the classical psychiatric diagnostic system (schizophrenia, expressed emotions, challenging behaviour, accepting voices);

  • sexual abuse as an everyday phenomenon;

  • the emergence of new stakeholders: users and relatives as reactive and proactive actors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. A. Lavender and F. Holloway (eds), Community Care in Practice: Services for continuing care clients (Chichester: Wiley, 1988).

    Google Scholar 

  2. M. A. Test and L. Stein (eds), Alternatives to Mental Hospital Treatment (New York: Plenum, 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  3. P. Henry, ‘Towards a Rehabilitative Psychiatry’, in S. Ramon (ed.), Psychiatry in Transition (London: Pluto, 1990), pp. 82–90.

    Google Scholar 

  4. L. Ciompi, ‘The social outcome of schizophrenia’, in J. K. Wing (ed.) Rehabilitation of Patients with Schizophrenia and Depression (Bern: Hans Huber, 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  5. A. Melluci, ‘Ten Hypothecs for the analysis of New Movements’, in D. Pinto (ed.), Contemporary Italian Sociology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), pp. 173–94.

    Google Scholar 

  6. C. McCourt, Perring, ‘The experience and perspectives of patients and care staff in the transition from hospital to community-based care’, in S. Ramon (ed.), Psychiatric Hospitals Closure: Myths and Realities (London: Chapman & Hall, 1992), pp. 122–68.

    Google Scholar 

  7. J. Swain, V. Finkelstein, S. French, and M. Oliver (eds), Disabling Barriers — Enabling Environments (Milton Keyens: The Open University Press, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  8. G. Breakwell, Coping with Threatened Identities (London: Methuen, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  9. S. Ramon, ‘The Relevance of Symbolic Interaction Perspectives to the Conceptual and Practice Construction of Leaving a Psychiatric Hospital’, Social Work and Social Science Review, Summer 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  10. I. Goffman, The Moral Career of the Mentally Ill Patient’, in Asylum (New York: Anchor, 1961).

    Google Scholar 

  11. J. Segal, ‘The Professional Perspective’, in S. Ramon (ed.), Beyond Community Care: Normalisation and Integration Work (London: Mac-millan, 1991), pp. 85–113.

    Google Scholar 

  12. L. Bachrach, ‘The urban environment and mental health’, International Journal of Social Psychiatry, vol. 38, no 1 (1992), pp. 5–15;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. J. R. Hollingworth and E. J. Hollingworth (eds), Care of the Chronically and Severely Ill: Comparative Social Policies (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1994);

    Google Scholar 

  14. R. Schulz and J. Greenlay (eds), Innovations in Community Mental Health (New York: Praeger, 1995).

    Google Scholar 

  15. J. K. Wing and R. Furlong, ‘A haven for the severely disabled within the context of a comprehensive psychiatric community service’, British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 149 (1986), pp. 449–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. R. Wykes, ‘A hostel-ward for “new” long-stay patients: an evaluative study’, in J. K. Wing (ed.), Long-term Community Care: Experience in a London Borough, Psychological Medicine Monographs, Supplement 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  17. W. Boyde, The Report of the Confidential Enquiry into Homicides (London: Department of Health, HMSO, 1994); P. Crepet, ‘A Transition Period in Psychiatric Care in Italy: ten years after the reform’, British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 156, pp. 27–38.

    Google Scholar 

  18. S. Cohen, Folk Devils and Moral Panics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  19. SANE Posters’ Campaign, London, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  20. O. Gillie, ‘Matricide points to Schizophrenia’, The Independent, 20 August 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  21. B. Nirje, ‘The Normalisaiton Principle and Its Human Management Implications’, in R. Kugel and W. Wolfensberger (eds), Changing Patterns in Residential Services for the Mentally Retarded (Washington, DC: The President’s Committee on Mental Retardation, 1969), pp. 255–87;

    Google Scholar 

  22. W. Wolfensberger (ed.), The Principle of Normalisation in Human Services (Toronto; National Institute of Mental Retardation, 1972).

    Google Scholar 

  23. W. Wolfensberger, ‘Social Role Valorisation: A Proposed New Term for the Principle of Normalisation’, Mental Retardation, vol. 21, no. 6 (1983), pp. 234–9.

    Google Scholar 

  24. S. Ramon, (ed.), Beyond Community Care: Normalisation and Integration Work (London: Macmillan, 1991);

    Google Scholar 

  25. H. Brown, and H. Smith (eds), Normalisation: A Reader for the 1990s (London: Routledge, 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  26. J. McGhee, Gentle Teaching: A Non-aversive Approach to Helping Persons with Mental Retardation (Nebraska: Human Sciences Press, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  27. N. Rose and D. Adlam, ‘The Subject of Psychiatry: Power, Participation and Resistance’, paper presented at the conference ‘Psychiatrists’ Assumptions: European Philosophy and Pyschiatry’, Sheffield, 18–20 September 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  28. M. Lawson, ‘A Recipient’s View’, in S. Ramon (ed.), Beyond Community Care: Normalisation and Integration Work (London: Macmillan, 1991), pp. 62–84.

