Abstract
A white South African, sitting down to breakfast at the end of the 1980s, might have come across an ‘educational’ comic strip entitled ‘Did You Know?’ on the back of his or her cornflakes packet which explained to a white audience the peculiarities of black behaviour. ‘Kelloggs believe that “to know more is to understand more” — especially when it comes to other languages, cultures and customs’, ran the explanatory tag. ‘Hence the “Did you know?” series… a lighthearted but hopefully helpful bridge of communication and understanding’. One cartoon strip shows a white man greeting his black servant. ‘Why does she look away whenever I greet her?’, he wonders. Kelloggs provides the explanation: ‘Traditionally, the senior person greets first. And, in black cultures, it is often a sign of respect to avoid eye contact and not raise one’s voice when talking to one’s senior.’
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes and References
M. Gibson, ‘Approaches to Multicultural Education in the United States: Some Concepts and Assumptions’, Anthropology and Education Quarterly, vol. 7, no. 4, (1976).
Cited in Barry Troyna and Jenny Williams, Racism, Education and the State ( London: Croom Helm, 1986 ) p. 36.
Rick Simonson and Scott Walker, ‘Introduction’, in Rick Simonson and Scott Walker (eds), Multicultural Literacy: Opening the American Mind (St. Paul, Minn.: Gray Wolf Press, 1988) p. xi.
George Stocking, Race Culture and Evolution; Melville J. Herskovits, Franz Boas; The Science of Man in the Making ( New York: Scribner’s, 1952 )
Walter Goldschmidt (ed.), The Anthropology of Franz Boas (San Francisco: American Anthropological Association, Memoir no. 89, 1959).
Carl Degler, In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought (Oxford University Press, 1991) p. 61.
Franz Boas, ‘Changes in the Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants’, American Anthropologist, vol. 14, no. 3 (1912).
Franz Boas, The Mind of Primitive Man (New York: Free Press 1965 [revd edn; original edn pub. 1911]) p. 281.
E. B. Tylor, Anthropology: An Introduction to the Study of Man and Civilisation (New York: D. Appleton, 1913; orig. pub. 1881 ) pp. 439–40.
Franz Boas, ‘Some Traits of Primitive Culture’, Journal of American Folklore, XVII (1904).
Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (London: Allen & Unwin, 1976 [orig. pub. 1912])
Emile Durkheim, The Rules of Sociological Method (London: Macmillan 1982 [orig. pub. 1895]).
Cited in Adam Kuper, Anthropology and Anthropologists: The Modern British School (London: Routledge, 1983 [2nd edn, 1st edn, 1973]) p. 43.
Franz Boas, ‘The Mind of Primitive Man’, Science, vol. 113, no. 321 (Feb. 1901).
George Stocking (ed.), The Shaping of American Anthropology 1883–1911: A Franz Boas Reader ( New York: Basic Books, 1974 ) p. 213.
Charles Davenport, ‘Euthenics and Eugenics’, The Popular Science Monthly, vol. 78, no. 2 (Jan. 1911).
Charles Davenport, ‘Euthenics and Eugenics’, Popular Science Monthly, (Jan. 1911).
J. B. Lamarck, Zoological Philosophy: An Exposition with Regard to the Natural History of Animals, trans Hugh Elliot (London: Macmillan, 1914 ) pp. 11, 113.
Alfred Kroeber, ‘Inheritance by Magic’, American Anthropologist, vol. 18, no. 1 (1916).
Alfred Kroeber, The Nature of Culture (University of Chicago Press, 1952) p. 34.
Claude Levi-Strauss, The View from Afar, trans Joachim Neugroschel and Phoebe Hoss (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987; orig. pub.1962) p. 27.
Robert H. Lowie, Culture and Ethnology ( New York: Boni & Liveright, 1917 ) p. 66.
Melville J. Herskovits, The Myth of the Negro Past (Boston: Beacon Press, 1990; orig. pub. 1941 ).
