Abstract
It would not be inappropriate to describe the period between the Tudor legislation of 1536–43 and the outbreak of the Civil Wars as the assertive age in the history of the Welsh gentry. A. H. Dodd, in his classic Studies in Stuart Wales (1952), ventured to label the history of Wales in the seventeenth century ‘in the main, the history of a class’. To a degree that observation can be justified since most written sources have a direct or indirect bearing on families who claimed gentility and on aspects of gentle life, and reveal features of social ranks that had gradually formed following the decline of the medieval clan and feudal systems in the Welshries and Englishries respectively. Given the nature of the social structure of England and Wales in that period, this background is not difficult to explain. The large group of families who prided themselves on illustrious ancestry and who were often subject to economic pressures that compelled them to seek or defend status, considered that their main asset — besides a slender stake in property — was a claim to impeccable ancestry.1
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Notes
A. H. Dodd, Studies in Stuart Wales (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1952), chapter 1, pp. 1–21.
W. H. O. Smeaton (ed.), Francis Bacon’s Essays (London: Dent, 1906), pp. 40–1.
For background, see F. Emery, ‘The Farming Regions of Wales’, and T. Jones Pierce, ‘Landlords in Wales’, in J. Thirsk (ed.), Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol. IV, 1500–1640 (Cambridge University Press, 1967), chapters 2 and 6, pp. 142–7, 357–81;
T. Jones Pierce, ‘Agrarian Aspects of the Tribal System in Medieval Wales’, in J. B. Smith (ed.), Medieval Welsh Society (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1972), XII, pp. 329–37;
B. E. Howells (ed.), Pembrokeshire County History: III, Early Modern Pembrokeshire, 1536–1815 (Haverfordwest: Pembrokeshire Historical Society, 1987), pp. 52–93;
W. O. Williams, ‘The Social Order in Tudor Wales’, Trans. Cymmr. (1967 Pt. ii), pp. 167–78;
F. Jones, ‘The Old Families of Wales’, in D. Moore (ed.), Wales in the Eighteenth Century (Swansea: Christopher Davies, 1976), pp. 27–32;
idem, ‘Welsh Pedigrees’, in Burke’s Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry (London: 1952), pp. lxix–lxxvi;
L. Owen, ‘The Population of Wales in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’, Trans. Cymmr. (1959), pp. 99–113.
M. Griffiths, ‘“Very Wealthy by Merchandise”? Urban Fortunes’, in J. G. Jones (ed.), Class, Community and Culture in Tudor Wales (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1989), chapter 5, pp. 197–235;
R. A. Griffiths (ed.), Boroughs of Medieval Wales (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1978);
I. N. Soulsby, The Towns of Medieval Wales (Chichester: Phillimore, 1983).
T. Churchyard, The Worthines of Wales (London, 1587), pp. 51–2.
R. Flenley (ed.), Calendar of the Register of the Council in the Marches of Wales, 1569–91 (London: Cymmrodorion Record Series, no. 8, 1916), pp. 105–6.
J. G. Jones (ed.), History of the Gwydir Family and Memoirs (Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1990), p. 52;
J. B. Smith, ‘Crown and Community in the Principality of North Wales in the Reign of Henry Tudor’, Welsh History Review, III (1966), pp. 165–7;
J. G. Jones, ‘The Wynn Estate of Gwydir: Aspects of Its Growth and Development c. 1500–1580’, National Library of Wales Journal, XXI (1981), pp. 141–5.
N. W. Powell, Dyffryn Clwyd in the Time of Elizabeth I (Ruthin: Coelion Trust, 1991), pp. 4–8.
R. Stephens, Gwynedd, 1528–1547; Economy and Society in Tudor Wales (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1979), pp. 27–31, 79–80.
G. Owen, The Description of Pembrokeshire, ed. H. Owen (London: Bedford Press, 1906), I, p. 190.
J. G. Jones (ed.), History of the Gwydir Family and Memoirs pp. 16, 31–2; F. Smith Fussner, The Historical Revolution, 1580–1640 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962), pp. 26–59, 92–116, 250–2.
F. Jones, ‘An Approach to Welsh Genealogy’, Trans. Cymmr. (1948), pp. 303ff.;
J. G. Jones, Concepts of Order and Gentility in Wales, 1540–1640 (Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1992), chapter 3, pp. 104–48.
For the general background, see D. J. Bowen, Gruffudd Hiraethog a’i Oes (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1958); Jones, Concepts of Order and Gentility, pp. 68–73.
C. Davies (ed.), Rhagymadroddion a Chyflwyniadau Lladin, 1551–1632 (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1980), p. 39.
Rice Merrick, Morganiae Archaiographia, ed. B. Ll. James (Barry: South Wales Record Society, 1983), App. 2, pp. 147–64;
R. A. Griffiths, ‘The Twelve Knights of Glamorgan’, in S. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan Historian, III (Barry: S. Williams, 1966), pp. 154–68;
idem, ‘The Rise of the Stradlings of St Donat’s’, Morgannwg, VII (1963), pp. 37–47;
G. Williams, ‘The Stradlings of St Donat’s’, in S. Williams (ed.), Vale of History (Barry: S. Williams, 1960), pp. 85–95;
A. L. Rowse, ‘Alltyrynys and the Cecils’, English Historical Review, LXXV (1960), pp. 54–76.
A. O. Evans, A Memorandum on the Legality of the Welsh Bible, and the Welsh Version of the Book of Common Prayer (Cardiff: W. Lewis, 1925), pp. 107–8.
