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Developing a Conceptual Framework for Peacekeeping

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Towards a Theory of United Nations Peacekeeping

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Abstract

Conceptual confusion over the UN’s role in the post-Cold War world is manifest. Boutros-Ghali has argued that ‘[p]eace enforcement must be an option, for diplomacy without strength will not be regarded as serious’.1 His case for enforcement is argued vigorously in An Agenda for Peace and elsewhere.2 Contradicting these arguments for the use of force, he commented during a visit to Mozambique, ‘[w]e need peace but we cannot impose peace’.3 Perhaps most accurate was his comment in a speech to the United Nations Association in the United States where he said, ‘[n]ew and complex questions arise every day. We do not yet have the answers.’4 These statements are indicative of a general confusion over how to deal effectively with conflicts like those in Somalia and former Yugoslavia. This chapter puts forward one option which might usefully be developed and applied toward the goal of finding better means of managing both potential and on-going conflicts.

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Notes and References

  1. UN Doc. SG/SM/5159, 18 November 1993.

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  2. Boutros-Ghali, 1992a, pp. 24–7; B. Boutros-Ghali (1992b), ‘Empowering the United Nations’, Foreign Affairs, 72(5):89–102.

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  3. UN Doc. SG/T/1822, 18 October 1993.

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  4. UN Doc. SG/SM/5145/Rev.1, 29 October 1993.

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  5. This point is made in Boutros-Ghali, 1992a.

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  6. UN Doc. A/44/1, p. 5.

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  7. UN Doc. DPI/1141 (40708), September 1991, p. 21.

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  8. Harbottle, 1991, pp. 7–8.

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  9. On regional cooperation particularly, see Evans 1993; UN Doc. S/25944, 15 June 1993; UN Doc. S/25996, 15 June 1993 and Add.1, 14 July 1993; for coordination at other levels, see Formuth, 1988; Coate and Puchala, 1990; Greindl, in Rikhye and Skjelsbaek, 1990; Malitza, in UNITAR, 1987.

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  10. Peacekeeper’s Handbook, 1984, p. 2.

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  11. Bercovitch et al, p. 8–9.

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  12. Bercovitch et al., 1991; Fisher and Keashly, 1991.

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  13. See Prein, 1984; Glasl, 1982; Bercovitch et al., 1991; R.J. Fisher, 1990; Fisher and Keashly, 1991; Wehr and Lederach, 1991.

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  14. K. Skjelsbaek (1990), ‘UN peacekeeping: expectations, limitations and results: forty years of mixed experience’, in Rikhye and Skjelsbaek, pp. 61–2.

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  15. Bercovitch et al., 1991, p. 15.

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  16. Bercovitch et al., 1991, p. 15.

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  17. Haas, in UNITAR, 1987, pp. 12–19.

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  18. Bercovitch et al., 1991, pp. 12–13.

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  19. Azar, 1990.

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  20. Miall, 1992, p. 185, and table 7.1, pp. 112–113.

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  21. This conclusion is also reached by Diehl, 1988, p. 505.

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  23. Diehl, 1988, p. 507.

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  26. Galtung and Hveem, in Galtung, Vol. 2, 1976, p. 280.

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  27. See Miall, 1990; Bercovitch et al., 1991; Azar, 1990; Burton, 1987 and Vol 1, 1990.

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  28. For examples of the kinds of activities peacekeepers could become involved in former-Yugoslavia, see Duffy, 1993; Kusmanic and Truger, 1993.

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  29. Stein, 1989c; Zartman, 1989.

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  30. See R.J. Fisher, 1989; Rothman, 1989; Kelman, 1978.

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  31. Interview in The Guardian, 23 May 1992.

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  32. For example, a data-set might be all multidimensional operations carried out by the UN. Alternately, a data-set might include all UN peacekeeping operations.

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  33. Bercovitch et al., 1991, pp. 13 and 17.

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  34. Bercovitch et al., 1991, p. 16.

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  35. Bercovitch et al., 1991, p. 16.

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  36. Diehl, 1993, p. 40; see also Diehl, 1988.

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  37. Diehl, 1993, pp. 169–75.

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  38. See Bercovitch et al., 1991; Fisher and Keashly, 1991.

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  39. For more discussion of this integration in UNTAG see Chapter 3.

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  40. K Skjelsbaek (1989), ‘United Nations peacekeeping and the facilitation of withdrawals’, Bulletin of Peace Proposals, 20(3):261.

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  41. See UN Doc. A/45/502; Wiseman, 1991.

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  42. See Prein, 1984; Glasl, in Bomens and Peterson, 1982; R.J. Fisher, 1989, 1990; Fisher and Keashly, 1988, 1991; Wehr and Lederach, 1991; Coate and Puchala, 1990.

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  43. Wehr and Lederach, 1991, p. 98.

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  44. Coate and Puchala, 1990, p. 133.

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  45. Coate and Puchala, 1990, p. 133.

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  46. Diehl and Kumar, 1991, p. 375.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Peace Research Centre, The Australian National University, Australia

    A. B. Fetherston (Post-Doctoral Fellow)

Authors
  1. A. B. Fetherston
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© 1994 A. B. Fetherston

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Fetherston, A.B. (1994). Developing a Conceptual Framework for Peacekeeping. In: Towards a Theory of United Nations Peacekeeping. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23642-8_6

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