Abstract
Between the fifth and thirteenth centuries, Persian had been the official language of the peoples of the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent. With the adoption of Shi’ism at the turn of the sixteenth century, modern Iran rose to power, embarking on wars of conquest and conversion. The Persian language, which accompanied the spread of Islam eastward, became more prevalent than it had ever been.1 Under the Safavids (1501–1736) Persian philosophers, scientists and scholars traversed Afghanistan, depositing their learning and influence; many travelled or migrated to the subcontinent. Interest in Persian language and culture subsequently diminished, but traces of its influence remained. Urdu, which eventually eclipsed Persian in importance, is suffused with Persian words and expressions.
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Notes
For a discussion of separatist movements, including conditions in Khorasan province, see Richard Cottam, Nationalism in Iran (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1979) 102–17.
Mujtaba Razvi. The Frontiers of Pakistan (Karachi: National Publishing House, 1971), 210.
See, for example, Bhabani Sen Gupta, The Afghan Syndrome: How to Live with Soviet Power (New Delhi: Vikas Publications, 1982) 46.
Robert Wirsing argues that the Shah’s military assistance to Pakistan in the four-year battle against the Baluchi insurgency was insignificant in comparison to China’s. See Robert Wirsing, Pakistan’s Security Under Zia, 1977–1988 (New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1991) 105–106.
See, for example, Stephen Cohen and Marvin Weinbaum, ‘Pakistan in 1981: Staying On’, Asian Survey, 22, 2 (February 1982) 136–45.
During the Shah’s reign, Iran had been Pakistan’s second leading export market. During the 1980s, Iran still ranked third. See Craig Baxter, `Pakistan Becomes Prominent in the International Arena’, in Shahid Javed Burki and Craig Baxter (eds), Pakistan Under the Military (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991) 146.
See, for example, Saleem Qureshi, ‘The Politicisation of the Shi’a Minority in Pakistan: Context and Developments’, in Dhirendra Vajpeyi and Yogendra Malik (eds), Religion and Ethnic Minority Politics in South Asia (New Delhi: Manohar Press, 1989) 109–37.
On the link between refugees, arms and drug smuggling, see Edward Giardet, Afghanistan: The Soviet War (New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1985) 207.
Scott MacDonald, ‘Afghanistan’, in Scott MacDonald and Bruce Zagaris (eds), International Handbook on Drug Control (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992) 315–23; FT, 23 June 1993; and MEED, 28 May 1993, 28.
See, for example, Robert LaPorte, ‘Administration’, in William James and Subroto Roy (eds), Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1992) 112–14.
See, for example, John Adams, ‘Population and Urbanization’, in William James and Subroto Roy (eds), Foundations of Pakistan’s Political Economy (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1992) 254–57.
On Baluchi grievances, see for example, Omar Noman, The Political Econ-omy of Pakistan (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1988) 190–91.
See, for example, Amin Saikal, ‘The Regional Politics of the Afghan Crisis’, in Amin Saikal and William Maley (eds), The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984) 52–66.
Anthony Hyman, Afghanistan Under Soviet Domination, 1964–1983 (London: Macmillan, 1984) 211–12.
Regarding 1980 Soviet bombing of Iranian border villages, see John G. Merriam, ‘Arms Shipments to the Afghan Resistance’, in Grant M. Farr and John G. Merriam (eds), Afghan Resistance: Politics of Survival (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987) 92.
Andre Brigot and Olivier Roy, The War in Afghanistan. Translated by Mary and Thomas Bottomore (Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1988) 144–47.
Abdul Rashid, ‘The Afghan Resistance’, in Rosanne Klass (ed.), Afghanistan: The Great Game Revisited (New York, NY: Freedom House, 1987) 217.
Beverly Male, Revolutionary Afghanistan (London: Croom Helm, 1982) 160.
Raja Anwar, The Tragedy of Afghanistan, translated by Khalil Hassan (London: Verso Press, 1988) 156.
Hafizullah Emadi, State, Revolution, and Superpowers in Afghanistan (New York, NY: Praeger Publishers, 1990) 100.
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© 1994 John Calabrese
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Calabrese, J. (1994). Reaching Eastward. In: Revolutionary Horizons. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23441-7_6
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