Abstract
The original treaties which form the basis of the European Community do not contain specific references to human rights. In the beginning, human rights did not constitute a major field of activities of the European Community.1 In later years this has changed, however. The first important step was the adoption in 1977 of a Joint Declaration on the Protection of Fundamental Freedoms by the European Commission, the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament. In it the three institutions stressed the prime importance they attach ‘to the protection of fundamental rights, as derived in particular from the constitutions of the Member States and the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.’2
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Notes
See Lammy Betten, The Incorporation of Fundamental Rights in the Legal Order of the European Communities, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Institute, 1985.
For a reaction by the European Commission, see Johannes van der Klaauw, ‘European Community’, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, vol. 11, no. 2 (1993), pp. 211–12.
For a critical comment, see Johannes van der Klaauw, ‘European Community’, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, vol. 11, no. 1 (1993), p. 105, and vol. 11, no. 2 (1993), p. 210.
Cf. Johannes van der Klaauw, ‘European Community’, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, vol. 10, no. 2 (1992), pp. 206–7.
Cf. van der Klaauw, ‘European Community’ (note 9 above); also Johannes van der Klaauw, ‘European Community’, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, vol. 11, no. 3 (1993), pp. 323–30.
See also Alfred Pijpers, Elfriede Regelsberger and Wolfgang Wessels, ‘A Common Foreign Policy for Western Europe?’, in Alfred Pijpers, Elfriede Regelsberger and Wolfgang Wessels (eds), European Political Cooperation in the 1980s: A Common Foreign Policy for Western Europe?, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988, pp. 259–73.
Cf. William Wallace, ‘Old States and New Circumstances: The International Predicament of Britain, France and Germany’, in William Wallace and W.E. Patterson (eds), Foreign Policy Making in Western Europe: A Comparative Approach, Farnborough: Saxon House, 1978, pp. 31–55.
Michael Smith, Steve Smith and Brian White, British Foreign Policy: Tradition, Change and Transformation, London: Unwin Hyman, 1987
P. Byrd (ed.), British Foreign Policy under Thatcher, Oxford: P. Allan, 1988
Lawrence Freedman and Michael Clarke (eds), Britain in the World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991 Paul Sharp, ‘Thatcher’s Wholly British Foreign Policy’, Orbis, vol. 35, no. 3 (1991)
Michael Clarke, British External Policy-Making in the 1990s, London: Macmillan, 1992.
T. de Montbrial, ‘Die Aussenpolitik Frankreichs’, Europa Archiv, vol. 44, no. 10 (25 May 1989), pp. 283–90
François Bujon de L’Estang, ‘France: Pour Une Nouvelle Politique Etrangère’, Politique Internationale, 58 (October 1992), pp. 177–92
Daniel Verney, ‘The Dilemma of French Foreign Policy’, International Affairs, vol. 68, no. 4 (October 1992), pp. 655–64.
Helmut Wagner, ‘The Federal Republic of Germany’s Foreign Policy Objectives’, Millenium: Journal of International Studies, vol. 17, no. 1 (1988), pp. 43–59
Wolfram Hanrieder, Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989
Hans-Dietrich Genscher, ‘The Foreign Policy of a United Germany’, Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, vol. 15, no. 2 (1991), pp. 87–94
Gregor Schoellgen, Stationen Deutscher Aussenpolitik, München, 1992.
Helmut Kohl, ‘Menschenrechte-Demokratie Entwicklung’ (‘Human Rights-Democracy-Development’), speech on 3 November 1986, Bulletin Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung, no. 134, p. 1121 (translated from the original German).
A. Burnett, Iron Britannia: Why Parliament Waged its Falklands War, London: Allison & Busby, 1982.
Hans-Dietrich Genscher, ‘The Foreign Policy of a United Germany’, The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, vol. 15, no. 2 (Summer 1991), p. 93.
Menschenrechtsbericht der Bundesregiering für die 11. Legislaturperiode, Bonn: Deutscher Bundestag, 1990, p. 14, as cited by Wolfgang S. Heinz, ‘Deutsche Entwicklungspolitik, Politische Konditionalität und Durchsetzung der Menschenrechte’, in EPD Douzkmentation, Frankfurt am Main, 14 May 1992, p. 19.
R. Barre, Autournant du siècle. Principes et objectifs de politique étrangère (‘At the Turn of the Century. Principles and Aims of Foreign Policy’), Paris: Plon, 1988, p. 178.
Pierre Milza, ‘Droits de l’Homme: le Combat de la France’ (‘Human Rights: The Fight of France’) Politique Internationale, 41 (1988), pp. 25–36.
Amnesty International, Report 1993, London, 1993, pp. 131–2.
See Brian White, ‘Britain and East-West Relations’, in Michael Smith, Steve Smith and Brian White (eds), British Foreign Policy: Tradition, Change and Transformation, London: Unwin Hyman, 1988, p. 152.
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© 1994 Peter R. Baehr
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Baehr, P.R. (1994). Western Europe. In: The Role of Human Rights in Foreign Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23480-6_9
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