Abstract
In Chapter 1 it was noted that since the end of the Second World War international conflict has shifted away from interstate war so that now most international conflict can be categorized as intra-state. It was pointed out that the UN Charter focused on the prevention of inter-state conflict. The postwar shift was not foreseen by the Charter writers, and the UN was largely unprepared to deal with the complexity and deep-rooted character of the type of conflict that emerged. This type of conflict, particularly when it is confined within the borders of one state, does not fall easily within the compass of the Charter’s Articles. In addition, and as was discussed earlier, the Cold War made the Security Council incapable of dealing with most conflicts in any truly effective manner.
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Notes and References
W. Eckhardt (1989), ‘Civilian deaths in wartime’, Bulletin of Peace Proposals, 20(1):97.
Eckhardt, 1989, p. 90.
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, (SIPRI) (1993), SIPRI Yearbook 1993: World Armaments and Disarmament, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 86.
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Wallensteen and Axell, 1993, p. 333. Further recent work on conflict finds that ‘enduring rivalries’ account for ‘…about half of the militarized disputes, violent territorial changes, and wars in the international system’. G. Goertz and P.F Diehl (1993), ‘Enduring rivalries: theoretical constructs and empirical patterns’, International Studies Quarterly, 37:167; further evidence of the protracted nature of these conflicts, Ted Gurr notes that ‘eighty-eight of the 230 communal groups surveyed in the Minorities at Risk study have been engaged in serious political or intercommunal conflict sat some time between 1945 and 1989’, in T.R. Gurr (1992), ‘The internationalization of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how’, in M. Midlarsky (ed.), The Internationalization of Communal Strife, London: Routledge, pp. 3–26.
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Eckhardt, 1989, p. 97. He defines structural violence as ‘…those deaths caused by the way wealth and power are distributed in any society or any world, so as to reduce the life chances of those with less money and power’ (p. 96).
‘Adhockery’ describes a situation where decisions and behaviours are focused exclusively on the problems and crises of the present moment, disregarding effects or goals over the long term. This typifies much of the UN’s peacemaking and peacekeeping activity. It could also be called ‘crisis management’.
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UN Doc. S/25140, 21 January 1993, provides details of the re-start of the civil war in Angola; UN Doc. S/25840, 25 May 1993 and S/26434, 13 September 1993, provide details of the UN’s peacemaking efforts as well as details of the worsening humanitarian crisis and UN efforts in that area; G. Marion, ‘Angola in the grip of despair’, The Guardian Weekly, 3 October 1993.
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See Rikhye, 1989; Diehl and Kumar, 1991; Prins, 1991; Pugh, 1992; Harbottle, 1991.
For more extensive discussions on this and other management issues, see Jonah, in Rikhye and Skjelsbaek, 1990; Liu, 1990; Rikhye, 1984; Peacekeeper’s Handbook, 1984.
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See Chapter 3 for more details on this particular incident.
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‘Italy to seek transfer of troops in Mogadishu’, Reuter News Service, 12 August 1993; ‘Italy blasts “Rambo” UN command in Somalia’, Reuter Nexus Service, 13 August 1993; ‘Italy denies failing to help Nigerians in Somalia’, Reuter News Service, 6 September 1993
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Simon Tisdall, ‘Cover story — horror’s homeland’, The Guardian, 30 October 1993, offers a haunting account of the succession of failures in Haiti. See also, Sommerville, 1993.
See Africa Rights (1993), Somalia: Human Rights Abuses by the United Nations Forces, London: Africa Rights; Human Rights Watch, 1993; ‘UN orders corruption inquiry’, and ‘The soldiers are out of control: they are feasting on a dying city’, The Guardian Weekly, 5 September 1993; ‘Torture used to treat patient’, The Canberra Times, 12 September 1993; ‘Mozambique: Portuguese UN troops accused of misconduct’, Reuter News Service, 8 October 1993; E. Luce, ‘UN blamed for sex boom’, The Guardian Weekly, 14 November 1993.
As of April 1994 the level of staffing at the DPKD was 267. (128 professional officers, 139 general service officers, and 80 military officers).
See Ross, 1992.
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© 1994 A. B. Fetherston
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Fetherston, A.B. (1994). UN Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold War World. In: Towards a Theory of United Nations Peacekeeping. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23642-8_2
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