Abstract
In examining Italy’s relationship to the Council of Europe in the formative period 1947 to 1952, several factors must preface any analysis of the process of decision-making. First, Italy’s president, prime minister and foreign minister were active Europeanists and federalists. Second, much of the personnel of its Foreign Office and major embassies reflected careers in the resistance movements and federalist affiliations to varying degrees. Moreover, many of these people had participated actively as members of the Italian Constituent Assembly and influenced in its definitive form a clause in which Italy consented, on a parity with other states, to limit its sovereignty in the securing of both peace and justice.
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Notes and References
Roberto Ducci, ‘Prehistoria dell’unificazione europa’, Nuova Antologia, 498 (March 1960), p. 289.
See the testimony of Michele Cifarelli in L’Idea d’Europe nel movimento di liberazione, 1940–1945 (Rome, 1986), pp. 146–54. The Italian edition of Sforza’s book appeared as Panorama Europea in 1947. Cifarelli admits to making typescripts of the work to circulate.
Carlo Sforza, ‘Les Etats-Unis d’Europe’, Revue de l’Université de Bruxelles, vol. 35, December 1929 — January 1930, pp. 103–18.
Carlo Sforza, Cinque anni a Palazzo Chigi. La politica estera italiana del 1947 al 1951 (Rome, 1952), p. 13.
Ennio Di Nolfo, ‘La formazione della politica estera italiana negli anni della nascita dei blocchi’, in Ennio Di Nolfo (ed.), L’Italia e la politica di potenza in Europa (1945–50) (Milano, 1990), p. 616;
Carlo Sforza, O federazione europea o nuove guerre (Firenze, 1948), pp. 12–14;
Pietro Quaroni, ‘Chi e che fa la politica estera in Italia’, in Massimo Bonanni (ed.), La politica estera della repubblica italiana, vol. III (Milano, 1967), p. 803;
Tommaso Gallarati-Scotti, Nuove interpretazione e memorie (Vicenza, 1972), pp. 100–1;
Alberto Tarchiani, Dieci anni tra Roma e Washington (Milano, 1955), p. 128.
Bruno Vigezzi, ‘De Gasperi, Sforza, la diplomazia italiana fra patto di Bruxelles e patto atlantico (1948–9)’, Storia Contemporanea, vol. XVIII (February 1987), p. 10 [‘Credo che di avere compreso il suo pensiero nel senso che Ella intenda l’Union doganale italo-francese come un primo passo verso una unione più vasta europea… Ella ha avuto ed ha la mia collaborazione, non solo disciplinata, ma anche covinta.’]
Carlo Sforza, ‘Italy and the Marshall Plan’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 26, (April 1948), pp. 454–5.
Carlo Sforza, ‘Come far l’Europa’ (Milan, 1948), pp. 22–3. This speech, Sforza records in his diplomatic memoirs, had large circulation in France and ‘raised some echoes’ in European chancelleries (Sforza, Chigi, p. 69).
Ibid., pp. 69–71.
Relevant to Italian-American relations and the role of the USA in the elections is the work of James Miller, The United States and Italy 1940–1950 (Chapel Hill, 1986), pp. 244–9.
For the opposition of the left see Pietro Nenni, Tempo di guerra fredda. Diari 1943–1956 (Milano, 1981), pp. 413–59.
Livio Zeno, Ritratto di Carlo Sforza col carteggio Croce-Sforza e altri documenti inediti (Firenze, 1975), p. 217.
Tarchiani, Dieci anni, pp. 162–6. See also Bruno Vigezzi, ‘Italy: the end of a “great power” and the birth of a “democratic power” ‘, in Power in Europe? Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany in a postwar world 1945–1950 (Berlin/New York, 1980), p. 79.
Sforza, Chigi, pp. 194–5. See also Antonio Varsori, ‘Italy between Atlantic Alliance and EDC, 1948–1955’, in Ennio Di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe? II, Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy and the origins of the EEC, 1952–57 (Berlin/New York, 1992), pp. 295–6.
ACS, Carte Sforza, Busta 4, fasc. 19. The creation of so many organisations since 1945 was becoming confusing, said Sforza, therefore he suggested one already established. Nor did he wish too rigid a statute being written (ibid., Busta 6, fasc. 37 ‘Varie’). See also Ugo Leone, Le origini diplomatiche del consiglio d’Europa (Milano, 1966), p. 101.
Ilaria Poggiolini, ‘Europeismo Degasperiano e politica estera dell’Italia: un’ipotesi interpretiva (1947–1949)’, Storia delle Relazioni Internazionale, vol. I (1985), pp. 83–4.
Sergio Pistone, ‘Il ruolo del movimento federalista europeo negli anni 1948–50’, in Raymond Poidevin (ed.), Histoire des débats de la construction européenne. Mars 1948 — Mai 1950 (Strasbourg, 1986), pp. 299–303.
See also Carlo Sforza, ‘Strasburgo ed altre,’ Corriere della Sera, vol. 74, no. 199 (21 August 1949).
Giovanni Spadolini, ‘Chabod e la Val d’Aosta’, Nuova Antologia, vol. 554 (October–December 1985), p. 23.
See also the tribute to this book by Fernand Braudel, in S. Bertelli (ed.), Per Federico Chabod, 1901–1960 (Perugia, 1980–81), ch. I, p. 13.
Pietro Quaroni, L’Europa al bivio (Milano, 1965), p. 43.
Carlo Sforza, ‘Le parole e i fatti’, Corriere della Sera, vol. 75, no. 192 (18 June 1950).
Paolo Emilio Taviani, Solidarietà atlanticà e comunità europea (Florence, 1957), pp. 141–5;
Altiero Spinelli, L’Europa non cade dal cielo (Bologna, 1960), pp. 89–9.
Alan S. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945–51 (London, 1984), p. 492.
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Miller, M. (1995). The Approaches to European Institution-Building of Carlo Sforza, Italian Foreign Minister, 1947–51. In: Deighton, A. (eds) Building Postwar Europe. S. Antony’s/Macmillan Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24052-4_4
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