    Google Scholar 

  29. I. Goffman, Stigma (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963);

    Google Scholar 

  30. T. Scheff, (ed.), Labelling Madness (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1975);

    Google Scholar 

  31. R. Laing, Self and Others (London: Tavistock, 1969);

    Google Scholar 

  32. D. Cooper, Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry (London: Tavistock, 1967);

    Google Scholar 

  33. K. Dorener, Madman and the Bourgeoisie (Oxford: Blackwell, 1979);

    Google Scholar 

  34. R. Castel, The Psychiatric Order (Cambridge: Polity, 1988);

    Google Scholar 

  35. P. Miller and N. Rose (eds), The Power of Psychiatry (Cambridge: Polity, 1986);

    Google Scholar 

  36. L. Eichenbaum and S. Orbach Understanding Women (Harmond-sworth: Penguin, 1985);

    Google Scholar 

  37. J. Busfield, ‘Mental illness as a social product or social construct: a contradiction in Feminists’ arguments?’, Sociology of Health and Illness, vol. 10 (1988), pp. 521–42;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. S. Fernando, Mental Health, Race and Culture (London: Macmillan, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  39. V. Sinason, Mental Handicap and the Human Condition: New approaches from the Tavistock (London: Free Association Books, 1992);

    Google Scholar 

  40. M. S. Palazoli, L. Boscolo, G. Cecchin and G. Prata, ‘Hypothesising, circularity and neutrality: three guidelines for the conductor of the session’, Family Process, vol. 19 (1980), pp. 45–57;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. A. T. Beck, Depression: Clinical, Experimental and Theoretical Aspects (New York: Harper & Row, 1967).

    Google Scholar 

  42. R. Bentall (ed.), Reconstructing Schizophrenia (London: Routledge, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  43. L. Ciompi, ‘Is there really a schizophrenia: the long term course of psychotic phenomena’, British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 145 (1982), pp. 636–640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. L. Ciompi, ‘Affect Logic: an integrative model of the psyche and its relations to schizophrenia’, British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 164, supplement 2 (1994), pp. 51–5.

    Google Scholar 

  45. J. Leff and C. Vaughn, Expressed Emotions in Families (New York: Guilford, 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  46. R. Berkowitz, R. Eberlein-Vries, L. Kupiers and J. Leff, ‘Educating Relatives about Schizophrenia’, Schizophrenia Bulletin, vol. 10 (1984), pp. 418–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. A. T. Beck, A. Rush, B. Shaw and G. Emery, Cognitive Therapy of Depression (New York: Guilford, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  48. C. Koettgen and I. Sonninchsen, ‘Families high expressed emotions and relapses in young shcizophrenic patients: results of the Hamburg-Camberwell family intervention study’, International Journal of Family Psychiatry, vol. 5 (1984), pp. 71–82;

    Google Scholar 

  49. G. Parker, P. Johnston and L. Hayward, ‘Parental expressed emotions as a predictor of schizophrenic relapse’, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 45 (1988), pp. 806–813;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. L. Barrelet and F. Ferrero, ‘Expressed emotions and first admission schizophrenia: a nine months follow-up in a French cultural environment, British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 156 (1990), pp. 357–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. S. Hirsch and J. Leff, Abnormalities in Parents of Schizophrenics: A review of the literature and an investigation of communication defects and deviances (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  52. L. Ciompi, ‘Affect Logic’, op. cit.

    Google Scholar 

  53. G. H. Brown and T. Harris, The Social Origins of Depression (London: Macmillan, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  54. E. Ciponi (ed.), The Treatment of Severe Behavioural Disorders: Behavioural Analysis Approach (Washington, DC: America Association on Mental Retardation.

    Google Scholar 

  55. E. Emerson, S. Barratt, and J. Mansell, Developing Services for People with Severe Learning Difficulties and Challenging Behaviours (Canterbury: University of Kent, Institute of Applied Psychology to Social care, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  56. A. H. Reid, ‘Prevalence of mental illness among mentally handicapped people’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, vol. 76 (1984), pp. 587–92.

