Abstract
The objective of this chapter is to apply the concept of complex interdependence (introduced in Chapter 2) to the US-EC economic relationship. The study of this relationship is organised in two parts. Part One examines the economic and monetary relationship across the three time periods introduced in Chapter 1. Historical trade, investment and employment data are provided to empirically substantiate the existence and magnitude of mutual dependence. The evidence indicates that interdependence existed throughout. However, interdependence in earlier periods was manifested in an asymmetric form, whereas the state of complex interdependence emerged fully only in the post-hegemonic period. Chapter 2 noted that complex interdependence typically entails both harmony and disharmony in bilateral relations. Part Two therefore considers disharmony by way of sector-specific trade conflict. It finds that such conflicts are part and parcel of interdependence and thus do not stand alone; rather, they are entwined by a wider swath of interdependence devoid of such conflict.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ball, George W. (1976) Diplomacy for a Crowded World (Boston: Little, Brown).
Blake, David H. and Walters, Robert S. (1987) The Politics of Global Economic Relations (New York: Prentice-Hall).
Cafruny, Alan (1989) ‘Economic Conflicts and the Transformation of the Atlantic Order’, in Stephen Gill (ed.), Atlantic Relations Beyond the Reagan Era (New York: St Martin’s).
Commission of the European Communities (1991) Report on United States’ Trade Barriers and Unfair Practices, 1991: The Problems of Doing Business with the US (Brussels: Commission of the European Communities).
Czempiel, Ernst-Otto and Rustow, Dankwart A. (1976) The Euro-American System: Economic and Political Relations Between North America and Western Europe (Boulder: Westview).
Directorate-General for Information (1982) The European Community and the United States (Brussels: Commission of the European Communities).
Emerson, Michael and Huhne, Christopher (1991) The ECU Report (London: Pan).
European Communities, General Report of the Activities of the European Communities (Brussels: European Communities, 1972).
General Accounting Office (1990) European Single Market: Issues of Concern to US Exporters (Washington: GAO).
Gill, Stephen (ed.) (1989) Atlantic Relations Beyond the Reagan Era (New York: St Martin’s).
Gilpin, Robert (1987) The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
Ginsberg, Roy H. (1991) ‘EC-US Political and Institutional Relations’, in Leon Hurwitz and Christian Lequesne (eds), The State of the European Community: Policies, Institutions, and Debates in the Transition Years (Boulder: Lynne Rienner).
Ginsberg, Roy H. (1989a) Foreign Policy Actions of the European Community: The Politics of Scale (Boulder: Lynne Rienner).
Ginsberg, Roy H. (1989b) ‘US-EC Relations’, in Juliet Lodge (ed.), The European Community and the Challenge of the Future (New York: St Martin’s).
Gleske, Leonhard (1990) ‘Dollar-EMS-Yen: Changes in the Relationships’, Dollar-EMS-Yen: An Evolving Partnership (Berlin: Japanisch-Deutsches Zentrum).
Goodman, Elliot R. (1978) ‘The Impact of the Multinational Enterprise Upon the Atlantic Community’, in G. Mally, The New Europe and the United States: Partners or Rivals (New York: Lexington Books).
Harrison, Glennon J. (1990) European Community Trade and Investment with the United States: CRS Report for Congress, 90–128 E (Washington: Congressional Research Service, 7 March).
Haus, Leah (1991) ‘The East European Countries as the GATT’, International Organization, vol. 45, no. 2.
Henning, C. Randall (1990) ‘The United States and the Group of Seven’, Dollar-EMS-Yen: An Evolving Partnership (Berlin: Japanisch-Deutsches Zentrum, 1990).
Ifri, Piere Jacquet (1990) ‘EMS and EMU: The International Dimensions of European Economic and Monetary Integration’, Dollar-EMS-Yen: An Evolving Partnership (Berlin: Japanisch-Deutsches Zentrum).
Jackson, James K. (1989) The European Community’s 1992 Plan: Effects on American Direct Investment (Washington: Congressional Research Service, 2 June).