J. E. Neale, The Elizabethan House of Commons (London: Jonathan Cape, 1955), pp. 114–21; Dodd, Studies in Stuart Wales, pp. 182–4; H. G. Owen, ‘Family Politics in Elizabethan Merionethshire’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, XVIII (1959), pp. 185–91.
W. J. Smith (ed.), Calendar of Salusbuiy Correspondence, 1553-c. 1710 (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1954), pp. 1–19, no. 26, p. 31, no. 52, p. 38;
idem, ‘The Salusburys as Maintainers of Murderers: a Chirk Castle View, 1599’, National Library of Wales Journal, VII (1952), p. 235.
J. M. Traherne (ed.), Stradling Correspondence (London: Longman, 1840), LVIII, p. 66.
J. Leland, Itinerary in Wales, ed. L. Toulmin Smith (London: George Bell, 1906), passim.
A. M. Everitt, Change in the Provinces: The Seventeenth Century (Leicester University Press, 1969), pp. 5–15.
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E. N. Williams, ‘Sir William Maurice of Clenennau’, Trans. Caerns. Hist. Soc., XXIV (1963), pp. 78–97;
C. A. Gresham, ‘The Origin of the Clenennau Estate’, National Library of Wales Journal, XV (1967–8), pp. 335–43.
J. E. Lloyd and R. T. Jenkins (eds), Dictionary of Welsh Biography (London: Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, 1959), s.n.;
F. Jones, ‘The Vaughans of Golden Grove: I: the Earls of Carbery’, Trans. Cymmr. (1963 Pt i), pp. 96–139;
A. D. Carr, ‘The Mostyns of Mostyn, 1540–1642’, Publications of the Flintshire Historical Society Journal (Pt i), XXVIII (1977–8), pp. 17–37; (Pt ii), XXX (1981–2), pp. 125–44; idem, ‘The Making of the Mostyns: the Genesis of a Landed Family’, Trans. Cymmr. (1979), pp. 137–57.
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A. D. Carr, ‘The Making of the Mostyns’, in Trans. Cymmr. (1979), pp. 137–42.
Griffiths, Boroughs of Medieval Wales; D. H. Owen, ‘The Englishry of Denbigh: an English Colony in Medieval Wales’, Trans. Cymmr. (1974–5), pp. 61–4;
idem, ‘Tenurial and Economic Developments in North Wales in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries’, Welsh History Review, VI (1972), pp. 117–35.
T. Jones Pierce, ‘The Gafael in Bangor Manuscript 1939’, in Smith, (ed.), Medieval Welsh Society, VII, pp. 195–227; E. G. Jones, ‘Some Notes on the Principal County Families of Anglesey in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries’, Trans. Anglesey Antiq. Soc. and Field Club (1940), pp. 48–61;
D. C. Jones, ‘The Bulkeleys of Beaumaris, 1440–1547’, in ibid. (1961), pp. 1–20.
Lloyd and Jenkins, Dict. Welsh Biog., s.n. Also G. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan County History, IV, Early Modern Glamorgan (Cardiff: Glamorgan County History Trust, 1974), pp. 77–83;
idem, ‘Rice Mansel of Oxwich and Margam (1487–1559)’, Morgannwg, VI (1962), pp. 33–51.
E. Roberts, ‘Teulu Plas Iolyn’, Trans. Denbs. Hist. Soc., XIII (1964), pp. 41–2;
J. Y. W. Lloyd, History of the Princes, the Lords Marcher, and the Ancient Nobility of…Powys Fadog (London: T. Richards/Whiting, 1881–7), V, p. 406.
See E. G. Jones, ‘The Lleyn Recusancy Case, 1578–1581’, Trans. Cymmr. (1936), pp. 97–123.
NLW, Llanstephan MS, 124, 312; J. G. Jones, ‘Changing Concepts of Gentility in Mid-Tudor Wales: Some Reflections’, Brogliaccio 1 de Lettera, XIII (1977), pp. 25–37.
P. Smith, Houses of the Welsh Countryside (London: HMSO, 1975), pp. 228, 265;
R. Gwyndaf, ‘Sir Richard Clough of Denbigh c. 1530–1570’, Trans. Denbs. Hist. Soc. (Pt i), XIX (1970), pp. 24–65; (Pt ii), XX (1971), pp. 57–101; (Pt iii), XXII (1973), pp. 48–86 (esp. pp. 67–85); idem, ‘References in Welsh Poetry to Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Century New and Rebuilt Houses in North-east Wales’, ibid., XXII (1973), pp. 87–92. See NLW, Llanstephan MS, 124, 355 (Wiliam Cynwal); Brogyntyn MS, 5, 302 (Simwnt Fychan).