    Google Scholar 

  57. J. Busfield, Managing Madness (London: Hutchinson, 1986);

    Google Scholar 

  58. S. Ramon, Psychiatry in Britain: Meaning and Policy (London: Croom Helm, 1985);

    Google Scholar 

  59. S. Ramon, ‘The Category of Psychopathy: Its Professional and Social Context in Britain’, in P. Miller and N. Rose (eds), The Power of Psychiatry (Cambridge: Polity, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  60. M. Romme and S. Escher (eds), Accepting Voices (London: Macmillan, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  61. L. J. West, ‘Hallucination’, in J. W. Howells (ed.), Modern Perspectives in World Psychiatry (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1968), pp. 265–88;

    Google Scholar 

  62. P. Brown, ‘Understanding the Inner Voices’, New Scientist, 9 July 1994, pp. 26–31.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Romme and Escher , Accepting Voices, op. cit., pp. 6–64.

    Google Scholar 

  64. J. Masson, The Assault on the Truth: Freud’s Suppression of the Seduction Theory (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  65. See ref. 26; S. Barwick, ‘A man in the next bed is not therapeutic’, The Independent, 5 March 1993;

    Google Scholar 

  66. D. Nilbert, S. Cooper and M. Crossmaker, Assaults against residents of a psychiatric institution: residents history of abuse’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 4, no. 3 (1989), pp. 342–9;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. V. Sinason, (ed.), Treating Survivors of Satanic Abuse (London: Routledge, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  68. A. Cocklin and G. Gorrel-Barnes, ‘The shattered picture of the family: encountering new dimensions of human relations of the family and of therapy’, in V. Sinason (ed.), Treating Survivors of Satanic Abuse (London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 120–30.

    Google Scholar 

  69. E. Visard, Self-esteem and Personal Safety (London: Tavistock, 1986);

    Google Scholar 

  70. D. Finkelhor and A. Browne, ‘The traumatic impact of child sexual abuse: a conceptualisation’, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, vol. 55 (1985), pp. 530–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. D. Baudin (ed.), Guide to Mental Health Care in the Netherlands (Utrecht: The Netherland Institute of Mental Health, 1988).

    Google Scholar 

  72. V. Lindow, Self-Help Alternatives to Mental Health Services (London: Mind Publications, 1994), pp. 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  73. L. R. Pembroke, (ed.), Eating Distress: perspectives from personal experience (London: Survivors Speak Out, 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  74. A. Hatfield, Family Education in Mental Illness (New York: Guilford, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  75. S. Platt, ‘Measuring the burden of psychiatric illness on the family: an evaluation of some rating scales’, Psychological Medicine, vol. 15 (1986), pp. 383–93;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. B. McCarthy, ‘The Role of Relatives’, in A. Lavender and F. Holloway (eds), Community Care in Practice (Chichester: Wiley, 1988), pp. 207–27.

    Google Scholar 

  77. D. Jones, ‘Relative Experience: relatives’ experiences of madness’, unpublished PhD dissertation, London School of Economics, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  78. N. Garmezy, ‘Vulnerability Research and the Issue of Primary Prevention’, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, vol. 41, 1971, pp. 101–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. A. Antonovsky, ‘Intergenerational Networks and Transmitting the Sense of Coherence’, in N. Datan, A. Greene and H. Reese (eds), Life-span Developmental Psychology: Inter generational Relations (Hillsdale, NJ, and London: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1986), pp. 211–23.

    Google Scholar 

  80. R. Perske, ‘The Dignity of Risk’, in W. Wolfensberger (ed.), The Principle of Normalisation in Human Services (Toronto, Institute of Mental Retardation, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  81. A. Mullender, A. Everitt, P. Hardiker and J. Littlewood, ‘Value Issues in Research’, Social Action, vol. 1, no. 4 (1993–4), pp. 11–18;

    Google Scholar 

  82. C. Argyris and D. A. Schon, Organisational Learning: a theory of action perspective (Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1978);

    Google Scholar 

  83. J. O’Brien, ‘Embracing Ignorance, Error and Fallibility: competencies for leadership of effective services’, in S. Taylor (ed.), Community Integration (New York: Teachers College Press of Columbia University, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  84. J. Zeelen, D. van der Meer and W. van de Graaf, ‘Action Research in a Psychiatric Hospital’, paper presented at the 12th International Science Research Conference, University of Groningen, The Netherlands, 10–14 August 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  85. J. Segal, ‘The Professional Perspective’, in S. Ramon (ed.), Beyond Community Care: Normalisation and Integration Work (London: Macmillan, 1991), pp. 85–113; D. Brandon, ‘Implications of Normalisation Work for Professional Skills’, ibid., pp. 35–55.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Copyright information

© 1996 Shulamit Ramon

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ramon, S. (1996). Conceptual Innovations. In: Mental Health in Europe. Issues in Mental Health. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24811-7_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics