Abstract
Mongolia has an impressively well-developed human resource base, due to the priority given during the socialist period to health and education. In 1989, 96 per cent of the working population (aged 15 and above) were literate, and 7.5 per cent had higher education. The policy of promoting female education was manifested in many ways, with overall achievements in gender equality in education comparing favourably with many middle- and higher-income countries.
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Notes
See, for example, George Psacharopoulos, ‘Returns to Investment in Education’, World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper No. 1067, January 1993.
See Keith Griffin and Terry McKinley, Implementing a Human Development Strategy (London: Macmillan, 1994), Ch. 3.
Ibid., p. 35.
Ministry of Science and Education, Mongolia Education and Human Resource Master Plan (1994–1998), December 1993, pp. 14ff.
World Bank, Mongolia: Financing Education During Economic Transition, by Kim Bing Wu, Washington, October 1993.
See UNICEF, The Situation of Children and Women in Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, December 1993, p. 26, and DANIDA, School Dropout in Mongolia, by D. Khokh, M. Ganbat, L. Urantsetseg, S. Dunchee, N. Egelund, P. Schultz-Joergensen and H. Soeberg, undated.
Ministry of Science and Education, op. cit., p. 17.
UNICEF, op. cit., p. 28.
Ministry of Science and Education, op. cit., p. 58.
See Ministry of Science and Education, op. cit., and World Bank, 1993. op. cit., p. 22.
See Ministry of Science and Education, op. cit., and World Bank, 1993. op. cit., p. 22.
Calculated from data in Ministry of Science and Education, op. cit.
See Griffin and McKinley, op. cit., pp. 44ff.
See Barbara Skapa, Sector Study: Mongolia Women in Development, Briefing Paper, Asian Development Bank, October 1993.
Ibid.
UNICEF, op. cit., p. 29.
Ibid.
DANIDA, Support to the National Special Education Programmes in Mongolia, Proposal, August 1993.
UNICEF, op. cit., p. 29.
Ministry of Science and Education, op. cit., p. 10.
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© 1995 Keith Griffin
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Smith, S. (1995). Human Capital Formation under Conditions of Acute Resource Scarcity. In: Griffin, K. (eds) Poverty and the Transition to a Market Economy in Mongolia. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23960-3_4
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