Ruth Benedict, Patterns of Culture (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1934) pp. 10,13.
Leslie White, The Science of Culture: A Study of Man and Civilisation ( New York: Farrar, Strauss, 1949 ) p. 181.
Claude Lévi-Strauss, The Savage Mind (London: Weidenfield & Nicolson, 1966 [orig. pub. 1962])
Claude Lévi-Strauss, Structural Anthropology, vol. 1, trans by Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972 [orig. pub. 1963])
Claude Lévi-Strauss, Structural Anthropology, vol. 2, trans by Monique Layton (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978 [orig. pub. 1973]); The View From Afar.
Steve Jones, The Language of the Genes: Biology, History and the Evolutionary Future ( London: Harper Collins, 1993 ) pp. 237–8.
Claude Lévi-Strauss, Triste Tropiques ( Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1955 ) p. 385.
Claude Lévi-Strauss, The Naked Man, trans by John and Doreen Weightman (London: Harper & Row, 1981; orig. pub. 1971) p. 636.
Cited in John Rex, ‘The Political Sociology of a Multi-Cultural Society’, European Journal of Intercultural Studies, vol. 2, no. 1 (1991).
Noel Scott and Derek Jones (eds), Bloody Bosnia: A European Tragedy (London: Guardian/Channel 4 Television, 1994).
John Rex, Race Relations in Sociological Theory ( London: Routledge & Kégan Paul, 1970 ) p. 19.
J. S. Furnivall, Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India (New York University Press, 1956 ) p. 304.
Aidan Southall, ‘The Current State of National Integration in Uganda’, in David Smock and Kwamena Bentsi-Enchill (eds), The Search for National Integration in Africa ( New York: The Free Press, 1975 ) p. 309.
Terence Ranger, ‘The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa’, in Hobsbawm and Ranger (eds), The Invention of Tradition, p. 250.
Frantz Fanon, Toward the African Revolution, trans Haakon Chevalier (New York: Grove Press, 1969 [orig. pub. 1964]) p. 34.
H. Adam, Modernising Racial Domination ( Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972 ).
J. S. Furnivall, Netherlands India: A Study of Plural Economy (Cambridge University Press, 1939 ) p. 446.
Horace Kallen, Cultural Pluralism and the American Idea: An Essay in Social Philosophy (University of Pennsylvania, 1956).
Richard Jenkins, ‘Social Anthropological Models of Inter-Ethnic Relations’, in John Rex and David Mason (eds), Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations (Cambridge University Press, 1986 ) p. 180.
Anthony Giddens, Sociology (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993 [2nd edn; 1st edn. 19891) p. 253.
Figures from S. Castles, Here For Good: Western Europe’s New Ethnic Minorities ( London: Pluto, 1984 ).
Introduction’ to Nathan Glazer and Daniel Moynihan (eds), Ethnicity: Theory and Experience ( Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975 ) p. 1.
Malcolm Chapman, ‘Social and Biological Aspects of Ethnicity’, in Malcolm Chapman (ed.), Social and Biological Aspects of Ethnicity (Oxford University Press, 1993 ) p. 19.
John Rex, ‘Race and Ethnicity’, in R Worsley (ed.), Introducing Sociology ( Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986 ).
Harold J. Abramson, Ethnic Diversity in Catholic America ( London: John Wiley, 1973 ) p. 175.
Lord Swann, Education for All: The Report of the Committee of Inquiry Into the Education of Children from Ethnic Minority Groups (London: HMSO, 1985 [Cmnd. 9453]) p. 5.
Ibid., pp. 18–19; the quote is from Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism ( Oxford: Blackwell, 1983 ), pp. 48–9.
Copyright information
© 1996 Kenan Malik
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Malik, K. (1996). From Biological Hierarchy to Cultural Diversity. In: The Meaning of Race. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24770-7_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24770-7_7
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-333-62858-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-24770-7
eBook Packages: Palgrave Social & Cultural Studies CollectionSocial Sciences (R0)