J. C. Morrice (ed.), Barddoniaeth Wiliam Llŷn (Bangor: University of Wales, 1908), I, pp. 1–3.
ibid., XXVIII, pp. 72–4.
Royal Commission on Ancient Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire: Caernarvonshire East (London: Royal Commission on Ancient Monuments, 1956), pp. 58–64; A. and H. Baker, Plas Mawr (London: Farmer and Sons, 1888), pp. 17–20, 23–7, 30–1;
R. Williams, The History and Antiquities of the Town of Aberconwy and Its Neighbourhood (Denbigh: Gee Press, 1835), pp. 83–4.
R. Kelso, The Doctrine of the English Gentleman in the Sixteenth Century (Mass.: Peter Smith, 1964), pp. 70–110.
The Gentleman’s Magazine, LV (1785), p. 32; A. L. Rowse, The Elizabethan Renaissance: The Life of the Society (London: Macmillan, 1971), pp. 109–10.
J. Simon, Education and Society in Tudor England (Cambridge University Press, 1967), pp. 63ff.;
K. Charlton, Education in Renaissance England (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965), pp. 82–6;
F. Caspari, Humanism and the Social Order in Tudor England (University of Chicago Press, 1954), pp. 6ff.; W. P. Griffith, ‘Schooling and Society’, in Jones (ed.), Class, Community and Culture in Tudor Wales, pp. 79–119. See also R. O’Day, Education and Society, 1500–1800 (London: Longman, 1982).
H. Llwyd, The Breuiary of Britayne, trans. T. Twyne (London: Richard Johnes, 1573), fo. 60b–61a.
South Glamorgan County Library: Cardiff MS, 4. 58, 54; G. Parry, ‘Hanes Ysgol Botwnnog’, Trans. Cymmr. (1957), pp. 1–4;
J. G. Jones, ‘Henry Rowlands, Bishop of Bangor, 1598–1616’, Journal of the Historical Society of the Church in Wales, XXVI (1977–8), pp. 34–53.
Charlton, Education in Renaissance England, p. 217; J. Stradling, A Direction for Traveilers taken out of Justus Lipsius for the behoof of the right honourable lord the young Earl of Bedford being now ready to travell (1592).
E. Roberts (ed.), Gwaith Siôn Tudur (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1980), II, pp. 229–31.
J. G. Jones, ‘Educational Activity among the Wynns of Gwydir’, Trans. Caerns. Hist. Soc., XLII (1981), pp. 45–8.
J. Ballinger, ‘Katheryn of Berain’, Y Cymmrodor, XL (1929), pp. 1–43; E. Roberts, ‘Priodasau Catrin o Ferain’, Trans. Denbs. Hist. Soc., XX (1971), pp. 21ff.; J. G. Jones, ‘Morus Wynn o Wedir c. 1530–1580’, Trans. Caerns. Hist. Soc., XXXVIII (1977), pp. 51–9.
UCNW, Penrhos MS, II, 29; G. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan County History: Early Modern Glamorgan (Cardiff: Glamorgan County History Trust, 1974), p. 110;
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G. Williams, Welsh Reformation Essays (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1967), pp. 201–4.
T. Parry, A History of Welsh Literature (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955), trans. H. I. Bell, p. 211.
Bowen, Gruffudd Hiraethog a’i Oes, pp. 32–7. For the English background to social reorientation in this period, see L. G. Salingar, ‘The Social Setting’, in B. Ford (ed.), The Age of Shakespeare (Hammondsworth: Penguin, 1955), II, pp. 27–33.
G. H. Hughes (ed.), Rhagymadroddion, 1547–1659 (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1951), pp. 87–8.
Ibid., pp. 74–5.
G. Thomas, Eisteddfodau Caerwys (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1967), pp. 105–9.
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W. Vaughan, The Golden Fleece (London, 1626) (Pt i), p. 30 (Pt iii), p. 12.
T. Parry (ed.), The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962), CXX, p. 246.
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J. Thirsk, ‘Younger Sons in the Seventeenth Century’, History, LIV, no. 182 (1969), pp. 358–77.
J. Howell, Epistolae Ho-elianae: The Familiar Letters of James Howell, ed. J. Jacobs (London: D. Nutt, 1892), I, Book I, VII, pp. 105–6.
T. C. Mendenhall, The Shrewsbury Drapers and the Welsh Wool Trade in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Oxford University Press, 1953).
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T. Jones Pierce (ed.), Cal. Clenennau Letters and Papers (Aberystwyth: National Library of Wales Journal Supplement, Series IV, Pt i, 1947), no. 106, p. 31.
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A. H. Dodd, ‘A Commendacion of Welshmen’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, XIX (1960–2), pp. 235–49.
W. Vaughan, The arraignment of slander… (London: 1630), p. 323.
W. Rees (ed.), A Survey of the Duchy of Lancaster Lordships in Wales, 1609–1613 (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1953), pp. xxii–xxiv.
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© 1994 J. Gwynfor Jones
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Jones, J.G. (1994). Social and Economic Foundations. In: Early Modern Wales, c.1525–1640. British History in Perspective. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23254-3_2
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