Jackson, James K. (1990) Foreign Direct Investment: Why Companies Invest Abroad (Washington: Congressional Research Service, 7 December).
Jackson, James K. (1991) Foreign Direct Investment in the US: A Decade of Growth (Washington: Congressional Research Service, 12 April).
Jannuzzi, Giovanni (1991) ‘Europe and a Security Dimension’, NATO Review, vol. 39, no. 2 (April) pp. 3–7.
Japanese-German Center (1990) Dollar-EMS-Yen: An Evolving Partnership (Berlin: Japanisch-Deutsches Zentrum).
Kashiwagi, Yusuke (1990) ‘Multi-Currency Paradigm and the Future of the International Monetary Regime’, in Dollar-EMS-Yen: An Evolving Partnership (Berlin: Japanisch-Deutsches Zentrum).
Krause, Laurence B. (1968) European Economic Integration and the United States (Washington: Brookings, 1968).
Kyriazis, Nicholas and Chryssanthou Nicholas (1986) US-EC Monetary Relations: Research and Document Papers (Luxemburg: European Parliament Secretariat).
Mally, George (1974) The New Europe and the United States: Partners or Rivals (New York: Lexington Books).
Milward, Alan S. (1984) The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945–51 (Berkeley: University of California Press).
Morgan, Roger (1976) ‘The Transatlantic Relationship’, in Kenneth J. Twitchett (ed.), Europe and the World: The External Relations of the Common Market, (London: Europa).
Odell, John and Matzinger-Tchakerian Margot (1989) EC Enlargement and the United States (Pittsburgh: Pew Charitable Trust).
Schaetzel, J. Robert, Jr. (1975) The Unhinged Alliance: America and the European Community (New York: Harper and Rowe, 1975).
Spero, Joan Edelman (1990) The Politics of International Economic Relations (New York: St Martin’s).
Stokes, Bruce (1991) ‘Fading Greenback’, National Journal, 12 December, pp. 3013–5.
Tarr, David G. (1988) ‘The Steel Crisis in the US and EC’, in Robert E. Baldwin, et al. (eds), Issues in US-EC Trade Relations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988).
Thiel, Elke (1983) ‘Trade Conflicts and Western Cooperation’, German Foreign Affairs Review, vol. 34 (4) pp. 372–81.
Thiel, Elke (1990) Western European Economic and Monetary Integration and Atlantic Relations (Washington: West European Studies Program, Wilson Center for International Scholars).
Thygesen, Niels (1986) ‘Flexible Exchange Rates and National Monetary Policies,’ in Loukas Tsoukals (ed.), Europe, America, and the World Economy (Blackwell).
US International Trade Commission (1985) Review of the Effectiveness of Trade Dispute Settlement Under the GATT and the Tokyo Round Agreements (Washington: US International Trade Commission, December).
US International Trade Commission (1989) The Effects of Greater Economic Integration Within the European Community on the United States (Washington: US International Trade Commission, July 1989).
US International Trade Commission (1990a) Operation of the Trade Agreements Program: 41st Report (Washington: US International Trade Commission, 1990).
US International Trade Commission (1990b) US Trade-Related Employment: 1978–84 (Washington: US International Trade Commission).
US International Trade Commission (1990c) 1992: The Effects of Greater Economic Integration Within the European Community on the United States, First Follow-Up Report (Washington: US International Trade Commission, March).
US Trade Representative (1990) 1989 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers (Washington: Office of the United States Trade Representative).
Warnecke, Steven J. (1976) ‘The Political Implications of Trade of European-American Relations’, in Ernst-Otto Czempiel and Dankwart A. Rustow (eds) The Euro-American System: Economic and Political Relations Between North America and Western Europe (Boulder: Westview).
Yannopoulos, George N. (1988) Customs Unions and Trade Conflicts: The Enlargement of the European Community (London: Routledge).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1996 Kevin Featherstone and Roy H. Ginsberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Featherstone, K., Ginsberg, R.H. (1996). The Economic Dimension. In: The United States and the European Union in the 1990s. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24255-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24255-9_4
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-333-52347-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-24255-9
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)